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},
"code": "K05.2",
"name": "Острый пародонтит",
"icd_name": "Острый пародонтит",
"gender": 0,
"age_min": 40,
"age_max": 100,
"cause": [
"0"
],
"periodicity": 1,
"slug": "k05.2_ostryy_parodontit",
"lead": "инфекционно-воспалительное заболевание пародонта",
"description": "",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Выделяют местные факторы, вызывающие развитие патологии:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">специфические бактерии, которые содержатся в зубных отложениях;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">анатомически неправильное расположение зубов;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">аномалии прикуса;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">повышенный тонус мышц, задействованных при жевании.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Среди общих причин отмечают наличие соматических заболеваний (сахарного диабета, иммунодефицитных состояний, патологий крови, органов пищеварения и других систем).</span></p>",
"pathogenesis": "",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Первый этап диагностики – внешний осмотр ротовой полости. Специалист проводит зондирование (пародонтальную пробу) – процедуру, которая определит глубину образовавшегося зубного кармана. Это необходимо для установки степени тяжести пародонтита. Дополнительно назначаются следующие исследования:</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #465a63; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">бензидиновая проба. Позволяет выявить гной в пародонтальных карманах без проведения микроскопического исследования. Для этого в карман вводят турунду, смоченную в растворе, состоящем из бензидина, уксусной кислоты и полиэтиленгликоля. Если гной отсутствует, то цвет турунды не меняется, а при его наличии она становится голубой, зеленой или голубовато-зеленой;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #465a63; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">проба Шиллера-Писарева. Направлена на выявление в десне гликогена – вещества, количество которого резко возрастает при воспалении. Десна смазывают видоизмененным раствором Люголя, после чего оценивают окраску. Она меняется от светло-коричневого до темно-бурого;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #465a63; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">рентгенография. На снимке специалист определяет, насколько сильно патологическим процессом поражена костная ткань;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #465a63; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">мазок из зубного кармана. Исследование проводится с целью определить возбудителя заболевания, который вызвал воспалительный процесс;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #465a63; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">панорамная томография. Такая процедура позволяет получить полный вид пораженной челюсти. Исследование чаще проводится при подозрении на генерализованный пародонтит.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">После внимательной диагностики и определения тяжести заболевания стоматолог назначает терапию, которая включает комплекс препаратов для применения внутрь и наружно. Среди них обезболивающие, антибактериальные, противовоспалительные, иммуномодулирующие средства.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При остром пародонтите на первом этапе устраняют источник инфицирования. Для этого проводят санацию ротовой полости и профессиональную чистку зубов. Если удаление отложений в виде налета и камней не приносит желаемого результата, производят кюретаж околозубных карманов. Оперативное уменьшение карманов снижает подвижность зубов и позволяет закрыть оголенные корни.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В тяжелых случаях острого пародонтита, когда происходит деструкция костных тканей, потребуется хирургическое вмешательство для внедрения синтетического или собственного материала пациента. Одновременно выполняют шинирование подвижных зубов. Дентальные единицы, не подлежащие восстановлению, удаляются.</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Эффективная профилактика пародонтита заключается в следовании ряду простых правил:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ежедневная чистка зубов (лучше дважды в день);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">применение зубной нити после каждой трапезы;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">равномерное использование всех зубов в жевательном процессе;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">включение в рацион твердой растительной пищи;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">осмотр у стоматолога 1–2 раз в год.</span></li>\r\n</ul>",
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},
"code": "K05",
"name": "Гингивит и болезни пародонта",
"icd_name": "Гингивит и болезни пародонта",
"gender": 0,
"age_min": 9,
"age_max": 100,
"cause": [
"0"
],
"periodicity": 1,
