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"description": "<p>Аппендицит проявляется в любом возрасте, чаще в молодом и среднем; мужчины болеют чаще на 18 % чем женщины. Заболеваемость острым аппендицитом составляет 4—5 случаев на 1000 человек в год. Среди острых хирургических заболеваний органов брюшной полости острый аппендицит составляет 89,1 %, занимая среди них первое место. Острый аппендицит — наиболее частая причина развития перитонита.</p>",
"etiology": "<p>Аппендикс является лимфоидным органом, в нем сосредоточено большое количество иммунных клеток, он помогает осуществлять иммунную защиту органов пищеварения. В среднем аппендикс имеет длину до 5-6см, толщину до 1 см. Отросток может располагаться как в классическом положении, отходя вниз от кишки в области правой подвздошной кости, так и лежать в других направлениях. Это важно в диагностике проявлений аппендицита.</p>\r\n<p>Причин для воспаления аппендикса достаточно:</p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>закупорка его плотными каловыми массами,</li>\r\n<li>закупорка плотными фрагментами пищи (косточки, семечки, плотные куски пищи),</li>\r\n<li>разрастание тканей,</li>\r\n<li>увеличение лимфоидных зон, лимфоузлов с закупоркой просвета,</li>\r\n<li>тромбоз сосудов,</li>\r\n<li>проявления аллергии,</li>\r\n<li>инфекции кишечника,</li>\r\n<li>нахождение на жестких диетах, нерациональное питание,</li>\r\n<li>наследственная предрасположенность, стрессы, вредные привычки,</li>\r\n<li>переход инфекции с других органов (у женщин – с органов малого таза).</li>\r\n</ul>",
"pathogenesis": "<p>Воспалительный процесс в червеобразном отростке начинается с эпителиального дефекта (), лейкоцитарной инфильтрации, распространяющейся в глубь стенки отростка. На этой стадии возможно обратное развитие, т.е. самовыздоровление. Но, как правило, воспалительный процесс прогрессирует и развивается флегмонозный, язвенно-флегмонозный и гангренозный аппендицит. В детском возрасте нередко развивается геморрагическое червеобразного отростка.</p>",
"diagnostics": "<p>Диагноз острого аппендицита основывается на появлении ряда симптомов, связанных с вовлечением в патологический процесс брюшины. Характерны</p>\r\n<p>1)симптом Щеткина — Блюмберга (резкая болевая реакция в момент прекращения давления на переднюю брюшную стенку при пальпации сле¬пой кишки); в правой подвздошной области;</p>\r\n<p>2)симптом Ровсинга (появление болей в правой подвздошной области при толчкообразной пальпации левых отделов толстой кишки);</p>\r\n<p>3) симптом Раздольского (болезненность в зоне расположения червеобразного отростка при перкуссии брюшной стенки) и др.</p>\r\n<p>Сложности в своевременном распознавании острого аппендицита возможны при атипичном расположения отростка и при развитии заболевания У людей с пониженной и повышенной реактивностью на возникновение воспалительного процесса, т.е. у стариков и детей. Поскольку при остром аппендиците, особенно в случае ретроцекального положения отростка, воспалительный процесс может распространяться на тазовую брюшину, необходимо обязательно проводить ректальное и влагалищное исследования, во время которых выявляется болезненность правой стенки прямой кишки и влагалища. Эти исследования могут указывать и на наличие аппендикулярного инфильтрата. Особенно сложным бывает диагноз при ретроцекальном расположении червеобразного отростка и синдроме мальротации, когда слепая кишка расположена под печенью, а также в случае быстрого развития гангрены червеобразного отростка или разлитого перитонита. В неясных случаях обязательно проводят обзорный рентгеновский снимок брюшной полости, позволяющий выявить наличие газа над правым куполом диафрагмы в случае перфорации отростка. Для установления точного диагноза применяют лапароскопию.</p>",
"treatment": "<p>Лечение хирургическое — аппендэктомия. Чем раньше удается провести операцию, тем лучше результат лечения. Выжидательная позиция допустима лишь при наличии инфильтрата в правой подвздошной области. В этом случае назначают лечение антибиотиками широкого спектра действия. Инфильтрат постепенно рассасывается, боли в животе исчезают. Аппендэктомию в подобных случаях проводят в плановом порядке, спустя 3נ мес. Наряду с обычным оперативным вмешательством разработана и применяется эндоскопическая аппендэктомия, осуществляемая с помощью лапароскопов.</p>\r\n<p>При своевременной операции прогноз благоприятный. Смертность составляет 0,1 % в случае непрободного острого аппендицита, 3 % — при перфорации и 15 % — при прободном аппендиците у пожилых больных.</p>",
"prevention": "<p>Методов специфической профилактики острого аппендицита не разработано. Необходимо правильное питание, рациональный режим и своевременное обращение за помощью к врачу при возникновении боли животе.</p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Первый симптом – это нестерпимая боль, которая появляется в области пупка и распространяется на нижнюю правую часть живота. Боль усиливается в течение короткого времени, при движении, глубоком вдохе, кашле или чихании.