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},
"code": "H26.4",
"name": "Вторичная катаракта",
"icd_name": "Вторичная катаракта",
"gender": 0,
"age_min": 40,
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"slug": "h26.4_vtorichnaya_katarakta",
"lead": "помутнение задней капсулы хрусталика, которое может появиться через несколько месяцев или лет после операции по удалению катаракты",
"description": "",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Вторичная катаракта – это патологическая трансформация хрусталиковой капсулы, на задней поверхности которой разрастаются эпителиальные клетки с формированием пленки, затрудняющей попадание света на сетчатку.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Причин может быть несколько:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Осложнения после замены хрусталика на ИОЛ, когда выбран некорректный размер линзы или закрепление ее в области цилиарной борозды.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Воспаление в окружающих тканях хрусталика, следствием которых являются фиброзные разрастания в капсуле.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Избыточная регенерация эпителиальных клеток после извлечения замутненного хрусталика с образованием клеточных скоплений в капсуле.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Активное разрастание эпителия больше характерно для молодых пациентов, а фиброз чаще наблюдается у пожилых людей.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В основе развития вторичной катаракты лежат воспалительные процессы, которые потенцируют синтез медиаторов и способствуют их проникновению через гематоофтальмический барьер. В ответ на образование медиаторов воспаления усиливается клеточная пролиферация. Провоспалительные цитокины и ряд внеклеточных белков выступают в роли факторов роста. На фоне патологического течения послеоперационного периода и сниженной резистентности организма отмечается повышенный риск активации инфекционных агентов. Это влечет за собой чрезмерную стимуляцию репаративных процессов и синтез соединительной ткани в зоне задней капсулы. Фиброзная трансформация носит иммунозависимый характер. Ответной реакцией на синтез антигенов хрусталика является формирование тканеспецифического иммунного ответа.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Согласно другой патогенетической теории, образование пленки вторичной катаракты – это адаптационная реакция глазного яблока на имплантацию интраокулярной линзы (ИОЛ). При внедрении линзы активируется моноцитарно-макрофагальная система, поскольку организм воспринимает имплантат как инородное тело. Оседание фибробластов на поверхности ИОЛ в последующем приводит к формированию плотной соединительнотканной оболочки. Интраоперационное повреждение радужки стимулирует дополнительный переход пигментных клеток в область линзы. Компоненты клеток (в большей степени протеин) играют роль в образовании прелентальной мембраны и помутнении задней капсулы.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для диагностирования вторичной катаракты необходимо комплексное обследование, состоящее из ряда инструментальных и лабораторных методик:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Визометрия. Дает представление о том, насколько изменилась острота зрения.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Биомикроскопия глаза. Позволяет выявить помутнение оптических сред, а также определить патологические изменения передней камеры глаза.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">УЗИ глаза. С помощью этого метода оцениваются топография структурных элементов органа зрения, локация нового искусственного хрусталика.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ОКТ (оптическая когерентная томография). Дает возможность получить дополнительные высокоточные сведения об особенностях органа зрения. Врач может выявить структурно-функциональные нарушения задней камеры глаза.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Своевременные лечебные мероприятия дают возможность полностью устранить клинические проявления патологии и восстановить зрительные функции. Консервативная терапия не разработана. Применяются следующие хирургические методы лечения:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лазерная дисцизия вторичной катаракты. Техника лазерной капсулотомии сводится к нанесению мелких перфорационных отверстий с последующим полным удалением соединительнотканных разрастаний. Оперативное вмешательство проводится под регионарной анестезией и не ограничивает трудоспособность пациента.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Удаление катаракты с помощью аспирационно-ирригационной системы. Автоматизированная бимануальная методика аспирации-ирригации позволяет удалить пролиферирующий эпителий хрусталика путем формирования двух парацентезов в роговой оболочке, введения вискоэластика и мобилизации ИОЛ. Дополнительно может проводиться имплантация капсульного кольца или капсулорексис под интраокулярной линзой.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>",
"prevention": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Превентивные меры по предупреждению вторичной катаракты заключаются в тщательном подборе параметров интраокулярной линзы (толщина, диаметр, дизайн края) при замене хрусталика, где должны учитываться индивидуальные анатомо-физиологические особенности строения глаза. Медикаментозная профилактика предполагает строгое соблюдение назначений врача, прием всех назначенных противовоспалительных препаратов после установки ИОЛ.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Визуально вторичная катаракта никак не проявляется. Первые симптомы возникают через 3-4 месяца после операции.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Главные признаки, по которым можно заподозрить патологию – это:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Постепенное снижение остроты зрения с расплывчатостью окружающих предметов;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Блики и временное ослепление («засветы») от солнечного и искусственного света;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Ощущение тумана перед глазами, появление мутной пелены, мешающей видеть.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В послеоперационном периоде пациент отмечает, что зрение начинает падать, несмотря на первоначальное его восстановление при помощи операции по замене хрусталика. Снижение зрительных функций продолжает прогрессировать, причем корригировать ее классическими способами не удается. Расстройства свето- и цветовосприятия проявляются как на ближнем расстоянии, так и при взгляде вдаль. Человеку трудно сосредоточиться на работе, глаза быстро устают, однако болевой синдром не выражен. Затем присоединяется двоение перед глазами. Яркий свет ламп, фонарей вызывает появление вспышек или цветных пятен. Лечебные капли, очки не помогают улучшить зрение.</span></p>",
"image": null,
"image_alt": null,
"standard_type": 0,
"danger": 20,
"published": 1,
"parent": 6452,
"block_rubric": 78,
"standards": []
}
]
}