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"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Больные с подозрением кисты селезенки, либо других болезней, затрагивающих органы брюшной полости, должны обязательно обследоваться хирургом. Врач осмотрит, опросит пациента, проведет пальпаторную и перкуссионную диагностику, благодаря чему сможет заподозрить ту или иную проблему. Уже для уточнения диагноза дополнительно будут назначены такие исследования:</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">общий и биохимический анализы крови;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">общий анализ мочи;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">исследование билирубина сыворотки крови;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">тимоловая проба, исследование общего белка и белковых фракций, аминотрансфераз, щелочной фосфатазы, протромбина;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">серологические реакции на эхинококкоз (иммуноферментный анализ);</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ультразвуковое исследование органов брюшной полости;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">рентгенография (по показаниям – магнитно-резонансная или компьютерная томография).</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Тактика лечения основывается на данных о величине и количестве образований, их местоположении и общем состоянии больного. При малой непаразитарной кисте (менее 3 см) пациенту показано динамическое наблюдение и прохождение УЗИ селезенки 1-2 раза в год. По мере увеличения объема образования, появления симптомов болезни, присоединения инфекции встает вопрос о применении хирургических методов лечения. К абсолютным показаниям к оперативному вмешательству относят:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">прорыв кисты в абдоминальную полость</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">абсцедирование</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">развитие кровотечения</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">наличие одной большой (более 10 см) или нескольких (более 5) малых патологических полостей.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">постоянно рецидивирующее течение заболевания (более 4-х эпизодов в год).</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При множественных кальцинированных кистах с поражением более 50% площади селезенки проводят полное удаление органа - спленэктомию. Лечение небольшого образования выполняют путем пункции кисты, аспирации ее содержимого и последующего введения в спавшуюся полость склерозирующих препаратов. При одиночном образовании осуществляют иссечение кисты с капсулой и проведение аргоноплазменной коагуляции пораженных участков селезенки. Средние и несколько небольших полостей, расположенных рядом, резецируют вместе с участком органа.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В современной хирургии наиболее эффективным и малотравматичным методом удаления кисты признана лапароскопия. Лапароскопическая операция позволяет значительно сократить реабилитационный период и уменьшить послеоперационный болевой синдром. При истинной кисте показано комбинированное лечение, которое заключается в чрескожной деэпителизации под контролем УЗИ с дальнейшей эмболизацией артерии, питающей стенку образования.</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Общими профилактическими мероприятиями считаются:</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">здоровый и активный образ жизни, недопущение гиподинамии;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">полноценное питание качественной пищей, употребление достаточного количества питьевой воды, а также необходимых витаминов и минералов;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">своевременные визиты к врачам, регулярные обследования, позволяющие выявить патологию в органах на начальной стадии развития.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Клиническая картина может быть разной по интенсивности, что зависит от локации новообразования, от его размеров и степени сдавливания других органов и тканей. Если киста селезенки не отличается большими размерами (до 20 мм), то симптоматика часто отсутствует. Первые признаки появляются, когда развивается воспалительный процесс, либо когда происходит сдавливание рядом расположенных структур.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При развитии воспаления пациенты отмечают:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ощущение слабости, головокружение, иногда – тошноту;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">периодический ноющий, тупой болевой синдром со стороны левого подреберья.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Постепенно боли усиливаются, может нарушаться пищеварительный процесс. В области селезенки нарастает ощущение тяжести и дискомфорта, затрудняется дыхание, появляется сухой кашель. Во время глубокого вдоха может возникать одышка и чувство дискомфорта в груди. У некоторых больных отмечается иррадиация боли в левую ключицу, плечо, лопатку, с усилением после приема пищи.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для множественных кист, либо для новообразования с большими размерами характерны расстройства функций органов брюшной полости. В частности, нарушается пищеварение, появляются проблемы с желудком, часто беспокоит тошнота и отрыжка.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Присоединение гнойно-воспалительного процесса дает о себе знать повышением температуры тела, ознобом, общим дискомфортом. </span></p>",
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{
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{
"id": 2690,
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{
"name": "Нарушение устойчивости"
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{
"name": "Падение"
},
{
"name": "Потрея равновесия"
},
{
"name": "Спотыкание"
}
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},
"code": "D73.3",
"name": "Абсцесс селезенки",
"icd_name": "Абсцесс селезенки",
"gender": 0,
"age_min": 20,
"age_max": 100,
"cause": [
"0"
],
"periodicity": 1,
"slug": "d73.3_abscess_selezenki",
"lead": "ограниченное от окружающих тканей скопление гнойного экссудата в селезенке",