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Другие типичные симптомы:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">тошнота, вплоть до рвоты</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">снижение или полное отсутствие аппетита</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">запор или, наоборот, диарея</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">метеоризм, болезненное вздутие живота</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">повышение температуры, озноб, симптомы интоксикации</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">позывы к акту дефекации</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Признаки воспалительного процесса аппендикса у мужчин и женщин могут отличаться. Так, например, у женщин появляется тошнота, рвота и повышение температуры. В начале развития болезни боль давящая, тянущая и даже необязательно с правой стороны, что ошибочно может распознаваться как гинекологические проблемы.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Затем боль может стать схваткообразной, такие симптомы чаще всего возникают в вечернее или ночное время.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">У мужчин при остром воспалении возникает сильная боль в области живота, самопроизвольное подтягивание правого яичка. При оттягивании мошонки возникает дискомфорт и боль в области ануса и выраженный позыв к опорожнению кишечника.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">У пожилых людей симптомы аппендицита могут проявляться менее отчетливо: незначительные боли, несильная тошнота. При этом аппендицит у пожилых людей часто отличается тяжелым течением и развитием осложнений.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">У детей симптомы аппендицита выражены не так ярко, как у взрослых. Боли часто не имеют четкой локализации. Распознать аппендицит у маленького ребенка можно по повышению температуры тела, диарее и наличию на языке налета.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>",
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},
"code": "K40",
"name": "Паховая грыжа",
"icd_name": "Паховая грыжа",
"gender": 0,
"age_min": 1,
"age_max": 100,
"cause": [
"0"
],
"periodicity": 1,
"slug": "k40_pahovaya_gryzha",
"lead": "выход содержимого брюшной полости вместе с брюшиной и предбрюшинной клетчаткой через отверстие в мышечно-апоневротической части под кожу",
"description": "<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-d8c75b5d-7fff-f07f-6006-2c40c9a89fb6\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Паховая грыжа – это выпячивание из брюшной полости внутренних органов в подкожно-жировую клетчатку через паховый канал</span></span></p>",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Причины появления паховой грыжи</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">наличие паховой грыжи у ближайших родственников (в первую очередь у отца). Если в семье есть данное заболевание, тем более у нескольких человек, риск заболеть многократно увеличивается;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">недоношенность. У такого ребенка развитие органов и систем не завершено полностью. Вследствие этого вероятность того, что паховый канал останется открытым, возрастает;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">хронические болезни, сопровождающиеся сильным кашлем. Кашель увеличивает внутрибрюшное давление;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">малоподвижный образ жизни. Мышцы брюшного пресса ослабляются без умеренных физических нагрузок. У людей, которые на работе постоянно сидят или стоят, паховые грыжи появляются чаще;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">истощение. В норме паховый канал заполнен жировой клетчаткой. Если ее становится меньше, образуется слабое место для возникновения грыжевого выпячивания;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">хронические запоры. При этом заболевании увеличивается внутрибрюшное давление;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">непосильные физические нагрузки. Если человек постоянно прилагает большие физические усилия и поднимает значительные тяжести, риск появления паховой грыжи возрастает;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">беременность. Матка увеличивается, оказывая дополнительное давление;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ожирение. Нагрузка на брюшную полость увеличивается по мере набора веса.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При повышении внутрибрюшного давления (тяжелая физическая нагрузка, кашель, запоры и прочее) растягиваются и деформируются мышечные и сухожильные волокна внутреннего кольца пахового канала (изнутри — со стороны брюшной полости). В это расширенное кольцо проникает брюшина — тонкая прочная оболочка, выстилающая брюшную полость изнутри. По мере этого вдавливающаяся интраабдоминальным давлением брюшина проникает все дальше по расширяющемуся паховому каналу, формируя грыжевой брюшинный мешок.