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},
"code": "H16",
"name": "Кератит",
"icd_name": "Кератит",
"gender": 0,
"age_min": 1,
"age_max": 100,
"cause": [
"0"
],
"periodicity": 1,
"slug": "h16_keratit",
"lead": "заболевание роговой оболочки глаза воспалительного характера, проявляющееся преимущественно болью и покраснением глаза, помутнением и изъязвлением роговицы",
"description": "<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-d622b4ee-7fff-e7b3-1602-de4b76c0153c\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Кератит — это воспалительное заболевание роговицы, которое характеризуется ее помутнением, а также ухудшением зрения.</span></span></p>",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">На появление патологии могут повлиять различные факторы, которые условно можно разделить на внешние и внутренние. В одной ситуации кератит будет развиваться как самостоятельное заболевание (экзогенная группа кератитов), в другом — как осложнение общего заболевания организма (эндогенная группа кератитов).</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Основные внешние факторы:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Бактерии — пневмококки, стрептококки, стафилококки; гемофильная, синегнойная и кишечная палочки и т. п.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Вирусы — простой герпес, аденовирус, корь и т. д.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Грибы — аспергиллы, плесневые грибки, фузарии, кандиды и т. п.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Простейшие организмы — токсоплазмы, лейшмании, глисты, амебы и т. п.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Механические и термические травмы глаза и, в частности, роговицы.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Несоблюдение гигиены глаз (прикасание грязными руками, неправильное использование контактных линз и прочее).</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Основные внутренние факторы:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Аллергические процессы (аллергический ринит, медикаментозная аллергия и т. д.).</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Аутоиммунные заболевания (синдром Шегрена, ревматоидный артрит и т. д.).</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Офтальмологические заболевания (дистрофия роговицы, блефарит, конъюнктивит и т. д.).</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Патологии при нарушении обменных процессов (сахарный диабет, псориаз и т. д.).</span></li>\r\n</ul>",
"pathogenesis": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В роговой оболочке появляются отек и инфильтраты. Инфильтраты состоят преимущественно из лимфоидных клеток, полинуклеарных лейкоцитов и небольшого количества плазматических клеток, а также из измененных клеток стромы роговицы. Эпителий над инфильтратами может отслаиваться и слущиваться, появляются эрозии, роговица становится шероховатой и теряет свой блеск. После развития инфильтрата или одновременно с ним из конъюнктивы и склеры в роговую оболочку врастают поверхностные и глубокие сосуды. Небольшие поверхностные инфильтраты обычно рассасываются бесследно, глубокие - оставляют помутнения различной выраженности.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При осложнении гнойной инфекцией инфильтраты протекают с некрозом ткани роговицы и обычно изъязвляются. Язвенный дефект в дальнейшем заполняется рубцовой тканью, образуя лейкому.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для того, чтобы диагностировать заболевание на ранней стадии, определить очаг поражения, проводят:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">бактериологическое исследование</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">бактериоскопическое исследование</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">биомикроскопию</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">зеркальную микроскопию заднего эпителия роговицы</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">иммунологические исследования</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">кожно-аллергические пробы</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">пробу с флюоресцеином</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">цитологическое исследование эпителия конъюнктивы и роговицы</span></li>\r\n</ul>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для корректного назначения лечения заболевания важно определить причину его возникновения. Так при инфекционных (бактериальном, вирусном и грибковом) кератитах назначают антибактериальную, противовирусную или противогрибковую терапию; при аллергических ­— антигистаминные и гормональные препараты и т. д. Точную схему лечения может разработать только специалист после проведения обследования.