"description": "<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-212dc523-7fff-df30-6818-a29202e5347c\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Абсцесс селезенки – это отдельный от окружающих тканей гнойно-воспалительный процесс, который нередко сопровождается лихорадкой, рвотой, тошнотой и болезненностью.</span></span></p>",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Среди возбудителей гнойного процесса при абсцессе селезенки преобладают сальмонеллы, стрептококки, стафилококки. Редко патогенная микрофлора представлена грамотрицательными бактериями и грибами. К основным причинам, приводящим к образованию гнойников, относят:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Инфекционные заболевания. Генерализация инфекционного процесса при малярии, брюшном и возвратном тифе, скарлатине, дифтерии вызывает формирование гнойных очагов в органах и тканях, в т. ч. в селезенке.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Травмы селезенки. Ушибы и ранения органа, протекающие без разрыва капсулы, сопровождаются скоплением крови под оболочкой. В этих случаях абсцесс возникает вследствие нагноения гематомы.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Распространение гнойной инфекции из других очагов. Проникновение инфекции в селезенку гематогенным путем происходит при гнойно-воспалительных заболеваниях других органов и систем (септическом эндокардите, остеомиелите, сепсисе, пиелонефрите, цистите). При раке или язве желудка, левостороннем паранефрите, абсцессах брюшной полости имеет место контактный переход патогенной флоры на селезенку.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Эхинококкоз селезенки. Абсцесс может образовываться за счет скопления личинок эхинококка в лиенальной ткани и нагноения паразитарной кисты селезенки.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Инфаркт селезенки. В результате тромбоза, эмболии или длительного спазма селезеночных артерий возникает острая ишемия и некроз части или всего органа. Инфицирование пораженной области приводит к развитию абсцесса.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Формированию абсцесса способствуют болезни, сопровождающиеся снижением иммунитета (серповидно-клеточная анемия, хронический лимфолейкоз, лейкемия, ВИЧ-инфекция).</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Занос микробных возбудителей в селезенку в большинстве случаев происходит по кровеносному руслу, реже - при непосредственном ранении органа или контактно (с соседних анатомических структур). Возбудители или гнойные эмболы оседают в синусоидных капиллярах, где размножаются, вызывая образование воспалительного инфильтрата с явлениями некроза.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">По мере расплавления очага воспаления формируется полость абсцесса, заполненная зловонным гноем шоколадного цвета или цвета «мясных помоев» с включениями секвестров селезеночной ткани. Полости могут иметь различные размеры, строение и локализацию. При расположении гнойника в зоне верхнего полюса селезенки отмечается реакция со стороны плевры: боль в левой половине груди, реактивный плеврит. Нижнеполюсная локализация абсцесса вызывает болезненность в левом подреберье и напряжение мышц живота.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В связи с вариабельностью клинической картины и частым отсутствием специфических симптомов диагностика абсцесса селезенки вызывает трудности. При подозрении на наличие патологии необходимо провести следующие обследования:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Опрос, осмотр. Включает изучение анамнеза жизни и заболевания, физикальное исследование (пальпация, аускультация живота). При осмотре хирурга выявляется болезненность в подреберье слева, пальпируется увеличенная селезенка.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Инструментальную диагностику. В первую очередь проводят УЗИ селезенки, в ходе которого абсцесс определяется как гипоэхогенная или анэхогенная округлая тень. На обзорной рентгенографии брюшной полости визуализируется затемнение под диафрагмой слева. Компьютерная томография (КТ селезенки) позволяет получить точную информацию о размерах, локализации гнойника, дополнительных образованиях и выпоте в брюшной или плевральной полости. Для выявления очага воспаления проводят радионуклидную сцинтиграфию.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Анализ крови (ОАК, биохимия). Неспецифические виды исследования, определяющие наличие воспалительного процесса в организме. При абсцессе в анализе крови отмечается лейкоцитоз со сдвигом лейкоцитарной формулы влево, анемия, гипопротеинемия.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лечение осуществляют специалисты в сфере абдоминальной хирургии. При подтверждении диагноза показано срочное вмешательство. Тактика оперативного лечения зависит от локализации и величины гнойного очага, наличия осложнений и общего состояния пациента. В настоящее время применяют следующие виды хирургической тактики:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Чрескожное дренирование и санация гнойника. Под контролем УЗИ пункционной иглой удаляют гнойное содержимое и вводят в полость абсцесса лекарственные средства. Для определения патогенной микрофлоры проводят исследование полученного гноя. Манипуляцию выполняют при одиночных абсцессах до 4-5 см и противопоказаниях к проведению лапаротомии (тяжелое соматическое состояние пациента, заболевания свертывающей системы крови).</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Спленэктомия с ревизией брюшной полости. Оперативное удаление селезенки вместе с абсцессом осуществляется при больших одиночных или множественных гнойниках, неэффективности малоинвазивных методов лечения, развитии кровотечений и перитонита. В некоторых случаях проводят аутотрансплантацию с возвращением части органа в брюшную полость для сохранения иммунной функции.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Выбор оперативного подхода зависит от местоположения абсцесса селезенки. Локализация гнойника в верхней части органа предполагает трансторакальный доступ, в нижней части - чрезбрюшинный. Всем больным в послеоперационном периоде назначают антибактериальные и обезболивающие препараты. При прорыве гнойника дополнительно показана массивная противовоспалительная и дезинтоксикационная терапия. В период реабилитации (1-2 месяца) следует воздержаться от занятий спортом, тяжелой физической нагрузки, принятия горячих ванн.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"prevention": "<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-d022b355-7fff-373d-b419-584a46660ae9\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Профилактика абсцесса селезенки направлена на своевременную диагностику заболеваний, служащих патогенетической и морфологической основой для формирования гнойника.</span></span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">У пациентов может возникать боль в нижней части живота. Нередко болевые ощущения могут отдавать в верхнюю часть живота, а также в левое плечо. Боль внезапная, но может быть повторяющейся или постоянной. Интенсивность воспринимается по-разному.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Если дело доходит до колик, они обычно распространяются на верхнюю область живота и в левое плечо. В зависимости от причины абсцесса селезенки могут появляться другие симптомы – тошнота, головокружение, головная боль, усталость, спленомегалия.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Симптомы гнойного воспаления селезенки зависят от расположения и размера гноя. Некоторые абсцессы внутри организма часто остаются незамеченными в течение длительного времени. Они вызывают боль только тогда, когда становятся очень большими и оказывают давление на соседние нервы или органы.</span></p>",
