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"description": "<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-0424c286-7fff-1922-f5a1-3e086ab50feb\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Атрофия зрительного нерва — это воспалительное или дегенеративное поражение зрительного нерва, которое приводит к его деструкции и становится причиной снижения или утраты зрения.</span></span></p>",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Основными причинами развития заболевания являются:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">офтальмологические заболевания (глаукома, увеит, ретинит, неврит зрительного нерва, миопия, менингиома, глиома зрительного нерва, локальный орбитальный васкулит и др.)</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">заболевания центральной нервной системы (опухоли головного мозга, гнойно-воспалительные заболевания, абсцессы, менингит, рассеянный склероз и др.)</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">общие, инфекционные, аутоиммунные заболевания (гипертония, атеросклероз системная красная волчанка, болезнь Такаясу, гранулематоз Вегенера, грипп, сифилис и др.)</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">интоксикации (например, лекарственными препаратами, алкоголем, никотином)</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">механические повреждения</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">наследственность</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При развитии заболевания происходят деструктивные изменения в нервных волокнах, они замещаются глиозной и соединительной тканью.</span></p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Атрофия зрительного нерва возникает в результате патологических изменений в сетчатке и самом зрительном нерве. В зависимости от причины заболевания повреждение зрительного нерва проходит в условиях воспалительного процесса, сосудистых нарушений, интоксикации, травмы, застоя с некоторыми отличиями. Иногда причина атрофии остаётся невыявленной.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Сам механизм развития заболевания заключается в деструкции (повреждении) нервных волокон. Они замещаются соединительной и глиозной тканью. Происходит заращение капилляров, питающих зрительный нерв, в результате чего происходит его истончение.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При длительном течении процесса и отсутствии своевременного лечения, которое требуется провести в ближайшие сроки, изменения в зрительном нерве становятся необратимыми. Это может привести к полной слепоте глаза.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При обследовании пациентов с атрофией зрительного нерва необходимо выяснить наличие сопутствующих заболеваний, факт приема медикаментов и контакта с химическими веществами, наличие вредных привычек, а также жалоб, свидетельствующих о возможных интракраниальных поражениях.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При физикальном обследовании офтальмолог определяет отсутствие или наличие экзофтальма, исследует подвижность глазных яблок, проверяет реакцию зрачков на свет, роговичный рефлекс. Обязательно проводится проверка остроты зрения, периметрия, исследование цветоощущения.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Основную информацию о наличии и степени атрофии зрительного нерва получают с помощью офтальмоскопии.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Электрофизиологическое исследование (ЗВП) выявляет снижение лабильности и повышение пороговой чувствительности зрительного нерва. При глаукоматозной форме атрофии зрительного нерва с помощью тонометрии определяется повышение внутриглазного давления. Патология глазницы выявляется с помощью обзорной рентгенографии орбиты. Обследование сосудов сетчатки проводится с помощью флуоресцентной ангиографии. Исследование кровотока в глазничной и надблоковой артериях, интракраниальном участке внутренней сонной артерии производится с помощью ультразвуковой допплерографии.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При атрофии зрительного нерва, обусловленной инфекционной патологией, информативны лабораторные тесты: ИФА и ПЦР-диагностика, при атрофии наследственного генеза - генодиагностика.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Поскольку атрофия зрительного нерва в большинстве случаев не является самостоятельным заболеванием, а служит следствием других патологических процессов, ее лечение необходимо начинать с устранения причины. Пациентам с интракраниальными опухолями, внутричерепной гипертензией, аневризмой сосудов головного мозга и др. показана нейрохирургическая операция.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Неспецифическое консервативное лечение атрофии зрительного нерва направлено на максимально возможное сохранение зрительной функции. С целью уменьшения воспалительной инфильтрации и отека зрительного нерва проводятся пара-, ретробульбарные инъекции р-ра дексаметазона, внутривенные вливания р-ра глюкозы и кальция хлорида, внутримышечное введение мочегонных препаратов (фуросемида).</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для улучшения кровообращения и трофики зрительного нерва показаны инъекции пентоксифиллина, ксантинола никотината, атропина (парабульбарно и ретробульбарно); внутривенное введение никотиновой кислоты, эуфиллина; витаминотерапия (В2, В6,В12), инъекции экстракта алоэ или стекловидного тела; прием циннаризина, пирацетама, рибоксина, АТФ и др. В целях поддержания низкого уровня внутриглазного давления проводятся инстилляции пилокарпина, назначаются мочегонные средства.