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">УЗИ паховых каналов и мошонки. Позволяет оценить положение, содержимое и размеры грыжевого мешка, состояние пахового канала. На экране отлично виден паховый канал, грыжевой мешок и его содержимое, семенные канатики, яички;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">УЗИ брюшной полости. Позволяет оценить, какие из внутренних органов или какая часть кишечника попали в грыжевой мешок;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">УЗИ тазовых органов. Позволяет оценить смещение в грыжевой мешок яичников и маточных труб у женщин;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Герниография. Это рентгенологический метод исследования с контрастным усилением. Его назначают, если пациент жалуется на боли в тазобедренном суставе или в паху, но других симптомов паховой грыжи нет, и другими методами диагноз не подтверждается;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Ирригоскопия. Это рентгенологическое исследование кишечника с контрастным усилением. Его назначают, если есть опасность, что часть толстой кишки попала в грыжевой мешок;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Цистография. Это рентгенологическое исследование мочевого пузыря с контрастным усилением. Его назначают, если часть мочевого пузыря попала в грыжевой мешок;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">КТ внутренних органов (компьютерная томография);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">хирургическое обследование.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Консервативное лечение:</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Одним из вариантов безоперационного лечения является ручное вправление грыжи хирургом. Однако эта процедура используется для определения локализации грыжевых ворот и носит временный характер. Очередное натуживание приведет к рецидиву грыжи.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">На этапе подготовки больного к операции и реабилитации после нее используются следующие группы медикаментов:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">обезболивающие;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">антибиотики;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">нестероидные противовоспалительные препараты.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Хирургическое лечение паховой грыжи:</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Хирургическим лечением паховых грыж является операция. Суть вмешательства сводится к укреплению проблемных мест в мышечно-апоневротическом слое брюшной стенки.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">На сегодняшний день наиболее эффективными являются вмешательств с использованием сетчатых протезов. Они предусматривают имплантацию искусственной сетки, которая вместе с собственными тканями укрепляет проблемную зону. С помощью таких операций число рецидивов удалось снизить с 15-20% до 1-5%.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В практике используется около 50 вариаций удаления паховых грыж. Хирургические вмешательства могут выполняться как обычным (с применением скальпеля), так и малоинвазивным (с помощью эндоскопа) путем через небольшие проколы брюшной стенки. Хирург, детально изучив особенности клинического случая и анатомию конкретного пациента, посоветует, какой вариант операции наиболее предпочтителен.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"prevention": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Если паховая грыжа врожденная, предотвратить ее невозможно. И профилактические мероприятия в данном случае не помогут избежать операции. Но они окажутся действенными для предотвращения появления послеоперационных и приобретенных паховых грыж.</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">грамотная техника поднятия тяжестей, избегание поднятия слишком большого веса и чрезмерных нагрузок;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ношение бандажа во время силовых тренировок;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">регулярные физические нагрузки, как минимум – ежедневная утренняя гимнастика;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">тренировка мышц брюшного пресса;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">нормализация массы тела;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">правильное питание. Потребление достаточного количества клетчатки;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">избегание рациона, приводящего к вздутию живота и запорам;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">своевременное лечение болезней, сопровождающихся постоянным кашлем;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">бандаж в последнем триместре беременности.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В зависимости от особенностей клинического случая, симптоматика может нарастать за короткий период или постепенно.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Основной симптом - выпячивание в паху. Оно имеет вид опухоли, плотную текстуру и может быть разного размера. Пациенты как правило отмечают увеличение грыжевого образования во время нагрузок, кашля. В положении лёжа грыжа становится немного меньше. Далее появляется боль. Она чаще всего имеет постоянный характер. Боль как правило тупая, разной степени интенсивности. Пациент отмечает неприятные ощущения внизу живота и в паху, которые могут иррадиировать в область поясницы.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Также могут появляться и другие симптомы:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">дискомфорт при движении (если грыжевой мешок имеет большой размер);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">нарушения дефекации, метеоризм и боль в животе (при выпадении в грыжевой мешок части кишечника);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">нарушение мочеиспускания, боль в надлобковой области (если грыжа является скользящей и захватывает часть мочевого пузыря);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">симптомы интоксикации и выраженный болевой синдром возникают, если в грыжевом мешке находится аппендикс, и происходит его воспаление;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">увеличение мошонки на той стороне, где находится пахово-мошоночная грыжа;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">если грыжа возникла у женщины и нарушается расположение яичника и маточных труб, то появляется болезненность при менструации, нарушение цикла.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>",