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},
"code": "D73.1",
"name": "Гиперспленизм",
"icd_name": "Гиперспленизм",
"gender": 0,
"age_min": 1,
"age_max": 100,
"cause": [
"0"
],
"periodicity": 1,
"slug": "d73.1_gipersplenizm",
"lead": "чрезмерное разрушение селезенкой клеточных элементов крови, что клинически проявляется снижением числа эритроцитов, лейкоцитов или тромбоцитов в циркулирующей крови",
"description": "",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Гиперспленизм является вторичным патологическим процессом, развивающимся при многих болезнях:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Цирроз печени. Параллельно с гиперспленизмом у пациента будут признаки портальной гипертензии, печеночной недостаточности и асцит.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Болезни крови. Чаще всего эта патология сопровождает гемоглобинопатии, гемолитические анемии, миелопролиферативные и лимфопролиферативные заболевания.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Инфекционные болезни. Спленомегалия и усиленная деструкция кровяных клеток бывает при вирусных, бактериальных и протозойных инфекциях, а также развивается на фоне инфекционного эндокардита.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Системные заболевания. В эту группу входят патологии воспалительного характера, нарушения обмена веществ и наследственные болезни.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Конкретный механизм развития гиперспленизма зависит от того, на фоне какой патологии он возникает. Выделяют два основных варианта:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Застойные явления в портальной вене вызывают перенаполнение селезенки кровью, из-за чего ускоряется разрушение ее форменных элементов. Такое бывает при циррозе печени и некоторых гемоглобинопатиях.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Активация макрофагов в селезенке приводит к тому, что они начинают усиленно захватывать клетки крови, тем самым разрушая их в большем количестве, чем нужно. Такой механизм развития характерен для инфекций и системных заболеваний.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">На ранних стадиях недостаток клеток крови может быть незаметен, поскольку включается компенсаторный механизм, характеризующийся усилением процессов гемопоэза в красном костном мозге. Но постепенно он перестает справляться с нагрузкой, и возникает цитопения.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Чаще всего пациентов ведут гематологи и гепатологи, что зависит от заболевания, на фоне которого возник гиперспленизм. Во время осмотра врачи обращают внимание на увеличенную и болезненную при пальпации селезенку. Затем пациенту назначают дополнительное обследование:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Анализ крови. Клинический анализ крови. Показывает снижение уровня форменных элементов крови – эритроцитопению, лейкопению (точнее – недостаток нейтрофилов) или тромбоцитопению, а также ретикулоцитоз.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">УЗИ органов брюшной полости. Исследование визуализирует увеличенную селезенку. Также с его помощью можно определить размеры и структуру органа.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">КТ. Позволяет уточнить состояние селезенки, если УЗИ оказалось недостаточно информативным.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Биопсия (стернальная пункция или трепанобиопсия). Проводят с целью выявления скрытого патологического процесса или для уточнения этиологии цитопении. При дальнейшей микроскопии материала в мазках обнаруживают гиперплазию ростков красного костного мозга.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Пациенты подлежат обязательной госпитализации в стационарное отделение (гематологии, гастроэнтерологии). Главным условием успешной терапии является лечение основного заболевания, на фоне которого возникло патологическое усиление секвестрационной функции селезенки – антицирротическая, антибактериальная терапия, химиотерапия и пр. Так как сам гиперспленизм характеризуется упорным прогрессирующим течением, лечение представляет собой тяжелую задачу. Для устранения проявлений синдрома используются различные способы.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Консервативная терапия</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лекарственных препаратов, позволяющих полностью избавиться от признаков гиперспленизма, не существует. Так как главную опасность для жизни представляет цитопенический синдром, используют меры по поддержанию клеток крови на должном уровне. В первую очередь, это переливания цельной крови или отдельных ее компонентов (размороженной, отмытой эритроцитарной массы, концентрата тромбоцитов).</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Иногда назначают фармакологические препараты, воздействующие на отдельные ростки костного мозга – эритропоэтин, филграстим, тромбопоэтин. К этим медикаментам прибегают очень редко и только тогда, когда другие методы оказались безуспешными, т. к. костный мозг при гиперспленизме уже находится в состоянии гиперплазии. Поэтому дополнительное применение лекарственных стимуляторов гемопоэза патогенетически мало оправдано.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Хирургическое лечение</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Наиболее радикальный способ лечения гиперспленизма, позволяющий добиться нормализации показателей клеток крови – спленэктомия (оперативное удаление селезенки). Однако эта операция сопряжена с большим числом осложнений - тромбозами, повышенной чувствительностью организма к таким бактериям, как пневмококк, менингококк, гемофильная палочка. В связи с этим в последнее время все чаще выполняются малоинвазивные эндоваскулярные вмешательства ‒ эмболизация селезеночной артерии или ее ветвей. Это позволяет устранить гиперспленизм и сохранить нормальную функцию селезенки.