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В случае отсутствия противопоказаний при атрофии зрительного нерва назначается иглорефлексотерапия, физиотерапия (электрофорез, ультразвук, лазеро- или электростимуляция зрительного нерва, магнитотерапия, эндоназальный электрофорез и др.).</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для предотвращения атрофии зрительного нерва необходимо своевременное лечение глазных, неврологических, ревматологических, эндокринных, инфекционных заболеваний; предупреждение интоксикаций, своевременное переливание крови при профузных кровотечениях. При первых признаках нарушения зрения необходима консультация окулиста.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Выделяют первичную и вторичную атрофию зрительного нерва.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При первичном поражении диск зрительного нерва бледнеет, при этом имеет четкие границы, происходит образование плоской экскавации, сужение артерий сетчатки, концентрическое сужение поля зрения.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Вторичное поражение зрительного нерва формируется как следствие воспалительных или застойных явлений, диск зрительного нерва бледный, с нечеткими границами, происходит расширение вен сетчатки. По мере развития заболевания клиническая картина напоминает первичное поражение зрительного нерва.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">У больного обычно снижена реакция зрачка на свет, сужено поле зрения, нарушено восприятие цвета. Пациенты жалуются на снижение остроты зрения, которое может постоянно прогрессировать либо стабилизироваться на определенном уровне. Возможна полная утрата зрения.</span></p>",
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"lead": "Различают врождённое (присутствует при рождении или появляется в первые 6 месяцев) и приобретённое косоглазие.\r\n\r\nЧаще всего явное косоглазие является горизонтальным: сходящееся косоглазие (convergent strabismus или esotropia) и расходящееся косоглазие (divergent strabismus или exotropia); однако иногда может наблюдаться и вертикальное (с отклонением кверху — гипертропия, книзу — гипотропия).\r\n\r\nКосоглазие, в зависимости от того, косит один или оба глаза, делится на монокулярное и альтернирующее.\r\nПри монокулярном косоглазии всегда косит только один глаз, которым человек никогда не пользуется. Зрение косящего глаза чаще всего снижено. Мозг приспосабливается таким образом, что информация считывается только с одного, не косящего глаза. Косящий же глаз в зрительном акте не участвует, поэтому его зрительные функции снижаются. Снижение зрения от функционального бездействия косящего глаза называется дисбинокулярной амблиопией. Если восстановить зрение косящего глаза невозможно, косоглазие исправляется как косметический дефект.\r\nАльтернирующее косоглазие (косит то левый, то правый глаз, при этом величина отклонения от прямого положения примерно одинаковая) характеризуется тем, что человек смотрит попеременно то одним, то другим глазом, то есть хотя и попеременно, но использует оба глаза. Амблиопия если и развивается, то в гораздо более лёгкой степени.\r\nПо причине возникновения косоглазие бывает содружественное и паралитическое.\r\nСодружественное косоглазие возникает обычно в детском возрасте. Для него характерно сохранение полного объёма движений глазных яблок, равенство первичного угла косоглазия (то есть отклонения косящего глаза) и вторичного (то есть здорового), отсутствие двоения и нарушения бинокулярного зрения.\r\nПаралитическое косоглазие обусловлено параличом или повреждением одной или нескольких глазодвигательных мышц. Оно может возникнуть в результате патологических процессов, поражающих сами мышцы, нервы или головной мозг.",
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"code": "H50.1",
"name": "Расходящееся содружественное косоглазие",
"icd_name": "Расходящееся содружественное косоглазие",
"gender": 0,
"age_min": 1,
"age_max": 100,
"cause": [
"0"
],
"periodicity": 3,
"slug": "h50.1_rashodyascheesya_sodruzhestvennoe_kosoglazie",
"lead": "отклонение органов зрения от их нормального положения",
"description": "",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Содружественное косоглазие в основе возникновения и развития имеет ряд факторов, как внешнего, так и внутреннего проявления:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">генетическая предрасположенность; около 60% детей страдают страбизмом из-за наличия аналогичного заболевания у отца или матери;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">выраженная зрительная дисфункция одного глаза; неспособность формирования четкого изображения двумя глазами приводит к отклонению в сторону более подверженного зрительного органа;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">неполноценное слияние; в основе лежат процессы анизейконии (неоднозначная оценка параметров предметов) и анизометропии (различающиеся силы преломления в глазах);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">сопутствующие офтальмонарушения (дальнозоркость, близорукость, катаракта, патологии сетчатки и т.д.);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">тяжёлые роды, асфиксия;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">физическая, родовая и др. травмы;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">тяжело перенесенные инфекционные или вирусные заболевания;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">нарушения ЦНС (дисфункция мозговых центров приводит к неадекватной и несвоевременной реакции зрительного аппарата на аккомодационный стимул).