"image": null,
"image_alt": null,
"standard_type": 1,
"danger": 31,
"published": 1,
"parent": null,
"block_rubric": 113,
"standards": []
},
{
"id": 6675,
"symptoms": [
{
"id": 2634,
"synonyms": [
{
"name": "Образования под кожей"
},
{
"name": "Жировик"
},
{
"name": "Шишка"
}
],
"body_points": [
{
"x": 369,
"y": 3261,
"r": 0
}
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},
"code": "K41",
"name": "Бедренная грыжа",
"icd_name": "Бедренная грыжа",
"gender": 0,
"age_min": 45,
"age_max": 100,
"cause": [
"0"
],
"periodicity": 1,
"slug": "k41_bedrennaya_gryzha",
"lead": "выхождение внутренних органов через естественные либо приобретенные отверстия в мышечно-апоневротическом слое брюшины при сохранении целостности самой брюшины и кожного покрова",
"description": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Бедренная грыжа – это заболевание, при котором часть или целый орган брюшной полости выпячивается наружу через бедренный канал.</span></p>",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Причинами появления грыжи считаются:</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">анатомические особенности строения костей таза, пахового канала;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">тяжелые физические нагрузки, профессиональные занятия спортом;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">беременность и тяжелые роды у женщин;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">слабость соединительной ткани;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">хронические запоры;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ожирение;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">обструктивные заболевания легких, сопровождающиеся кашлем;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">оперативные вмешательства в прошлом.</span></li>\r\n</ul>",
"pathogenesis": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Бедренный канал – это патологическое анатомическое образование, через которое грыжа выходит наружу. В норме такой структуры не существует, но при развитии дисбаланса между внутрибрюшним давлением и опорной функцией брюшной стенки, между мышцами и соединительнотканными пучками образуются щели. Через них происходит «выталкивание» внутренних органов.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Одним из ключевых факторов, увеличивающих риск развития проблемы, являются различные аномалии коллагена. Этот белок служит основой для соединительнотканных структур, из которых состоит апоневроз мышц. Из-за молекулярных дефектов в его строении формируются «слабые» места в передней брюшной стенке. При повышении внутрибрюшного давления именно они и превращаются в грыжевые ворота</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для подтверждения и оценки общего состояния организма назначаются следующие дополнительные обследования:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Общий анализ крови и мочи, биохимический анализ крови. Позволяют исключить воспалительный процесс и выявить сопутствующую патологию.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ЭКГ, рентгенография органов грудной клетки. Эти тесты нужны для оценки функции легких и сердца перед предстоящей операцией.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">УЗИ патологической зоны и брюшной полости. С помощью этого метода доктор оценивает размеры грыжи, выявляет сопутствующую патологию внутренних органов.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Рентгеновская компьютерная томография (РКТ). Процедура назначается пациентам с выраженным ожирением и постоянными рецидивами грыж на фоне лечения.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Магнитно-резонансная томография (МРТ). Показана в трудных диагностических случаях.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Бедренная грыжа – это хирургическая патология, которая не поддается медикаментозному лечению. Наилучшие результаты обеспечивают современные малоинвазивные оперативные вмешательства.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Консервативное лечение:</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Консервативное лечение при бедренных грыжах направлено на временное улучшение самочувствия пациента на фоне подготовки к хирургическому вмешательству, во время и после его проведения. Используемые группы медикаментов:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">обезболивающие средства;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">антибиотики (при необходимости);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">нестероидные противовоспалительные препараты.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Если пациент страдает от сопутствующей патологии внутренних органов, назначается соответствующее медикаментозное сопровождение (слабительные, ферменты, кардиологические средства и другие).