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"prevention": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Профилактика гиперспленизма заключается в своевременном лечении гепатита и цирроза печени, а также заболеваний крови. При возникновении заболеваний печени следует проводить рентгенографию селезенки или ее биопсию.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Клиническая картина представлена спленомегалией, цитопенией и симптомами основной патологии. Из-за увеличенной селезенки пациент ощущает тяжесть и боли в левом подреберье. При больших размерах она начинает давить на диафрагму, из-за чего человеку трудно сделать глубокий вдох.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При цитопеническом синдроме в крови может снижаться количество как одного форменного элемента, так и сразу трех (панцитопения). </span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Клиническая картина зависит от того, каких именно клеток крови не хватает:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Низкий уровень эритроцитов. Приводит к анемии. Кожа и видимые слизистые бледнеют. По мере прогрессирования пациент начинает жаловаться на слабость, головокружение, тахикардию.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Низкий уровень тромбоцитов. Провоцирует развитие геморрагического синдрома. Больного беспокоят носовые кровотечения. Нередко он отмечает повышенную кровоточивость десен. У женщин менструации становятся обильными и продолжительными.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Низкий уровень лейкоцитов. Чаще всего уменьшается количество гранулоцитов. В результате лейкопении снижается иммунитет. Появляются гнойничковые высыпания на коже. Развиваются воспалительные часто рецидивирующие процессы внутренних органов (пневмонии, отиты, пиелонефриты).</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
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"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Причины повышения концентрации эозинофилов разнообразны:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">аллергические реакции;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">заражение глистами и паразитами;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">патологии легких — синдром Леффлера, эозинофильные пневмонии, аллергическая реакция на легочные формы аспергиллеза, легочные инфильтраты с эозинофилией, синдром Черджа-Стросса (один из системных васкулитов), саркоидоз;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">патологии крови — пернициозная анемия, истинная полицитемия, неходжкинские лимфомы, острый или хронический миелолейкоз, а также эозинофильный лейкоз, синдром Сезари;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">эндокринопатии;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">злокачественные опухоли — канцероматоз, аденокарциномы ЖКТ, мочевыделительной и половой системы, легких и некоторые другие раковые образования;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">некоторые доброкачественные опухоли;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">первичные иммунодефициты — гипер-IgE-синдром (или синдром Джоба), Т-лимфопатии, синдром Вискотта-Олдрича, дефект хемотаксиса нейтрофилов;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">туберкулез;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">некоторые дерматологические патологии;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">патологии ЖКТ;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">смешанные состояния — недостаток магния, идиопатическая эозинофилия, период выздоровления после инфекционных болезней, СПИД, хорея, врожденный порок сердца, скарлатина, гипоксия, облучение, реакция на трансплантацию, состояние после перитонеального диализа и др.;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">вызванные приемом некоторых лекарственных препаратов лекарственно-индуцированные эозинофилии.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"pathogenesis": "",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Анализ крови на эозинофилы может проводиться путем подсчета клеточных элементов крови, взятой из пальца или же из вены. При выявлении повышения уровня эозинофилов требуется обязательное обращение к терапевту или педиатру для возможного проведения следующих исследований:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">опрос пациента с уточнением данных о перенесенных заболеваниях, присутствии аллергических реакций, приеме лекарств, системных симптомов;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">исследования крови: клиническое, на антитела к грибкам или гельминтам, гормональные, ANCА, анализы на иммунофенотипирование, на CD-маркеры, на уровень ЛДГ, на иммунодефициты, печеночные тесты;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">аллергообследование: кожные и провокационные пробы, ИФА на уровень IgE, непрямой и прямой базофильный тест;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">микроскопический анализ мокроты;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">анализ кала на яйца глистов;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">бактериологический и микологический посев мокроты с определением чувствительности к антибиотикам и противомикозным препаратам;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">спирометрия;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">рентген;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">эндоскопия с биопсией для гистологического анализа: ФГДС, фиброколоноскопия;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">биопсия легкого;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">стернальная пункция и трепанобиопсия с гистологическим анализом.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"treatment": "<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-4db2aaeb-7fff-2b2d-ad14-fb69444a6a72\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Самостоятельная коррекция эозинофилии невозможна. Для нормализации уровня эозинофилов необходимо бороться с причиной. Если эозинофилия легкая, связана с приемом ЛС или вакцинацией либо приходится на период реконвалесценции – беспокоиться не стоит. Нужно понаблюдать кровь в динамике через 7-10 дней. При обнаружении стойкой или высокой эозинофилии в анализе крови следует обратиться к специалисту, чтобы тот на основании осмотра, жалоб, анамнеза провел диагностический поиск этиологического фактора и назначил соответствующее лечение. Для терапии большинства болезней, сопровождающихся эозинофилией, используются лекарственные препараты из группы антигистаминных средств или глюкокортикостероидов.</span></span></p>",