"slug": "k05_gingivit_i_bolezni_parodonta",
"lead": "воспалительный процесс слизистой оболочки десен",
"description": "<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-b2869ee2-7fff-fc42-02d7-53afac67c7ac\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Гингивит — воспалительное заболевание дёсен, которое проявляется болезненностью, отёчностью, кровоточивостью и выделением экссудата (жидкости, которую продуцируют ткани в ответ на воспаление).</span></span></p>",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Гингивит возникает по ряду причин, их принято делить на две группы: внутренние и внешние.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">К внутренним относятся:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Несоблюдение гигиены. На зубах скапливается бактериальный налет, который образует плотную пленку. Если его не убирать, за 2-3 дня он кристаллизуется и превращается в зубной камень. Это постоянный источник инфекции в ротовой полости. Кроме того, камень травмирует десну, в результате попадания бактерий в ранку развивается инфекция.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Нехватка витаминов приводит к снижению иммунитета, недостаточному питанию тканей десны.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Рост зубов – естественный процесс, во время которого целостность десны нарушается. Если в это время присоединяется инфекция, развивается воспаление и возникает гингивит.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Неправильный прикус, при котором зуб или несколько зубов постоянно травмируют десну. </span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Заболевания желудочно-кишечного тракта, которые приводят к недополучению витаминов и микроэлементов, повышению кислотности слюны.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Внешние причины гингивита:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Инфекция, попавшая извне. Часто развивается на фоне ОРВИ и других респираторных заболеваний, при поедании плохо вымытых овощей и фруктов.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Механические повреждения любого характера, в том числе во время инфицирование ранки, полученной при неаккуратном стоматологическом лечении, снятии зубного камня.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При воздействии облучения или на фоне приема некоторых препаратов.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Курение.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Наличие множественных очагов кариеса.</span></li>\r\n</ul>",
"pathogenesis": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Развитие гингивита начинается с формирования бляшек из зубного налёта. Они образуются после отсутствия полноценной гигиены ротовой полости в течение 1-2 дней. Наиболее частые места образования бляшек — межзубные промежутки и пришеечная зона.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Из слюны и выделяемой десной жидкости формируется плёнка — пелликула. В норме она выполняет защитную функцию, но на начальных стадиях гингивита способствует адгезии (прилипанию) бактерий, которые присутствуют в ротовой полости даже у здорового человека. Обычно это аэробные кокки и палочки.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Микроорганизмы активно размножаются, в глубине их колонии образуется анаэробная (бескислородная) среда. Это создает оптимальные условия для размножения агрессивной грамотрицательной микрофлоры. Эти бактерии продуцируют токсины, которые способны проникать в ткани и разрушать слизистую оболочку, что приводит к эрозивным изменениям эпителия.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Обычно диагноз гингивит стоматолог может установить после обычного осмотра. Но иногда этого недостаточно для получения полной картины заболевания и исключения других стоматологических диагнозов.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Методы диагностики гингивита:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Микробиологическое исследование слюны поможет определить количество и состав бактерий, которые вызвали воспаление.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Рентген зубов – чтобы определить наличие или отсутствие повреждений альвеолярных связок и исключить другие заболевания (пародонтит, пародонтоз).</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Общий анализ крови поможет выявить степень воспаления, общее состояние организма.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Если есть сильное разрастание тканей и требуется серьезное хирургическое вмешательство, врач может порекомендовать исследование капилляров.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Диагностикой и лечением гингивита занимается стоматолог-терапевт, но иногда требуется консультация пародонтолога и стоматолога-хирурга. Если есть сопутствующие заболевания (эндокринные, гормональные, заболевания ЖКТ и ЛОР-органов, нарушения иммунитета) желательно проконсультироваться с профильными специалистами.