</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В основе механизма развития расходящегося косоглазия лежит нарушение поступления нервного импульса в зрительную кору головного мозга. Поражение может локализоваться на уровне рецепторного аппарата, проводящих путей, корковых и подкорковых центров. Процесс бификсации становится невозможным. Как следствие, пациент не способен одновременно направить взгляд и сосредоточить его на предмете обоими глазами. Отклоняются оба глаза или тот, зрение на котором ниже. При интермиттирующем типе болезни наблюдается поочередное отклонение левого и правого глазных яблок.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Обследование пациента со страбизмом начинают с детального сбора анамнеза. При объективном осмотре офтальмолог обращает внимание на подвижность глазных яблок. Положение глаз оценивают при фиксации взгляда на ближнем и дальнем расстоянии, с применением корригирующих линз из набора и без них. Комплекс необходимых исследований включает следующие процедуры:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Визометрия. При постоянной экзотропии зрение на пораженной стороне снижено. При интермиттирующей форме зрительные функции длительное время могут быть сохранены на высоком уровне. Обследование выполняют без коррекции и в очках.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Авторефрактометрия. Расходящееся косоглазие зачастую сочетается с рефракционными аномалиями. Согласно статистическим данным, у пациентов превалирует гиперметропия, реже встречается близорукость высокой степени. Исследование проводится в условиях циклоплегии.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Тест с перекрыванием (cover test). При поочередном перекрывании визуализируются движения глаз с наружной стороны к внутренней. Результаты теста могут меняться в зависимости от того, на каком расстоянии фиксирован взгляд больного. При правильно подобранной коррекции амплитуда движений в очках обычно ниже.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Четырехточечный тест Уорса. Исследование позволяет определить характер зрения. При небольшом угле косоглазия зрение бинокулярное или одновременное. Постоянный и большой угол ассоциирован с монокулярным характером зрения.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Обследование на синоптофоре. Позволяет с высокой точностью определить девиационный угол с применением очковой коррекции и без нее. В случае постоянной экзотропии способность к бифовеальному слиянию утрачена.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Консервативная терапия</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Консервативное лечение страбизма направлено на достижение симметричного положения глаз и максимально высокой остроты зрения, исправление вынужденного положения головы. Курс аппаратного лечения включает упражнения на формирование бинокулярного и стереоскопического зрения. Подход к терапии комплексный. Применяются следующие немедикаментозные методы:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Коррекция рефракционных аномалий. Коррекция миопии может положительно влиять на положение глаз. При легкой степени гиперметропии назначение очков не показано. При средней и высокой степени дальнозоркости оптическая коррекция способствует повышению остроты зрения, позволяет лучше контролировать положение глаз. Данные меры являются временными.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Окклюзия. При расходящемся косоглазии показано закрывание глаза, который не отклоняется в сторону, при помощи специального окклюдера. При альтернирующем страбизме рекомендована поочередная окклюзия с целью профилактики амблиопии.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Ортоптическое лечение. Направлено на выработку и тренировку резервов бифовеального слияния на синоптофоре. Специальные компьютерные программы дают возможность увеличить объем фузии и развить стереоскопическое зрение в естественных условиях.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Хирургическое лечение</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Оперативное лечение проводится в случаях расходящегося косоглазия, когда достичь ортофории не удается консервативным путем. Показаниями к операции являются постоянный угол отклонения, диплопия и вынужденное положение головы. При стабильной экзотропии с ранним началом основное лечение сводится к рецессии наружной прямой и резекции внутренней прямой мышц. При интермиттирующем варианте вначале проводится рецессия наружных прямых мышц обоих глаз. При необходимости в последующем осуществляется резекция внутренних прямых мышц.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"prevention": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Профилактика заболевания заключается в соблюдении всех правил гигиены органа зрения, своевременном выявлении и коррекции нарушений рефракции, в особенности близорукости, дальнозоркости и астигматизма высокой степени.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-a9656945-7fff-2786-259b-4fd7c00343af\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Содружественное косоглазие обладает четко выраженным внешним проявлением, поэтому легко диагностируется. Для пациента с такой патологией характерен непроизвольный наклон головы в сторону «косящего» ока – способ некоторой компенсации видения больным глазом. При этом раздвоенности изображения нет, и на начальном этапе больной видит довольно хорошо. Однако по мере усугубления состояния потеря зрения у пораженного зрительного органа становится всё более ощутимой (проявление амблиопии), возникают явления быстрой утомляемости, постоянного напряжения, полное объёмное восприятие видения отсутствует.</span></span></p>",
"image": null,
"image_alt": null,
"standard_type": 0,
"danger": 1,
"published": 1,
"parent": 6471,
"block_rubric": 83,
"standards": []
}
]
}