</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Хирургическое лечение бедренной грыжи:</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">«Золотым стандартом» лечения бедренных грыж остается их оперативное лечение. Суть подобного вмешательства заключается в удалении грыжевого мешка и укреплении брюшной стенки. Для этого могут использоваться как собственные ткани пациента, так и искусственные сетчатые протезы. При развитии необратимого поражения частей внутренних органов, которые находятся в грыжевом мешке, они подлежат удалению.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Операция грыжесечения может выполняться различными способами. Хирург в каждом конкретном случае выбирает персонифицированную тактику с учетом размеров выпячивания, анатомических особенностей пациента и возможных рисков.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Наиболее эффективными на сегодняшний день являются малоинвазивные вмешательства с имплантацией сетчатых протезов. Они позволяют достичь хорошего результата без повторного образования грыж у 95-99% пациентов против 85-90% при использовании обычных открытых операций.</span></p>",
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"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">На ранних этапах заболевания пациенты жалуются преимущественно на появление эластичного бугорка в области бедра. Характерной особенностью является изменение размеров выпячивания в зависимости от положения тела. При ходьбе и во время физической нагрузки выпуклость увеличивается. В это же время больной может испытывать дискомфорт или болезненные ощущения, которые возникают из-за перерастяжения тканей вследствие повышения внутрибрюшного давления.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При возникновении осложнений могут появляться следующие проявления:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">выраженные болезненные ощущения;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">покраснение выпячивания, отек, повышение локальной температуры тела;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">тошнота, рвота;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">появление крови в кале, отсутствие дефекации и отхождения газов.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При появлении указанных признаков грыжа больше не вправляется обратно и называется невправимой. Такая ситуация требует максимально быстрой доставки пациента в хирургическое отделение для проведения оперативного вмешательства.</span></p>",
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"etiology": "<p>Грыжи возникают вследствие дефекта анатомического строения пупочного кольца и действия факторов, которые вызывают повышение внутрибрюшного давления и растяжение передней брюшной стенки. Существует мнение о возможной роли наследственной предрасположенности в образовании пупочной грыжи у взрослых, что выражается в недоразвитии или отсутствии пупочной фасции, и это действительно выявляется во время операций. Однако пупочная фасция может разрушаться и вторично - из-за давления растущей грыжи. Причины, вызывающие повышение внутрибрюшного давления и растяжение брюшной стенки: беременность, ожирение, асцит различного происхождения, быстро растущие опухоли брюшной полости, упорные запоры. </p>\r\n<p>Образованию пупочной грыжи в детском возрасте способствует плач ребенка, постоянные запоры, газообразование в кишечнике, недоношенность. Иногда появление грыжи совпадает с началом хождения ребенка, особенно в тех случаях, когда он слишком рано принимает вертикальное положение. Склонность к образованию пупочной грыжи имеют дети с врожденным гипотиреозом, болезнью Дауна, болезнью Харлера, лактазной недостаточностью, дисбактериозом кишечника.</p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p>Пупочные грыжи формируются как результат дефекта развития передней брюшной стенки. Обычно самым слабым местом является верхний отдел пупочного кольца, через который проходит только пупочная вена, не имеющая мышечной оболочки. При недоразвитии брюшной фасции она прикрывает изнутри пупочное кольцо лишь частично, образуя дефекты, или же бывает слишком истончена и недостаточно прочна. При этом к возникновению грыжи могут привести все факторы, вызывающие резкое повышение внутрибрюшного давления.</p>\r\n<p> </p>",
"diagnostics": "<p>Диагноз ставится на основании клиники. К дополнительным методам исследования относят:</p>\r\n<ol>\r\n<li>УЗИ – позволяет выявить при больших грыжах содержимое грыжевого мешка и провести дифференциальную диагностику.</li>\r\n<li>Рентгеноконтрастное исследование и обзорная рентгенография практически не используются при неущемленных грыжах у детей, но могут быть применены при диагностических затруднениях у взрослых. Диагностически значимыми считаются обнаружение петель кишечника в проекции грыжевого мешка, нарушение пассажа контраста. </li>\r\n</ol>",
"treatment": "<p>У детей пупочная грыжа может спонтанно регрессировать, что связано с физиологическим укреплением мышц живота. Поэтому до 5-летнего возраста показано наблюдение за пупочной грыжей. В этот период рекомендуется выкладывание детей на животик, назначается тонизирующий массаж передней брюшной стенки, общий массаж, ЛФК, наложение лечебной лейкопластырной повязки на пупок.</p>\r\n<p>Взрослым и детям старше 5 лет с нерегрессировавшей пупочной грыжей показано хирургическое лечение (герниопластика). При пупочной грыже применяются два типа операций – герниопластика местными тканями и с использованием сетчатых имплантов.</p>",