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При этом лечение может состоять из медикаментозной терапии в виде использования глазных капель и мазей, таблеток или внутривенных инъекций, а также хирургического лечения — кератопластика (трансплантация роговицы), лазерокоагуляция (шлифовка роговицы) и т. д. Операции проводятся только в том случае, если консервативные методы не дали положительного результата.</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Профилактика кератита заключается, во-первых, в предупреждении травм (в т.ч. микротравм) глаза. При выполнении различных работ (электросварка, резка металла и дерева электроинструментом, работа с химикатами и др.) следует пользоваться защитными очками. Так же следует обращать внимание на здоровье своих глаз: своевременно обращаться к врачу и проводить лечение блефарита, конъюнктивита, дакриоцистита, иммунодефицитных состояний и различных заболеваний, способствующих развитию эндогенного кератита.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Болевые ощущения в глазах. Это наиболее распространенное проявление заболевания: человек чувствует резь, покалывания, возникает ощущение, что в глазах есть инородное тело.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-size: 7pt; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Покраснение склеры. Глаза краснеют, роговица становится тусклой.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Светобоязнь. Яркий свет вызывает болезненные ощущения.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Слезоточивость.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Непроизвольное смыкание век (рефлекторный блефароспазм).</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Пониженная чувствительность роговицы.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При осмотре офтальмолог может заметить на роговице следы крови или лимфы. Из-за этих инфильтратов острый кератит может вызвать рубцевание ткани: это негативно скажется на зрении и может привести к необходимости операции.</span></p>",
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},
"code": "E40",
"name": "Квашиоркор",
"icd_name": "Квашиоркор",
"gender": 0,
"age_min": 0,
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"cause": [
3,
0
],
"periodicity": 1,
"slug": "e40_kvashiorkor",
"lead": "патологическое состояние, развивается у детей раннего возраста вследствие первичной белковой недостаточности питания",
"description": "Квашиоркор – патологическое состояние, развивающееся у детей раннего возраста вследствие первичной белковой недостаточности питания и характеризующееся задержкой физического развития, снижением уровня белков (альбуминов) в крови, распространенными отёками, нарушением пигментации кожи, нарушением кишечного всасывания и психическими расстройствами. ",
"etiology": "<p>Причиной заболевания являются различные внутренние и внешние этиологические факторы, вызывающие либо недостаточное поступление пищи в организм, либо её недостаточное усвоение. Квашиоркор развивается в условиях выраженного белкового голодания при умеренном поступлении углеводов и жиров и наслоении инфекционного процесса. В районах распространения данного заболевания основной пищей служат злаковые растения и клубневые овощи. Болезнь развивается обычно после отнятия ребёнка от груди, особенно при резком переходе (без предварительного введения прикорма) к кормлению пищей взрослых. </p>\r\n<p>К эндогенным (внутренним) факторам относятся: </p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>нарушения пищеварения (ферментная недостаточность, панкреатит, удаление желудка и т.д.); </li>\r\n<li>нарушение всасывания (болезнь Крона, энтерит, синдром короткой кишки и т.д.); </li>\r\n<li>нарушения обмена веществ (врожденные нарушения метаболизма, эндокринные нарушения, катаболические состояния – ожоги, сепсис). </li>\r\n</ul>",
"pathogenesis": "<p>В основе патогенеза данной патологии лежит хроническая стрессовая реакция – одна из универсальных неспецифических патофизиологических реакций организма. Воздействие стрессовых факторов вызывает сложные изменения и комплексную реакцию всех звеньев нейроэндокринно-иммунной системы, приводящую к кардинальной перестройке метаболическх процессов и изменению реактивности организма. У больного резко возрастает интенсивность основного обмена и потребности в энергии и пластическом материале существенно повышаются. </p>\r\n<p>Гормональный ответ носит комбинированный характер, однако преобладает катаболическая направленность процессов (распад). Повышение уровня катехоламинов, глюкагона и кортизола (мощных катаболических гомонов) приводит к усилению липолиза (распада жиров) и деструкции белка с мобилизацией аминокислот (в первую очередь из скелетной мускулатуры), а также к активации печеночного глюконеогенеза. Кроме того, увеличивается активность тиреоидных гормонов, отмечается повышение уровня антидиуретического гормона и развитие гиперальдостеронизма, что существенно изменяет электролитный баланс в организме. </p>\r\n<p>Помимо катаболических, усиливается продукция и анаболических гормонов, в частности соматотропного гормона (отвечающего за рост), однако его активность полностью нивелирована. Уровень инсулина обычно снижен, кроме того, его активность также нарушена. </p>\r\n<p>Недостаток в пище белка и нарушение секреторной активности пищеварительных желёз кишечника приводят к снижению содержания альбумина в плазме крови, что является причиной возникновения отрицательного азотистого баланса и снижения онкотического давления в плазме. Это вызывает клеточную гипергидратацию— появляются отеки. </p>\r\n<p>В связи с поражением слизистой оболочки кишечника наблюдается дефицит дисахаридаз, в результате чего не происходит расщепления поступающих с пищей дисахаридов до моносахаридов, которые усваиваются организмом, развивается гипогликемия. Повышается липолиз (распад жиров) – отмечается троекратное уменьшение объема жировой ткани. </p>",
"diagnostics": "<p>Диагноз основывается на данных анамнеза (например, раннее отнятие ребенка от груди, количественная или качественная недостаточность питания), клинических симптомах (задержка роста, отеки, изменения мышц, кожи, волос) и результатах лабораторного обследования. Наиболее характерным признаком является снижение уровня альбуминов в крови. Кроме того, в крови снижено содержание глюкозы (в то время как при проведении теста на толерантность к глюкозе выявляют диабетический тип сахарной кривой), калия, магния, холестерина, активность ферментов, концентрация гемоглобина. Несмотря на задержку роста, секреция соматотропного гормона гипофиза повышена. В начале заболевания может наблюдаться кетоны в моче. </p>",
"treatment": "<p>Лечение квашиоркора проводят в стационаре. Необходима коррекция питания в соответствии с возрастными потребностями ребенка. Недостающее количество белка возмещают за счет введения в рацион молока, творога, белковых энпитов, препаратов аминокислот. Содержание белка и энергетическую ценность рациона увеличивают постепенно. Предпочтительнее растительные жиры, т. к. они лучше абсорбируются, чем животные. </p>\r\n<p>С первых дней лечения назначают препараты витаминов (особенно А и группы В), калия, магния, железа (при анемии), а также ферментные препараты. При осложнениях, обусловленных вторичной инфекцией, показаны антибактериальные средства. Проводят лечение заболеваний, способствующих или обусловливающих развитие квашиоркора. После начала лечения масса тела может снижаться в течение нескольких недель за счет уменьшения отеков. </p>",
"prevention": "<p>Профилактика квашиоркора заключается главным образом в рациональном питании детей раннего возраста (естественное вскармливание на первом году жизни, своевременное и правильное введение прикорма, достаточное количество молочных продуктов в рационе). Важное значение имеет своевременное и адекватное лечение заболеваний, приводящих к белковой недостаточности.</p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p>На ранней стадии специфические симптомы квашиоркора отсутствуют – дети становятся вялыми, апатичными или раздражительными. </p>\r\n<p>Постепенно прогрессирующее заболевание сопровождается потерей аппетита, склонностью к уединению и малоподвижности (ребенок подолгу сидит в застывшей позе и отказывается ходить). У детей первого года жизни отмечается позднее прорезывание зубов и долго не закрывающийся родничок. </p>\r\n<p>Рано появляются отеки (вначале скрытые, затем явные), что маскирует падение массы тела. Характерны изменения кожи - гиперпигментация и слоистое шелушение в местах наибольшего трения об одежду, депигментация на месте предшествующего потемнения или после десквамации, иногда генерализованная депигментация. Волосы становятся редкими, тонкими, теряют эластичность. Темные волосы вследствие депигментации могут приобретать красную с прожилками, красно-оранжевую или серую окраску. Нередко отмечаются анорексия, рвота, поносы. </p>\r\n<p>Развивается увеличение печени (за счет жировой инфильтрации и отека) и селезенки. Характерны гипотермия (температура тела ниже 35,6 °C), апатия, заторможенность, «маска страдания», выраженная вялость, летаргическое оцепенение. Пациенты лежат в позе плода для уменьшения теплоотдачи. Состояние прогрессивно ухудшается вследствие выраженной анорексии. </p>\r\n<p>Маразм – результат тяжелого белкового и энергетического голодания, часто сопровождающегося дефицитом основных витаминов и минералов. Вследствие активной утилизации мышечных белков для поддержания адекватной концентрации висцеральных белков заболевание клинически проявляется резким истощением. Кожа у таких больных приобретает серый оттенок, становится цианотичной (синюшной), сухой, полностью утрачивает эластичность, легко возникают изъязвления и пролежни. Отмечают полное отсутствие жирового слоя. Лицо становится треугольной формы, морщинистым, заметны впалые щеки – лицо «Вольтера». У таких пациентов отмечают явление хейлита (заеды) и мукозита (воспаление слизистых горла). Сквозь истонченную кожу живота контурируются петли кишечника, наполненные газами. </p>",