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для успешного лечения нужно в первую очередь устранить причину воспаления. С этой целью обязательно проводится удаление налёта и зубного камня.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При начальных стадиях заболевания этой процедуры и использования местных антисептиков достаточно. Для снятия воспаления используется метронидазол, хлоргексидин, настои шалфея и ромашки. Для улучшения регенерации показано местное применение \"Солкосерила\", облепихового масла.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Если коронка, пломба или скол зуба приводят к постоянному повреждению десны, необходимо провести лечение зуба и устранить повреждающий фактор. К десне должна прилегать гладкая поверхность без шероховатостей и острых краёв.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Если воспаление имеет распространённый характер, нарушено общее самочувствие пациента, а в анализе крови есть признаки воспаления, назначают курс антибиотиков, активных в отношении грамотрицательной флоры. Также используют иммуностимуляторы и витамины.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Если у пациента выражен болевой синдром, к терапии добавляют обезболивающие препараты. С этой целью используют препараты из группы НПВС (нестероидных противовоспалительных средств).</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В комплексной терапии гингивита в качестве дополнительного лечения иногда используются физиотерапевтические методы лечения:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">электрофорез с алоэ, аскорбиновой кислотой;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">фонофорез с гепариновой мазью;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">облучение кварцевой лампой;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">лазеротерапия;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">дарсонвализация;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">вакуумный массаж десен.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При гипертрофической форме гингивита перечисленные лечебные мероприятия могут не дать положительного результата. В таком случае для уплотнения разросшихся мягких тканей в межзубные сосочки делают инъекции склерозирующих средств. Если таким способом устранить разросшуюся грануляционную ткань не удалось, используют криодеструкцию (заморозку и удаление тканей с помощью жидкого азота), диатермокоагуляцию (иссечение слизистых тканей при помощи горячего инструмента) или удаление с помощью скальпеля — гингивэктомию.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"prevention": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Чтобы избежать заболевания, важно в первую очередь придерживаться гигиенических правил: дважды в день чистить зубы, чтобы убрать бактериальный налет, выбирать правильную зубную щетку, ополаскивать ротовую полость после приема пищи, посещать кабинет врача-стоматолога в целях профилактики. Также необходимо:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Правильно питаться – включать в рацион больше витаминной пищи, клетчатки, ограничивать сладкое и быстрые углеводы;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Вовремя лечить инфекционно-воспалительные заболевания полости рта и кариес;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Периодически выполнять профессиональную чистку зубов и снятие зубного камня;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Укреплять иммунитет.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При первых признаках развития воспалительного процесса нужно обратиться к врачу, чтобы не допустить распространения воспаления вглубь тканей десны и развитие осложнений. </span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В большинстве случаев гингивит протекает без нарушения зубодесневого соединения. Если воспалена вся десна челюсти или обеих челюстей, то гингивит принял распространенный характер. Но чаще диагностируют локализованный гингивит, когда поражен незначительный отрезок десны. При ограниченном гингивите также имеются поражение близлежащих зубов. Если гингивитом поражены только десневые сосочки, то диагностируют папиллит, при поражениях всего десневого края говорят о маргинальном течении гингивита.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При остром гингивите имеются классические проявления воспалительного процесса - отечность, гиперемия, местное увеличение температуры тканей, болезненность и гиперсаливация. Отмечается кровоточивость десен, точечные кровоизлияния, иногда при гингивите могут быть изъязвления десен.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Хронический гингивит возникает вследствие длительного воздействия неблагоприятных факторов. И чаще всего его клиническая картина смазана. Основным проявлением хронического гингивита является гиперплазия десен, иногда десневой тканью покрыта вся коронка зуба, чего в норме не должно быть.