"prevention": "<p> </p>\r\n<p>Мерами профилактики пупочной грыжи служат: предупреждение ситуаций, связанных с натуживанием грудного ребенка (надсадного крика и плача, вздутия живота, запоров и пр.), рациональное кормление, профилактический массаж и гимнастика, направленные на укрепление брюшной стенки, лечение дисбактериоза кишечника, ношение беременными дородового бандажа.</p>\r\n<p> </p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p>Пупочные грыжи у детей В вертикальном положении ребенка и при натуживании в области пупка появляется грыжевое выпячивание округлой или овальной формы, которое, как правило, вправляется самостоятельно при смене положения ребенка в горизонтальное на спине. В этом случае легко пальпируется расширенное пупочное кольцо, являющееся грыжевыми воротами. Ворота могут быть широкими - грыжа легко выходит и вправляется в брюшную полость, не причиняя ребенку никаких беспокойств и не травмируя внутренние органы. Если же грыжевые ворота узкие, ребенок периодически ведет себя беспокойно, плачет. </p>\r\n<p>Пупочные грыжи у взрослых Клинические проявления зависят от следующих факторов:</p>\r\n<p>- величина грыжи;</p>\r\n<p>- размеры грыжевых ворот;</p>\r\n<p>- выраженность спаечного процесса;</p>\r\n<p>- наличие или отсутствие осложнений;</p>\r\n<p>- сопутствующее ожирение. </p>\r\n<p>Размеры грыжи могут варьироваться от 1-2 см в диаметре до 20-30 см и более. Однако даже при очень больших грыжах грыжевые ворота достаточно малы и редко достигают в диаметре более 10 см.</p>\r\n<p>Небольшие пупочные грыжи (при условии, что они вправимы и не ущемлены) не причиняют больным значительных беспокойств. В том случае, когда содержимым грыжи является фиксированный в грыжевых воротах участок большого сальника, который как бы полностью тампонирует грыжу, она протекает бессимптомно и не увеличивается в размерах. Более часто, вследствие узости ворот, выхождение грыжи сопровождается болями, которые могут также зависеть от натяжения большого сальника, припаянного к стенкам грыжевого мешка. </p>\r\n<p>Большие грыжи при относительно узких воротах затрудняют проход содержимого по кишечнику. Типичные проявления: запоры, метеоризм, периодически появляющиеся боли в области грыжи, тошнота, рвота. Особенно сильно выражены эти явления при невправимых грыжах. Состояние пациентов может отягощаться тучностью и отвислым животом, что в сочетании с грыжей причиняет им значительные неудобства при ходьбе, физической нагрузке и сопровождается болями в спине.</p>\r\n<p>Когда больной находится в вертикальном положении и при натуживании в пупочной области появляется характерное выпячивание. Часто через истонченную кожу отчетливо видны контуры кишечных петель и их перистальтика. </p>\r\n<p> </p>",
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"lead": "выхождение внутренних органов через естественные либо приобретенные отверстия в мышечно-апоневротическом слое брюшины при сохранении целостности самой брюшины и кожного покрова",
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"etiology": "<p>Грыжи возникают вследствие действия различных неблагоприятных факторов. Предрасполагающими факторами являются астеническое или гиперстеническое телосложение, резкое снижение или повышение массы тела, молодой или пожилой возраст, увеличение в объеме органов брюшной полости. Также образованию грыж способствуют травмы или атрофия мышц передней брюшной стенки, запоры и <a href=\"/symptom/meteorizm/\" title=\"Перейти на страницу симптома Метеоризм\">вздутие</a> живота, <a href=\"/symptom/kashel/\" title=\"Перейти на страницу симптома Кашель\">кашель</a>, затяжные роды, <a href=\"/symptom/ascit/\" title=\"Перейти на страницу симптома Асцит\">асцит</a>, беременность.</p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p>Составными частями грыжи являются грыжевые ворота, грыжевой мешок и грыжевое содержимое. В грыжевом мешке выделяют устье, шейку, тело, дно.</p>",
"diagnostics": "<p>Проводится на основании жалоб, данных анамнеза, объективного осмотра. Необходимо проведение рентгеноконтрастного исследования, УЗИ, лапароскопии.</p>",
"treatment": "<p>Требуется экстренная операция.</p>",
"prevention": "<p>Прежде всего, профилактика грыжи живота направлена на то, чтобы удалить главную причину возможного заболевания. В большинстве случаев основополагающим фактором её развития являются истощенные стенки живота. Стать слабыми они могут из-за преклонного возраста, травмы, проведенной операции или вследствие анатомического строения.</p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p>При ущемлении грыжи отмечаются внезапное возникновение боли в области грыжи, невправимость грыжи, увеличение в объеме и напряженности грыжи, ее болезненность при пальпации, внезапное исчезновение симптома кашлевого толчка.</p>",
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},
"code": "K46",
"name": "Грыжа брюшной полости",
"icd_name": "Грыжа брюшной полости неуточненная",
"gender": 0,
"age_min": 0,
"age_max": 100,
"cause": [
3,
0
],
"periodicity": 1,
"slug": "k46_gryzha_bryushnoy_polosti",
"lead": "выхождение внутренних органов через естественные либо приобретенные отверстия",
"description": "",