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{
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},
"code": "R64",
"name": "Кахексия",
"icd_name": "Кахексия",
"gender": 0,
"age_min": 0,
"age_max": 100,
"cause": [
3
],
"periodicity": 1,
"slug": "r64_kaheksiya",
"lead": "Крайняя степень истощения организма, для которой характерно резкое исхудание, общая слабость, снижение активности физиологических процессов, расстройства психики",
"description": "Выделяют 2 формы кахексии:\r\nПервичную (экзогенная) — при низком поступлении пищи в организм или в том случае, если ее энергетическая и питательная ценность низки;\r\nВторичную (эндогенная) — является осложнением различных заболеваний.\r\n",
"etiology": "<p><a href=\"/symptom/otkaz_ot_pischi/\" title=\"Перейти на страницу симптома Отказ от пищи\">Голодание</a> или длительное <a href=\"/symptom/snizhenie_appetita/\" title=\"Перейти на страницу симптома Снижение аппетита\">недоедание</a>, поражения пищевода, болезни органов желудочно-кишечного тракта, психогенная <a href=\"/symptom/anoreksiya/\" title=\"Перейти на страницу симптома Анорексия\">анорексия</a>, длительная интоксикация при хронических инфекционных болезнях, амилоидоз, истощающие диффузные заболевания соединительной ткани, тяжелая сердечная недостаточность, злокачественные опухоли, эндокринные заболевания с нарушением обмена энергии, болезни щитовидной железы.</p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p><a href=\"/symptom/kaheksiya/\" title=\"Перейти на страницу симптома Кахексия\">Кахексия</a> приводит не только к упадку сил, она меняет реакцию на лечение и ухудшает переносимость, что фатально сказывается на продолжительности жизни. При потере за полгода не более 5% массы тела, сопровождающейся патологическим отвращением к пище и признаками воспаления, предполагается прекахексия. О системной воспалительной реакции можно говорить при температуре выше 38 °C или ниже 36 °C, тахикардии от 90 ударов, учащённом дыхании, лейкоцитах выше 12 тысяч или ниже 4 тысяч. Только на стадии прекахексии лечением можно остановить потерю мышечной массы, что изменит ближайшую судьбу больного. При потере более 5% массы со всеми указанными признаками говорят о собственно кахексии. Это же состояние возникает у больного с изначально низким весом при утрате только 2% массы тела. Дальнейшее не просто снижение, а форменное <a href=\"/symptom/kaheksiya/\" title=\"Перейти на страницу симптома Кахексия\">истощение</a> с невозможностью встать с постели или из-за слабости проводить в ней более половины дня, безответное применение противоопухолевой терапии — уже рефрактерная <a href=\"/symptom/kaheksiya/\" title=\"Перейти на страницу симптома Кахексия\">кахексия</a>.</p>",
"diagnostics": "<p>Чаще всего диагноз «<a href=\"/symptom/kaheksiya/\" title=\"Перейти на страницу симптома Кахексия\">кахексия</a>» можно установить только по внешнему виду пациента, настолько очевидны проявления кахексии при простом визуальном осмотре. Сбор анамнеза помогает уточнить сроки и стадию заболевания, тяжесть поражения организма. Для более точной оценки степени изменений производят стандартные лабораторные обследования: общий и биохимический анализы крови, общий анализ мочи (при необходимости – бакпосев мочи для исключения сепсиса), лабораторные и инструментальные методы обследования для выявления основного заболевания и его тяжести (рентген, УЗИ, МРТ, КТ, гастроскопия). При необходимости к обследованию могут привлечены и другие специалисты – гастроэнтеролог, кардиолог, гинеколог, невропатолог, психиатр, эндокринолог, онколог.</p>",
"treatment": "<p>Направлено на основное заболевание и должно включать мероприятия по восстановлению питания больного и обеспечению тщательного ухода.</p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p>В рацион вводится пища, богатая белками, жирами, витаминами, предпочтительно употреблять легкоусваиваемые продукты. При нарушениях переваривания и всасывания пищи назначают полиферментные препараты. В тяжелых случаях парентерально вводят растворы глюкозы, электролитов, витамины, белковые гидролизаты, аминокислотные смеси. По показаниям применяют анаболические гормоны.</p>",
"prevention": "<p>Профилактика кахексии сводится к своевременному и адекватному лечению заболеваний, на фоне которых может развиться <a href=\"/symptom/kaheksiya/\" title=\"Перейти на страницу симптома Кахексия\">кахексия</a>. При чрезмерном употреблении алкоголя и приеме наркотиков необходимо лечение от этих зависимостей. </p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p>Резко выраженная <a href=\"/symptom/slabost/\" title=\"Перейти на страницу симптома Слабость\">слабость</a>, утрата трудоспособности, <a href=\"/symptom/anormalnaya_poterya_vesa/\" title=\"Перейти на страницу симптома Анормальная потеря веса\">резкое похудание</a>, признаки обезвоживания, могут наблюдаться безбелковые отеки подкожной клетчатки.</p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p>В тяжелых случаях потеря массы достигает 50 % и более. Кожа бледная или землисто-серая, дряблая, морщинистая. Отмечаются трофические изменения волос и ногтей. Развивается стоматит, нередко выпадают зубы, отмечаются упорные запоры. Понижается половая функция, у женщин наступает аменорея. Уменьшается объем циркулирующей крови, АД обычно снижено.</p>",