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для катарального гингивита характерна ярко-выраженная воспалительная реакция, присутствует покраснение и отечность десен. Воспаленная поверхность становится чувствительной к переменам температур. Некоторые пациенты при катаральном гингивите отмечают зуд и болезненность во время приема пищи.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При язвенно-некротическом гингивите на слизистой оболочке десен появляются изъязвленные участки и участки некроза. Десны резко болезненны. Из-за размножения гнилостной микрофлоры появляется галитоз – зловонное дыхание. Страдает общее состояние пациента: поднимается температура, иногда до фебрильных значений, увеличиваются регионарные лимфатические узлы. Из-за болезненности нарушается прием пищи, иногда при гингивите наблюдается стойкий отказ от питания (анорексия), нарастает общая слабость и симптомы истощения.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Гипертрофический гингивит клинически проявляется увеличением десневых сосочков, которые со временем покрывают большую часть зуба. На начальных этапах гипертрофический гингивит практически не проявляется, неприятные ощущения тоже отсутствуют. Гиперплазию тканей обычно замечают во время профилактического осмотра стоматолога. Но со временем, при отсутствии терапии, нарастает болезненность десен во время приема пищи и во время прикосновений. Чистка зубов для пациентов с гипертрофическим гингивитом становится тяжелопереносимой и болезненной процедурой, в результате они отказываются от ухода за полостью рта, в связи с чем присоединяется множественный кариес.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Помимо явлений гингивита и кариеса, присутствует неприятный запах изо рта, скопление зубного налета и зубного камня. Прием пищи становится резко болезненным. Особенно острая реакция наблюдается при приеме кислой, горячей и острой пищи. При атрофическом гингивите возникает атрофия десен. Уровень десны постепенно снижается, обнажается шейка зуба, а потом и его корень. Субъективно проявляется только болезненностью во время принятия холодной или горячей пищи.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Во время менопаузы у женщин часто развивается гингивит десквамативного характера. Образование кератинсодержащих клеток эпителия уменьшается, что проявляется увеличением проницаемости слизистой. Десны легко повреждаются, кровоточат и болезненны даже при незначительном прикосновении. Иногда явлениям гингивита предшествует образование пузырьков.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Гингивит не является самостоятельным заболеванием. В основном это одно из клинических проявлений пародонтита и пародонтоза, поэтому важно своевременно выявлять признаки гингивита и проводить терапию.</span></p>",
"image": "http://api.symptomd.ru/storage/7c6bc2d7c234286ef7d7d9212a5983ba_U2svnNV.png",
"image_alt": "Гингивит и болезни пародонта",
"standard_type": 0,
"danger": 11,
"published": 1,
"parent": null,
"block_rubric": 110,
"standards": []
},
{
"id": 11581,
"symptoms": [],
"alternative_names": [],
"complications": [],
"medicine_branches": [],
"who": [
{
"id": 12353,
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"diseased": 271576,
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"lead": "гибель клеток сосудисто-нервного пучка в коронковой или корневой части зуба, возникающая как следствие осложненного кариеса или травматического повреждения зуба",
"description": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При некрозе пульпы отмирают части сосудисто-нервного пучка в пульпе или коронке зуба. Это необратимая форма пульпита, которая возникает из-за нарушения кровообращения, угнетения иммунной функции зуба. </span></p>",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Выделяют несколько групп факторов, приводящих к возникновению некроза пульпы: химические, бактериальные, термические и механические. Химический некроз пульпы чаще всего возникает в результате применения агрессивных веществ на этапе лечения кариеса, например, спирта или фенола и др. Вещество проникает в пульпу зуба через дентинные канальцы, в результате чего происходит химический ожог тканей сосудисто-нервного пучка зуба, который заканчивается его некрозом. Химический некроз пульпы приводит к развитию воспалительных явлений в периодонтальной связке, окружающей зуб. Выявляется такой вид некроза случайно, при обнаружении на рентгенограмме изменений в периапикальных тканях зуба. Также внимание врача привлекает серый цвет твёрдых тканей. Такой зуб чаще всего ранее лечен по поводу среднего или глубокого кариеса.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При бактериальном поражении пульпы зуба в тканях сосудисто-нервного пучка обнаруживают смешанную микрофлору, в то время как здоровая пульпа зуба - стерильна. Основное значение отводят стрептококку и стафилококку. Также при микробиологическом исследовании обнаруживают аэробных микроорганизмов - клостридии перфрингенс, фузобактерии. Термический некроз пульпы развивается вследствие ее ожога при обработке зуба, часто во время подготовки к протезированию. Это возникает, если используются наконечники без водяного охлаждения, отчего происходит перегрев тканей.