"etiology": "<p>Грыжи возникают вследствие действия различных неблагоприятных факторов. Предрасполагающими факторами являются астеническое или гиперстеническое телосложение, резкое снижение или повышение массы тела, молодой или пожилой возраст, увеличение в объеме органов брюшной полости. Также образованию грыж способствуют травмы или атрофия мышц передней брюшной стенки, запоры и <a href=\"/symptom/meteorizm/\" title=\"Перейти на страницу симптома Метеоризм\">вздутие</a> живота, <a href=\"/symptom/kashel/\" title=\"Перейти на страницу симптома Кашель\">кашель</a>, затяжные роды, <a href=\"/symptom/ascit/\" title=\"Перейти на страницу симптома Асцит\">асцит</a>, беременность.</p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p>Составными частями грыжи являются грыжевые ворота, грыжевой мешок и грыжевое содержимое. В грыжевом мешке выделяют устье, шейку, тело, дно.</p>\r\n<p>К внутренним грыжам относят диафрагмальные грыжи и грыжи внутреннего ущемления. Диафрагмальные грыжи подразделяются на истинные (грыжевым мешком являются париетальная брюшина и париетальная плевра) и ложные (врожденные, при которых отсутствует грыжевой мешок). Грыжи пищеводного отверстия диафрагмы подразделяются на скользящие и параэзофагеальные. Скользящие грыжи подразделяются на кардиальные, пищеводные, кардиофундальные, желудочные субтотальные и тотальные. Параэзофагеальные грыжи подразделяются на фундальные, антральные, кишечные, желудочно-кишечные, сальниковые.</p>",
"diagnostics": "<p>Проводится на основании жалоб, данных анамнеза, объективного осмотра. Необходимо проведение рентгеноконтрастного исследования, УЗИ, эзофагоскопии, внутрипищеводной pH-метрии.</p>",
"treatment": "<p>Неосложненные скользящие грыжи подлежат консервативной терапии (назначается прием щелочных растворов, антацидов, обволакивающих средств, седативных средств, а также местных анестетиков). Оперативное лечение показано при наличии параэзофагеальных грыж, пептических стриктур, кровотечения, при безуспешности консервативной терапии. Методы оперативного вмешательства: крурорафия, низведение органов.</p>",
"prevention": "",
"clinical_picture": "<p>Скользящие грыжи характеризуются развитием рефлюкс-эзофагита. Больные предъявляют жалобы на жгучие боли за грудиной, усиливающиеся при наклонах туловища, в горизонтальном положении. Возможно появление дисфагии при развитии стриктуры пищевода. При появлении пептического эзофагита возможно появление кровотечения.</p>\r\n<p>Для параэзофагеальных грыж также характерны жалобы на боли за грудиной, развитие дисфагии. Параэзофагеальные грыжи склонны к ущемлению. При развитии ущемления появляются <a href=\"/symptom/kolika/\" title=\"Перейти на страницу симптома Колика\">резкая боль</a>, а также <a href=\"/symptom/rvota/\" title=\"Перейти на страницу симптома Рвота\">рвота</a> с кровью.</p>",
"image": null,
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},
{
"id": 6683,
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{
"id": 3113,
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{
"name": "копчик болит"
},
{
"name": "копчик стреляет"
},
{
"name": "болит копчик"
},
{
"name": "болит копчик при наклоне"
},
{
"name": "болит низ спины"
},
{
"name": "боль в области копчика"
}
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},
{
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{
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{
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},
{
"name": "Боль в спине"
},
{
"name": "Спина внизу болит"
},
{
"name": "Боль в крестце"
},
{
"name": "Боль в области крестца"
},
{
"name": "Боль в пояснице при беременности"
},
{
"name": "Боль в пояснице справа"
}
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},
"code": "K57",
"name": "Дивертикулярная болезнь кишечника",
"icd_name": "Дивертикулярная болезнь кишечника",
"gender": 0,
"age_min": 40,
"age_max": 100,
"cause": [
"0"
],
"periodicity": 1,
"slug": "k57_divertikulyarnaya_bolezn_kishechnika",
"lead": "заболевание, при котором образуются множественные выпячивания стенки толстой кишки",
"description": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Дивертикулярная болезнь - это хроническое заболевание, которое возникает из-за образования в стенке кишечника мешкообразного выпячивания (дивертикула), и, как следствие, застойного процесса и развития воспаления.</span></p>",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Наиболее значимый фактор развития дивертикулярной болезни толстого кишечника – диета, бедная растительной клетчаткой. В этой связи отмечается повышенная заболеваемость дивертикулезом в развитых странах, где большинство населения употребляет богатую клетчаткой пищу в значительно меньших количествах.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Клетчатка входит в состав овощей, фруктов и злаков. Она способствует размягчению стула и более легкому транзиту химуса по кишечнику. При недостатке клетчатки в пищевом рационе развивается склонность к затруднениям опорожнения кишечника, запорам. Частые запоры способствуют повышению давления в кишечнике. В местах, где имеется ослабление кишечной стенки в результате повышения внутрикишечного давления, возникают выпячивания. Со временем, формируются постоянные выпячивания кишечной стенки, которые могут стать очагом размножения бактериальной флоры.</span></p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Когда в рационе мало растительной клетчатки, в кишечнике нарушается пассаж каловых масс и возникают запоры. Давление в просвете кишки повышается и выдавливает слабые участки стенки наружу в виде дивертикулов.