"prevention": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для профилактики эозинофилии следует:</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #231f20; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">регулярно проходить профосмотры;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #231f20; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">не принимать лекарства бесконтрольно;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #231f20; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">вовремя лечить острые и хронические заболевания;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #231f20; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">вести здоровый образ жизни для поддержания иммунитета;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #231f20; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">сдавать повторный анализ крови на эозинофилы при любом превышении референсных показателей и выявлении эозинофилии;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #231f20; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">предупреждать заражение инфекционными заболеваниями, паразитами и гельминтозами.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Если повышены эозинофилы у взрослого или ребенка, симптомы этого состояния обуславливаются болезнью, которая привела к тому, что норма эозинофилов была нарушена.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Если причины эозинофилии связаны с аллергическими и кожными болезнями, больного беспокоит зуд, покраснение, сухость кожи. Возможно также мокнутие, появление язв и волдырей, отслоение эпидермиса.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Если эозинофилы в крови у взрослого повышены в связи с аутоиммунными и реактивными болезнями, может отмечаться анемия, повышение температуры тела, снижение веса, фиброз легких, увеличение селезенки и печени, боль в суставах, сердечная недостаточность, воспаление вен.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В случае глистных инвазий увеличиваются и болят лимфатические узлы, также увеличивается селезенка и печень, отмечаются признаки общей интоксикации – тошнота, головные боли, миалгии, слабость.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При легочных инфильтратах с эозинофильным синдромом отмечается целый спектр проявлений. Для состояния характерна эозинофилия периферической крови. При эозинофильной пневмонии отмечается лихорадка, кашель, ночная потливость, потеря веса, одышка, плевральная боль. Состояние может быть как острым, так и хроническим. При остром процессе развивается дыхательная недостаточность, при которой требуется искусственная вентиляция.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При эозинофильной реакции на лекарственные средства вероятно проявление разных синдромов. Это может быть холестатическая желтуха, сывороточная болезнь, интерстициальный нефрит, иммунобластная лимфаденопатия и др. Реакция на лекарства при эозинофилии и системные симптомы случается редко. При этом может отмечаться сыпь, атипичный лимфоцитоз, лимфаденопатия и др.</span></p>",
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"description": "",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Это заболевание носит инфекционно-аллергическую природу: основной причиной аллергической пурпуры служит присутствие в крови больных иммунных комплексов и активных компонентов защитной системы протеолитических ферментов. Иммунные комплексы накапливаются в кровотоке, а при чрезмерном количестве антигенов либо недостатке антител происходит отложение белковых образований на эндотелий стенки микрососудов. Факторами, способствующими развитию болезни, являются:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">бактериальные и вирусные респираторные инфекции, перенесенные за 2-4 недели до начала болезни, на которые приходится до 60-80% всех случаев заболевания;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">очаги хронической инфекции (синусит, тонзиллит, кариес и т. д.);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">некоторые лекарственные препараты, преимущественно антибиотического действия;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">потенциально аллергенные продукты (клубника, цитрусовые, шоколад, яйца и т.д.);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">введение вакцины или сыворотки;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">переохлаждение и сырость либо долгое пребывание на солнце.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Существуют данные о наличии наследственной предрасположенности к заболеванию. В некоторых случаях невозможно выяснить, какой именно фактор послужил «спусковым крючком» для организма больного.</span></p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Патогенез заболевания заключается в поражении мелких капилляров кожи, почек, суставов и кишечника аутоантителами. Комплексы антиген-антитело, которые образуются при активном воспалительном процессе (чаще всего, вирусная или бактериальная респираторная инфекция), циркулируют в крови и откладываются в просвете самых мельчайших сосудов. </span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Далее, когда у больного прогрессирует аллергическая пурпура, патогенез заключается в их закупорке и появлении микротромбов, приводящих к нарушению микроциркуляции, кислородному голоданию тканей, которые в норме эти сосуды кровоснабжают. </span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Патогенез аллергической пурпуры связан с воспалительным процессом во всех мелких сосудах: капиллярах, венулах, артериолах, и он обуславливает все клинические проявления этого недуга.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Проводя диагностику, ревматолог учитывает возраст пациента, изучает этиофакторы, сопоставляет клинические и лабораторные данные, исключает другие заболевания. При развитии почечного синдрома пациенту необходима консультация нефролога, при наличии абдоминальных болей - консультация гастроэнтеролога и хирурга. Диагностическая панель включает:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Гематологические тесты. В общем анализе крови, как правило, отмечаются неспецифические признаки умеренного воспаления (лейкоцитоз и небольшое повышение СОЭ), увеличение количества тромбоцитов и эозинофилов. Биохимический анализ крови показывает увеличение иммуноглобулина А и СРБ. Большое диагностическое значение имеют результаты коагулограммы. Отсутствие в ней данных за нарушение свертывания при наличии клинических признаков геморрагического синдрома свидетельствует в пользу ГВ.