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Травматический некроз пульпы может быть результатом острой или хронической травмы. Острая травма зуба возникает при однократном приложении силы, например, в результате удара, падения. Происходит разрыв периапикальных тканей, нарушается кровоснабжение тканей пульпарной камеры, возникает их некроз. Хроническая травма появляется вследствие длительного регулярного воздействия на периодонт. Сначала этот процесс компенсирован, но в дальнейшем из-за нарушения кровоснабжения происходит некроз пульпы. Это явление может встречаться при патологической стираемости зубов, профессиональных вредных привычках (например, у швей - перекусывание зубами нитки, у рыболовов - лески).</span></p>",
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"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Диагностика некроза пульпы проводится на основании жалоб больного, анамнеза заболевания, клинической картины. В качестве дополнительных методов исследования применяют термопробы. Так, зуб с некрозом пульпы либо не будет реагировать на термические раздражители, либо будет давать положительную реакцию на горячее.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">На рентгенограмме (ортопантомограмма, прицельные снимки, компьютерная томография) выявляют изменения в тканях периодонта. Отмечается расширение периодонтальной щели, может быть резорбция костной ткани в области верхушки зуба. При электроодонтометрии могут быть получены результаты от 60 до 100 мкА, они связаны с электропроводимостью пульпы: чем больше тканей нерва некротизировано, тем выше будет проводимость электрического тока.</span></p>",
"treatment": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При некрозе пульпы проводится эндодонтическое лечение. Оно подразумевает тщательную обработку корневых каналов. Лечение каналов проводят в несколько этапов. При первом посещении механически очищают стенки корневых каналов ручными или машинными инструментами, промывают антисептическими растворами на основе гипохлорита натрия для удаления некротизированных органических остатков пульпы. Для уничтожения микроорганизмов на две недели в канале оставляют гидроокись кальция, которая создает высокощелочную среду, губительную для бактерий. При втором посещении повторно промывают каналы антисептиками (чаще всего раствором хлоргексидина) и проводят пломбировку корневых каналов.</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для профилактики некроза пульпы необходимо проходить регулярные осмотры у врача-стоматолога, санировать очаги хронической инфекции в полости рта, проводить замену пломб с нарушением краевого прилегания.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Часто некроз пульпы развивается бессимптомно. Может обнаруживаться случайно при проведении рентгенологического исследования (ортопантомограммы, компьютерной томографии). В таком случае некроз часто сочетается с изменениями в периапикальных тканях зуба. В некоторых случаях пациент обращается к стоматологу с жалобами на изменение цвета зуба. При осмотре полости рта стоматолог обнаруживает зуб серого цвета. При вскрытии пульпарной камеры определяется гнилостный запах. Перкуссия таких зубов бывает положительной. Поверхностные слои пульпы грязно-серого цвета, не кровоточат. Зондирование корневой пульпы также может быть положительно.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Некоторые пациенты предъявляют жалобы на боль от горячей пищи. Это связано с жизнедеятельностью особых бактерий, чаще всего бактероидов. Воздействие горячей температуры приводит к образованию газов в полости зуба. При этом характерно медленное нарастание боли при нагреве зуба и постепенное угасание при устранении раздражителя. Пациенты с некрозом пульпы практически всегда отмечают, что зуб болел ранее.</span></p>",
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"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Пульпит развивается при кариозном разрушении целостности зуба, когда пища и микроорганизмы проникают полость зуба (пульпу). Еще один путь развития болезни — это инфицирование от соседних пораженных зубов через кровеносные сосуды, что происходит гораздо реже и носит название ретроградный пульпит. Различают и другие, редко встречающиеся, пульпиты:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Травматический, развивается в результате трещины, слома, скола зуба. </span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Конкрементозный возникает при избыточном отложении минеральных образований, которые начинают замещать внутренние ткани зуба. </span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Воспаление, развивается из-за неверно проведенного лечения, применения некачественных материалов, нечаянного вскрытия пульпы. </span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Среди факторов, увеличивающих вероятность развития пульпита выделяют: недостаточную гигиену, остеопороз и сахарный диабет.