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">У образовавшихся дивертикулов нет мышечного слоя, они не могут сокращаться. Поэтому попавшие каловые массы и остатки пищи задерживаются внутри дивертикула.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Со временем каловые массы твердеют и превращаются в каловый камень — копролит, или фекалит. Этот камень давит на стенку дивертикула, тем самым нарушая её кровоснабжение. В итоге развивается воспаление — острый дивертикулит.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Развитие воспаления иногда связано с особенностями кишечной флоры. Нередко у пациентов с дивертикулярной болезнью наблюдается рост протеолитических бактерий.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При продолжающемся воспалении в стенке дивертикула возникает микроперфорация. Через это отверстие бактерии распространяются и поражают ткани, окружающие кишку — развивается так называемый острый околокишечный инфильтрат. При этом другие органы (тонкая кишка, придатки матки, мочевой пузырь) фактически \"приклеиваются\" к инфильтрату, образуя плотную трудноразделимую массу.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При серьёзном повреждении стенки дивертикула развивается макроперфорация. Она способствует образованию более тяжёлых осложнений — абсцесса и перитонита.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Кишечное кровотечение при дивертикулёзе вызывают скопившиеся каловые камни. Копролиты сдавливают стенку дивертикула, запуская процесс её разрушения и повреждая мелкие сосуды, расположенные рядом.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Обследование пациента с подозрением на дивертикулярную болезнь толстого кишечника осуществляется врачом-проктологом, начинается со сбора жалоб, анамнеза и физикального осмотра. При этом, как правило, выявляются особенности диеты, склонность к запорам, при осмотре может отмечаться болезненность живота и его увеличение. Подтверждение диагноза производят с помощью инструментальных и лабораторных методов диагностики.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При исследовании крови могут отмечаться общие признаки инфекционного воспаления (лейкоцитоз, нейтрофилия, ускорение СОЭ). При имеющем место внутреннем кровотечении может отмечаться анемия. Признаки воспаления кишечника также могут отмечаться и в копрограмме. Лабораторное подтверждение имеющегося воспалительного процесса при дивертикулярной болезни толстого кишечника может говорить о развитии дивертикулита.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Основным диагностическим методом выявления дивертикулов в толстом кишечнике является колоноскопия. Кроме того, при колоноскопии возможно выявить источник внутреннего кровотечения и исключить другие заболевания толстого кишечника. Ирригоскопия с контрастным веществом позволяет выявить выпячивания кишечной стенки.</span></p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При легком течении заболевания для облегчения клинических проявлений чаще всего достаточно соблюдения рекомендованной диеты, способствующей снижению давления в толстом кишечнике. Введение в рацион достаточного количества клетчатки обеспечивают облегчение прохождения кишечного содержимого по пищеварительному тракту. Однако, если мер по коррекции диеты недостаточно, необходимо назначение препаратов, способствующих устранению запоров (тримебутин) и обезболивающих спазмолитических средств при выраженной болезненности.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Развитие дивертикулита требует противовоспалительной и бактерицидной терапии. Для успешного лечения дивертикулита необходимо снятие нагрузки на толстый кишечник, чему способствуют меры по изменению рациона, а также назначается постельный режим. Своевременно назначенный курс антибиотикотерапии, как правило, подавляет развивающуюся инфекцию. Однако, в некоторых случаях консервативное лечение может быть безуспешным либо развитие осложнений требует немедленного хирургического вмешательства.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Абсолютными показаниями к операции являются: перфорация толстой кишки с выходом кишечного содержимого в брюшную полость, перитонит, прогрессирующий абсцесс, полная кишечная непроходимость, массивное кровотечение, высокая вероятность рака кишечника. Кроме того, показанием к оперативному вмешательству является неэффективность консервативного лечения, периодические небольшие внутренние кровотечения, выраженная анемия, свищи, частое рецидивирование дивертикулита. Как правило, производят резекцию пораженного участка кишечника с последующим восстановлением кишечника при помощи реконструктивной операции.</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Основные меры профилактики повторного появления дивертикулита:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">соблюдать высокошлаковую диету, которая должна включать не менее 25 г растительной клетчатки в день;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">контролировать качество и частоту дефекации;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">не допускать развитие запоров: пить 2-3 литра воды в день, есть продукты с растительной клетчаткой, принимать слабительные на растительной основе.</span></li>\r\n</ul>",
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