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Анализы мочи и кала. В анализе мочи выявляется гематурия, протеинурия, цилиндрурия. Пациентам с почечным синдромом показан мониторинг изменений в анализе мочи, проведение биохимии мочи, пробы Зимницкого, Нечипоренко. Для диагностики скрытого ЖКТ-кровотечения производят анализ кала на скрытую кровь.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Инструментальную диагностику. С целью оценки состояния органов-мишеней выполняется УЗИ почек, УЗДГ почечных сосудов. Для исключения органических причин кровотечения из пищеварительного тракта и бронхов целесообразно проведение УЗИ брюшной полости, гастроскопии, бронхоскопии.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Биопсию с гистологией. В тяжелых диагностических случаях показана биопсия кожи или почек. Гистологическое исследование биоптата выявляет характерные изменения: отложения иммуноглобулина А и ЦИК на эндотелии и в толще сосудистой стенки венул, артериол и капилляров; образование микротромбов; выход элементов крови за пределы сосуда.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В острой фазе аллергической пурпуры пациентам необходимо соблюдать постельный режим и гипоаллергенную диету, ограничить употребление жидкости и соли, исключить прием антибиотиков и других медикаментов, которые могут усиливать сенсибилизацию организма. Основные направления терапии зависят от клинических проявлений, поэтому их целесообразно рассматривать посиндромно:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При любых синдромах. Основу базисной терапии при всех формах ГВ составляет назначение дезагрегантов (дипиридамола, пентоксифиллина) и активаторов фибринолиза (никотиновой кислоты). Препараты этих групп препятствуют агрегации тромбоцитов, улучшают микроциркуляцию и внутритканевую перфузию. Часто в базисную схему включают гепарин и другие антикоагулянты.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При кожном синдроме. Терапия предполагает применение сульфасалазина, колхицина. Использование преднизолона до сих пор является спорным вопросом среди врачей. Возможно его назначение в тяжелых случаях ГВ. При отсутствии эффекта от терапии кортикостероидами препаратами запаса являются цитостатики.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При суставном синдроме. Выраженные артралгии купируются проведением противовоспалительной терапии (индометацин, ибупрофен). Дополнительно могут назначаться производные аминохинолина (хлорохин).</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При почечном синдроме. Назначаются высокие дозы глюкокортикоидов, цитостатиков. Возможно использование иАПФ, антагонистов рецепторов ангиотензина II, введение нормального человеческого иммуноглобулина, проведение электрофореза с никотиновой кислотой и гепарином на область почек. В терминальной стадии ХПН требуется гемодиализ или трансплантация почки.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При абдоминальном синдроме. Интенсивный болевой синдром служит показанием к внутривенному введению преднизолона, реополиглюкина, кристаллоидов. При развитии хирургических осложнений (перфорация, инвагинация кишки) применяется хирургическая тактика.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"prevention": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В целях профилактики аллергического васкулита рекомендуется санация хронических инфекционных очагов ЛОР органов, дегельминтизация при глистных инвазиях, исключение контакта с известными аллергенами и бесконтрольного приема медикаментов.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Симптомы болезни достаточно разнообразны. Наиболее характерным внешним признаком служит поражение кожи, проявляющееся в виде так называемой пурпуры – яркой сыпи в виде небольших багрово-синюшных пятен, симметрично проявляющихся на голенях и ступнях, а с развитием болезни поднимающихся выше, до других участков тела. Помимо пурпуры, на теле больного могут появляться и другие виды сыпи – эритемы, петехии, везикулы. В тяжелых случаях возможно появление некротизированных участков кожи.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Кроме того, более чем у 2/3 пациентов обнаруживается поражение поверхности суставов. Оно сопровождается болезненными ощущениями и отеками, которые могут продолжаться несколько суток. Наиболее тяжелым признаком аллергической пурпуры становятся боли в животе – следствие геморрагического поражения кишечной стенки. Характер болей сходен с проявлениями аппендицита, язвенной болезни или кишечной непроходимости. В некоторых случаях в каловых массах и рвоте обнаруживается присутствие крови. У отдельных пациентов развиваются гломерулонефрит, кашель, одышка.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Существует определенная разница между проявлениями заболевания у детей и взрослых.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Аллергическая пурпура у детей отличается яркой симптоматикой, в том числе:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #465a63; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">острым началом и течением болезни;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #465a63; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">наличием лихорадки примерно у трети пациентов;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #465a63; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">жидким стулом с кровяными прожилками;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #465a63; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">абдоминальным синдромом;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #465a63; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">проявлениями гломерулонефрита с наличием белка и эритроцитов в моче.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Случаи аллергической пурпуры у взрослых, как правило, характеризуются стертыми, маловыразительными проявлениями в начале болезни. Абдоминальный синдром присутствует не более чем у половины пациентов, в основном без тошноты и рвоты. При поражении почек практически всегда развиваются хронический гломерулонефрит и хроническая почечная недостаточность.</span></p>",
"image": null,
"image_alt": null,
"standard_type": 0,
"danger": 30,
"published": 1,
"parent": 6199,
"block_rubric": 42,
"standards": []
},
{
"id": 9512,
"symptoms": [],
"alternative_names": [],
"complications": [],
"medicine_branches": [],
"who": [
{
"id": 13829,
"gender": 2,
"diseased": 1015345,
"deaths": 17827,
"danger": 0.04,
"mortality": 4.26,
"outpatient_days": 4,
"hospital_days": 144,
"diseased_1": 27333,
"diseased_1_4": 105827,