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"lead": "Нарушения зрения — снижение способности видеть до такой степени, что вызывает проблемы, не устраняемые обычными способами, такими как очки или лекарства.[1][2][3]\r\n\r\nЭто может быть из-за болезни, травмы, врождённых или дегенеративных заболеваний. Эта потеря зрения, как правило, определяется как:\r\n\r\nОстрота зрения с коррекцией менее 20/60, или значительный дефект центрального поля,\r\nЗначительный одноимённый или разноимённый двусторонний визуальный дефект периферического поля, включающий дефект поля или общее сжатия или сужение поля, или\r\nПониженный пик контрастной чувствительности с любым из указанных выше условий.[1][2][3][4]\r\nГлазные нарушения, которые могут привести к нарушениям зрения могут включать в себя дегенерацию сетчатки, альбинизм, катаракты, глаукомы, мышечные проблемы, которые приводят к нарушениям зрения, расстройства роговицы, диабетическую ретинопатию, врождённые пороки и инфекции. Нарушения зрения также могут быть вызваны расстройствами мозга и нервной системы, в этом случае их, как правило, называют кортикальными нарушениями зрения (CVI). Путеводитель оценки постоянного ухудшения американской медицинской ассоциации попытался представить «стандартизированный, объективный подход к оценке медицинских нарушений». Глава Визуальная система «устанавливает критерии для оценки постоянного ухудшения зрительной системы, как это влияет на способность человека выполнять действия в повседневной жизни».[5] Путеводитель оценил, что потеря одного глаза составляет 25 % нарушений зрительной системы и 24 % от полного обесценивания человека;[5][6]. Полная потеря зрения на оба глаза, как считается, является 100 % нарушением зрения и 85 % от полного обесценивания человека[5]\r\n\r\nВизуальные нарушения наносят значительный экономический удар даже в развитых странах.[7] Значительную часть глобального нарушения зрения можно предупредить.",
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"lead": "нарушение прозрачности биологической линзы внутри глаза (хрусталика)",
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"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Чаще всего помутнение линзы глаза происходит по следующим причинам:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">возрастные изменения (до 90 % случаев);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">наследственность;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">травмы, воспалительные и дистрофические болезни глаза (например, увеит — воспаление сосудистой оболочки глаза);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">общесоматические заболевания: сахарный диабет, ревматоидные болезни, эндокринные нарушения (например, гипотиреоз), хронические болезни лёгких (например, бронхиальная астма) и другие;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">лучевые поражения: инфракрасное, рентгеновское, ионизирующее излучение;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">отравление нафталином, спорыньёй, динитрофенолом, таллием, медикаментами и другие общие отравления;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">авитаминоз витаминов А, В, С.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Возрастная катаракта встречается чаще всего. После 80 лет этим заболеванием страдает почти 100% населения. С развитием технологий в медицине общая продолжительность жизни людей растёт, а значит практически каждый пожилой человек, так или иначе, сталкивается с помутнением хрусталика. Когда организм стареет, плотность биологической глазной линзы увеличивается и она мутнеет. Такая катаракта может возникнуть уже в возрасте 45 лет.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Сахарный диабет является второй частой причиной развития катаракты глаза. По данным исследований, помутнение хрусталика на фоне этого недуга составляет до 40 % случаев, причём в любом возрасте. Важно, что появление катаракты при сахарном диабете будет свидетельствовать о тяжести эндокринного заболевания.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Помимо указанных причин катаракты, существуют ещё и факторы риска. К ним относят: курение, злоупотребление алкоголем и приём кортикостероидных гормонов.</span></p>",