</span></p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При воспалении пульпы зуба развивается комплекс функциональных и структурных изменений, характерных для воспаления вообще.</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Характерны резкие экссудативные проявления, так как с ранних этапов развития процесса воспаление пульпы протекает по гиперергическому типу, способствуя резкому отеку ткани пульпы.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При этом объем пульпы увеличивается, нервные элементы испытывают значительные раздражающие воздействия, что проявляется в клинике болевым синдромом.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Через 3-4 часа от начала обострения воспаление пульпы приобретает характер гнойного процесса с образованием плотных инфильтратов и абсцессов.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Исходом острого воспаления пульпы может быть ее некроз или процесс переходит в хроническую стадию, давая начало одной из форм хронического пульпита.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Развиваются активные экссудативные явления с абсцедированием. Такая форма получила название обострение хронического пульпита.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">На первом этапе проводится беседа с пациентом с тщательным сбором жалоб. Врач уточняет характер боли, ее взаимосвязь с раздражителями, давность появления и ряд других характеристик.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Следующий этап – осмотр полости рта с помощью зеркал и проведение ряда простых исследований. К ним относятся:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">перкуссия пораженного зуба (легкое постукивание) – позволяет выявить болезненность и ее интенсивность; </span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">температурные пробы – воздействие на зуб высоких и низких температур дает дополнительные данные о восприимчивости зуба к термическому раздражению; </span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">зондирование – обследование пораженных зубов с помощью тонкого стоматологического зонда и оценка состояния тканей зуба (дентина, пульпы). </span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Из инструментальных методов диагностики применяются рентгенография и электродиагностика. Результаты исследований позволяют достоверно подтвердить диагноз пульпита и исключить другие зубные болезни.</span></p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Первая помощь, оказанная пациенту с острой формой пульпита, предполагает применение специального обезболивающего препарата, что дает возможность быстро облегчить самочувствие пациента.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В настоящее время в стоматологии применяется несколько эффективных методов лечения пульпита:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">витальные методы: хирургическое лечение (ампутация, которая заключается в частичной резекции пульпы с сохранением ее функции) и консервативное лечение (применение медикаментов или физиологических методик терапии, посредством которых устраняются воспалительные процессы и болевой синдром);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">девитальные методы применяются при отсутствии признаков жизнеспособности пульпы, они предполагают полное ее удаление из полости зуба.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Выбор метода лечения должен сделать стоматолог, основываясь на характере симптомов и индивидуальных особенностях развития пульпита.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Консервативное лечение пульпита состоит из нескольких ключевых этапов:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">обезболивание пораженной области;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">стоматологическая обработка кариозной полости посредством специальных профессиональных инструментов;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">второй этап обработки при помощи медикаментозных препаратов для устранения инфекции и болезнетворных бактерий (обычно стоматологи используют йодинол, димексид, хлоргексидин, трипсин и другие известные препараты);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">очищение и высушивание кариозной полости;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">установка прокладки для купирования воспалений в пульпе, снижения боли и стимуляции формирования нового дентина, пломбирование.