"diseased_5_9": 142972,
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"description": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Тромбоцитопения – это количественное нарушение тромбоцитарного звена гемостаза, характеризующееся снижением количества тромбоцитов в единице объема крови.</span></p>",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Врожденные тромбоцитопении в большинстве своем являются частью наследственных синдромов, таких как синдром Вискота-Олдрича, анемия Фанкони, синдром Бернара-Сулье, аномалия Мея-Хегглина и др. Поскольку при наследственных тромбоцитопениях, как правило, наблюдаются также качественные изменения тромбоцитов, их принято относить к тромбоцитопатиям.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Причины приобретенных тромбоцитопений крайне разнообразны. Так, возмещение кровопотери инфузионными средами, плазмой, эритроцитарной массой может привести к уменьшению концентрации тромбоцитов на 20-25% и возникновению, так называемой, тромбоцитопении разведения. В основе тромбоцитопении распределения лежит секвестрация тромбоцитов в селезенке или сосудистых опухолях – гемангиомах с выключением значительного количества тромбоцитарной массы из общего кровотока. Тромбоцитопении распределения могут развиваться при заболеваниях, сопровождающихся массивной спленомегалией: лимфомах, саркоидозе, портальной гипертензии, туберкулезе селезенки, алкоголизме, болезни Гоше, синдроме Фелти и др.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Наиболее многочисленную группу составляют тромбоцитопении, обусловленные повышенным разрушением тромбоцитов. Они могут развиваться как в связи с механическим разрушением тромбоцитов (например, при протезировании сердечных клапанов, искусственном кровообращении, пароксизмальной ночной гемоглобинурии), так и при наличии иммунного компонента.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Аллоиммунные тромбоцитопении могут являться следствием трансфузии иногруппной крови; трансиммунные – проникновения материнских антител к тромбоцитам через плаценту к плоду. Аутоиммунные тромбоцитопении связаны с выработкой антител к собственным неизмененным антигенам тромбоцитов, что встречается при идиопатической тромбоцитопенической пурпуре, системной красной волчанке, аутоиммунном тиреоидите, миеломной болезни, хроническом гепатите, ВИЧ-инфекции и др.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Гетероиммунные тромбоцитопении обусловлены образованием антител против чужеродных антигенов, фиксирующихся на поверхности тромбоцитов (лекарственных, вирусных и др.). Лекарственно-индуцированная патология возникает при приеме седативных, антибактериальных, сульфаниламидных препаратов, алкалоидов, соединений золота, висмута, инъекциях гепарина и др. Обратимое умеренное снижении числа тромбоцитов наблюдается после перенесенных вирусных инфекций (аденовирусной инфекции, гриппа, ветряной оспы, краснухи, кори, инфекционного мононуклеоза), вакцинации.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Тромбоцитопении, обусловленные недостаточным образованием тромбоцитов (продуктивные), развиваются при дефиците стволовых гемопоэтических клеток. Такое состояние характерно для апластической анемии, острого лейкоза, миелофиброза и миелосклероза, опухолевых метастазов в костный мозг, дефицита железа, фолиевой кислоты и витамина B12, эффектов лучевой терапии и цитостатической химиотерапии.</span></p>",
"pathogenesis": "",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Диагностика заболевания начинается с посещения врача-терапевта, который по опросу, первичным обследованиям и анализам уже назначает посещение других специалистов.</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Общий анализ крови</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Проверка времени кровотечения (анализ по Дьюку).</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Определение времени, за которое сворачивается кровь.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Пункция красного костного мозга. Метод позволяет выявить количественные и качественные изменения клеток.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Определение в крови антител.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Исследование на предмет генетических заболеваний.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">УЗИ внутренних органов</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">МРТ</span></li>\r\n</ul>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При установлении вторичного характера тромбоцитопении основное лечение заключается в терапии основного заболевания. Вместе с тем, наличие выраженного геморрагического синдрома требует госпитализации пациента и оказания неотложной медицинской помощи. При активных кровотечениях показаны трансфузии тромбоцитов, назначение ангиопротекторов, ингибиторов фибринолиза (аминокапроновой кислоты). Исключается прием ацетилсалициловой кислоты, антикоагулянтов, НПВС.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Пациентам с идиопатической тромбоцитопенической пурпурой проводится глюкокортикоидная терапия, внутривенное введение иммуноглобулина, плазмаферез, химиотерапия цитостатиками. В отдельных случаях (при неэффективности медикаментозной терапии, повторных кровотечениях) показана спленэктомия. При тромбоцитопениях неиммунного характера проводится симптоматическая гемостатическая терапия.</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Специфических мер профилактики тромбоцитопении не существует. Здоровый образ жизни, отсутствие вредных привычек (злоупотребление алкоголем), отсутствие стрессов значительно уменьшают шансы заболеть тромбоцитопенией.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для профилактики вирусных инфекций, которые могут стать причиной заболевания, рекомендуется соблюдать правила гигиены и вакцинироваться в рекомендованные врачом сроки.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Один раз в год следует проходить профилактический осмотр с проведением общего анализа крови, который поможет выявить заболевание на ранних стадиях.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">К симптомам тромбоцитопении относятся:</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #465a63; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Пурпура. Так называют кровоизлияния в слизистые ткани или кожу. На деле это выглядит как красные пятна — чаще всего их можно заметить в местах сильного соприкосновения с одеждой. Пятна не болят, могут быть точечными или довольно обширными — в том числе и с кровоподтеками, синяками разных цветов (в зависимости от времени образования).