"pathogenesis": "",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Катаракта выявляется при осмотре глаза офтальмологом с использованием щелевой лампы. При необходимости назначают такие исследования, как:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Периметрия – изучение состояния сетчатки.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Определение остроты зрения.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Исследование глазного дна.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Измерение внутриглазного давления.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Результативным методом является хирургическое удаление катаракты. Однако операцию можно проводить лишь при определенных степенях зрелости. При незначительном помутнении ее не осуществляют. На ранних этапах проводится консервативное медикаментозное лечение, замедляющее прогрессирование заболевания и улучшающее качество жизни пациента.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При помутнении хрусталика выше средней степени проводится операция катаракты. Существует несколько методов хирургического лечения, однако все они подразумевают удаление из глаза мутного хрусталика и имплантацию искусственной линзы. Распространенными разновидностями операций являются:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">факоэмульсификация;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">экстракция.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Факоэмульсификация подразумевает введение через микроразрез в глаз ультразвукового зонда. Ультразвук «разбивает» хрусталик и превращает его в эмульсию, за счет чего его легко устранить из глаза. Капсула при этом остается целой, в нее помещают искусственный хрусталик.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Экстракция катаракты – извлечение из глаза хрусталика в целом виде. Такая операция проводится, если из-за сильного прогрессирования катаракты хрусталик значительно уплотнился, и превратить его в эмульсию с помощью ультразвука не представляется возможным. Экстракция бывает:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Экстракапсулярной – капсула остается целой, а хрусталик целиком или в раздробленном виде извлекают через крупный разрез на роговице.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Интракапсулярной – удаляется и капсула, которую вместе с хрусталиком предварительно замораживают прибором криоэкстрактором, а искусственную линзу размещают перед радужкой.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Все виды хирургических операций осуществляются под местной анестезией.</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Чтобы исключить врождённые катаракты стоит уделить внимание профилактике вирусных заболеваний у беременных, а также радиационных воздействий на организм.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Возникновение приобретённых катаракт можно предупредить своевременным и рациональным лечением заболеваний, которые могут способствовать её развитию. При работе на промышленных, сельскохозяйственных, химических предприятиях обязательно строго соблюдать технику безопасности.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Профилактика развития возрастной катаракты должна быть направлена на общее оздоровление организма и замедление процессов старения. К основным немедикаментозным методам профилактики относятся:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">отказ от вредных привычек;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">нормализация массы тела и профилактика сахарного диабета;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">занятия физической культурой или спортом, независимо от возраста;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ограничение пребывания на ярком солнце, защита глаз от ультрафиолета с помощью солнцезащитных очков;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">профилактика и своевременная диагностика других глазных заболеваний;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">употребление в пищу достаточного количества свежих овощей, фруктов, витаминов А, С, Е и антиоксидантов.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Заподозрить у себя наличие катаракты пациент может по следующим признакам:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">временное улучшение зрения при близорукости;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">размытие изображения;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">изменение цвета зрачка на желтоватый или беловатый;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">снижение яркости изображения;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ухудшение зрения;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">наличие незначительной белесой пелены перед глазами;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">двоение изображение в одном глазу при закрытии второго глаза;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">возникновение в темное время суток вспышек, бликов перед глазами;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ореолы вокруг источников света.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
"image": null,
"image_alt": null,
"standard_type": 0,
"danger": 30,
"published": 1,
"parent": 6452,
"block_rubric": 78,
"standards": []
}
]
}