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Хирургический метод, подразумевающий устранение пульпы из полости зуба и его каналов, считается одним из самых эффективных и распространенных способов лечения пульпита. Врач применяет его при отсутствии признаков жизнеспособности пульпы</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Профилактика любых стоматологических заболеваний, в том числе и пульпита, заключается в соблюдении ряда простых правил:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">рациональное сбалансированное питание, богатое всеми необходимыми витаминами и минералами; </span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">отказ от углеводистой пищи, особенно кондитерских изделий и сладостей; </span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">тщательная чистка зубов по специальным методикам; </span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">применение дополнительных средств для поддержания хорошей гигиены полости рта (флоссы, ополаскиватели для ротовой полости); </span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">регулярная профессиональная чистка зубов;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">профилактические осмотры стоматолога даже при отсутствии каких-либо жалоб; </span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">устранение и лечение очагов хронической инфекции в организме.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Пульпит может развиваться в двух формах, каждая из которых имеет ряд характерных клинических особенностей:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">острая форма проявляется в виде выраженного болевого синдрома, локализующегося в зоне расположения пораженного зуба (как правило, боль отдает в голову);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">хроническая форма отличается тем, что проявляется в виде периодической боли, склонной к усилению ближе к вечеру или ночи.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При остром пульпите пораженный зуб часто реагирует на разные уровни температуры принимаемой пищи и питьевой воды, а также на химические и механические раздражители (например, на остатки пищи, которые случайно проникли в кариозную полость зуба, горячий напиток, на прикосновение инструмента врача и т.п.). Чаще всего при устранении раздражительного фактора интенсивность болевого синдрома постепенно снижается.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При отсутствии своевременного лечения пульпит переходит из острой формы в хроническую, при которой также может проявляться реакция на широкий спектр раздражителей. Кроме того, при хронической форме может наблюдаться разрастание пораженной пульпы. Нередко хронический пульпит становится причиной неприятного запаха из ротовой полости. Без лечения хронического пульпита могут быть существенные осложнения в виде воспалений в костной структуре челюсти.</span></p>",
"image": null,
"image_alt": null,
"standard_type": 0,
"danger": 20,
"published": 1,
"parent": 6648,
"block_rubric": 110,
"standards": []
},
{
"id": 6648,
"symptoms": [
{
"id": 3135,
"synonyms": [
{
"name": "Болит лицо"
},
{
"name": "Болит лицо в области скул"
},
{
"name": "Болит половина лица"
},
{
"name": "Болит кожа на лице при прикосновении"
},
{
"name": "Боль в щеках"
},
{
"name": "Боль в правой щеке"
},
{
"name": "Боль в левой щеке"
}
],
"body_points": [
{
"x": 488,
"y": 1095,
"r": 398
}
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"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Вследствие воздействия ряда внешних и внутренних факторов происходит сбой регенеративных процессов в периодонтальной связке, выполняющей опорную функцию. В результате образуется сращение цемента с альвеолярной костью. Описано несколько теорий развития анкилоза:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Генетическая предрасположенность. Дентальный анкилоз относится к семейному заболеванию. При наличии в семье случаев зубо-альвеолярного сращения повышаются риски формирования анкилоза у детей.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Смещение равновесия между процессами рассасывания и репарации. В норме резорбция корней идет волнообразно, чередуясь с периодом новообразования кости. В ходе репаративной фазы может развиться спайка между стенкой лунки и цементом.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Инфицирование зачатка. Наличие воспалительного очага в периапикальных тканях временного зуба вызывает повреждение зачатка постоянного, вследствие чего нарушается процесс прорезывания.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Травматическое повреждение. При подвывихе зуба или полном вывихе с последующей реплантацией приживление может идти по типу синостоза – костного сращения цемента корня с альвеолой. Причина – гибель тканей периодонта.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Токсическое воздействие. Использование в детской стоматологии массы на основе резорцин-формалина для обтурации корневых каналов приводит к нарушению рассасывания корней в период физиологической смены зубов.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В норме резорбирование корня сопровождается репарацией кости по периферии. Если новообразование костной ткани преобладает, может возникнуть анкилоз. С помощью гистологического исследования удается обнаружить зоны новообразованной костной ткани между поверхностью корня и стенкой лунки с постепенным полным замещением периодонта. При отсутствии фолликулов постоянных зубов резорбция анкилозированных корней протекает более медленно.