</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #465a63; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Носовые кровотечения регулярного характера. Поскольку мелкие сосуды ослаблены, кровотечение может начаться из-за простуды, чихания, небольшой травмы. Ярко-красная кровь может вытекать в течение десяти и более минут, поэтому больной рискует потерять много крови.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #465a63; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Кровоточивость десен, длительные кровотечения после удаления зубов. Механизм тот же: из-за слабых сосудов кровь не может быстро останавливаться при маленьких и больших повреждениях.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #465a63; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Кровотечения внутренних органов. Например, встречается кровь в ЖКТ, когда кал становится окрашенным, или в мочеполовой системе — тогда окрашивается уже моча. Оба симптома очень тревожные и требуют немедленного обращения к специалистам.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #465a63; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Слишком обильные и долгие менструации. Причем кровотечения могут наблюдаться и в другие дни цикла.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>",
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"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Болезнь Виллебранда является генетически обусловленной патологией, вызываемой мутациями гена фактора VWF, локализующегося в 12 хромосоме.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Приобретенные формы болезни Виллебранда могут возникать как осложнение после множественных гемотрансфузий, на фоне системных (СКВ, ревматоидного артрита), сердечных (стеноз аортального клапана), онкологических (нефробластомы, опухоли Вильмса, макроглобулинемии) заболеваний. Эти формы болезни Виллебранда связаны с образованием аутоантител к VWF, избирательной абсорбцией олигомеров опухолевыми клетками или дефектами мембран тромбоцитов.</span></p>",
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"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В распознавании болезни Виллебранда важную роль играет семейный анамнез, клиническая картина и данные лабораторного скрининга сосудисто-тромбоцитарного и плазменного гемостаза. Назначается общий и биохимический анализ крови, коагулограмма с определением уровня тромбоцитов и фибриногена, времени свертывания; ПТИ и АЧТВ, проводятся проба щипка и проба жгута. Из общих обследований рекомендовано определение группы крови, исследование общего анализа мочи, анализа кала на скрытую кровь, УЗИ брюшной полости.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для подтверждения факта болезни Виллебранда определяют уровень VWF в сыворотке крови и его активность, ристоцетин-кофакторную активность с использованием методов иммуноэлектрофореза и ИФА. </span></p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Основу лечения болезни Виллебранда составляет заместительная трансфузионная терапия. Она направлена на нормализацию всех звеньев гемостаза. Больным вводят гемопрепараты, содержащие фактор Виллебранда — антигемофильную плазму и криопреципитат. Заместительная терапия способствует повышению биосинтеза дефицитного фактора в организме.</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Остановить небольшое кровотечение поможет давящая повязка, гемостатическая губка, обработка раны тромбином.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Кровоостанавливающим эффектом обладают лекарственные препараты: «Десмопрессин», антифибринолитики, гормональные пероральные контрацептивы при маточным кровотечениях.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">На кровоточащую рану наносят фибриновый гель.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При гемартрозе накладывают на ногу гипсовую лонгету, прикладывают холод и придают конечности возвышенное положение. В дальнейшем больным назначают УВЧ и ограничение нагрузки на сустав. В тяжелых случаях проводят пункцию сустава под местной анестезией.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для лечения болезни крови 1 и 2 типа применяют «Десмопрессин» — препарат, стимулирующий выброс в системный кровоток ФВ. Его выпускают в форме назального спрея и раствора для инъекций. Когда этот препарат оказывается неэффективным, проводят заместительную терапию плазменным концентратом ФВ.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">К антифибринолитикам относятся аминокапроновая и транексамовая кислоты. Их вводят внутривенно капельно или принимают внутрь. Препараты на основе этих кислот наиболее эффективны при маточных, желудочно-кишечных и носовых кровотечениях. «Транексам» — основное средство в лечении легкой формы БВ. В тяжелых случаях препарат применяют в сочетании со специфическими гемостатиками — «Этамзилатом» или «Дициноном».</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Профилактика данной патологии заключается в соблюдении осторожности (от получения травм), отказе от приёма препаратов, нарушающих свертывающие свойства крови, а также своевременном обращении к врачу и начале лечения.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Признаки, характерные для болезни Виллебранда:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">тяжелые, длительные или спонтанно возобновляющиеся кровотечения после незначительных хирургических вмешательств, экстракции зубов;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">подкожные гематомы, появляющиеся после незначительных травмирующих воздействий или самопроизвольно</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">кровоточивость более 15 минут после незначительных ранений или спонтанно рецидивирующая кровоточивость спустя 7 суток и более после травмы;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">геморрагическая сыпь на коже;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">тяжелая анемия;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">интенсивные, длительные менструации;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">спонтанные носовые кровотечения длительностью более 10 минут или требующие в силу интенсивности медицинского вмешательства;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">кровь в испражнениях при отсутствии патологии ЖКТ, способной спровоцировать развитие желудочно-кишечных кровотечений.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Чаще повышенная кровоточивость отмечается в детском возрасте, снижаясь по мере взросления, в последующем наблюдается чередование обострений и ремиссий. </span></p>",
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