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При травме анкилоз развивается по причине гибели периодонта. Вследствие обнажения поверхности корня остеокласты начинают контактировать с минерализованным дентином – цементом. Это запускает активизацию резорбтивных процессов без стимуляции извне. Вместо дентина наслаивается костная ткань.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Резорцин-формалиновая смесь оказывает раздражающее действие на периапикальные ткани вследствие проникновения через апекс формальдегида, обладающего цитотоксическим действием. Наличие хронического деструктивного периодонтита молочного зуба приводит к повреждению зачатка постоянного. Лизис эмалевого эпителия стимулирует компенсаторные процессы – на месте резорбированной эмали депонируется костная ткань, за счет чего фолликул фиксируется в анкилозированном состоянии.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для выявления анкилоза и постановления диагноза врач-стоматолог не только выслушивает жалобы пациента и осматривает полость рта, но также проводит ряд дополнительных исследований, способных обнаружить болезнь на самых ранних стадиях и предупредить ухудшения. Ввиду сложности патологии целесообразно проведение диагностики совместно с профессиональным ортодонтом.</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Первичный осмотр позволяет оценить степень патологии и её влияние на соседние зубы, прикус.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Перкуссия. Постукивание по зубам со сращением даёт более звонкий звук, поскольку отмерший периодонт не гасит акустические колебания.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Ренгенография. Позволяет выявить анкилоз, развившийся после прорезывания зуба.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Компьютерная томография. Необходима для определения причин развития дентального сращивания, наличия костных мостов.</span></li>\r\n</ul>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Консервативное лечение</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Тактика зависит от этиологии и этапа, во время которого сформировалось цементно-костное сращение: до, после прорезывания или в ходе резорбции. В большинстве случаев, если анкилозированный зуб не создает препятствия прорезыванию постоянного, и нет эстетического дефекта, показана выжидательная тактика.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Если молочный анкилозированный зуб прорезался, но расположен ниже линии окклюзии, делают адгезивную реставрацию. Восстановление коронковой части создает нагрузку, необходимую для стимуляции полного прорезывания. С этой же целью не полностью прорезанные анкилозированные временные зубы покрывают тонкостенными штампованными коронками. Кроме активизации процессов прорезывания, удается нормализовать окклюзию, избежать формирования деформаций.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Хирургическое лечение</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Если диагностирован дентальный анкилоз постоянного зуба, который находится в ретенированном положении, хирургическим путем оголяют коронковую часть и восстанавливают высоту до линии окклюзии цементом или другой пломбировочной массой. Удалять или нет постоянный зуб с анкилозом, зависит от скорости резорбтивных процессов. При быстро прогрессирующем рассасывании анкилозированных корней, смещении десневого края апикально нарушается эстетика, потому показано удаление. При сращении корней на этапе резорбции и наличии фолликула постоянного зуба причинный зуб удаляют.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"prevention": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Профилактика направлена на своевременное лечение, устранение фокальних и перифокальных очагов хронической инфекции, правильное ведение пациентов после травм, сопровождающихся подвывихом и полным вывихом.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Денто-альвеолярное сращение может быть диагностировано в молочном, сменном, постоянном прикусе. При анкилозировании зачатка временного зуба его место частично занимают наклонившееся или частично сместившиеся соседние зубы. Кроме зубочелюстной деформации происходит нарушение прорезывания постоянного зуба. Последний может совсем не прорезаться из-за костного препятствия на его пути или прорезаться в неправильном положении.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Образование сращения цемента с лункой после формирования корней в молочном или постоянном прикусе приводит к деформации окклюзионной плоскости. Причинный зуб находится ниже линии, условно проведенной через жевательные поверхности и режущие края.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Также анкилозированный зуб может прорезаться, но при этом частично оставаться ретенированным: коронка сверху покрыта мягкими тканями, погружена в слизистую оболочку. Развитие костного цементо-альвеолярного сращения в сменном прикусе нарушает процесс физиологической смены.</span></p>",
"image": null,
"image_alt": null,
"standard_type": 0,
"danger": 11,
"published": 1,
"parent": 6647,
"block_rubric": 110,
"standards": []
}
]
}
