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"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Выделяют три формы ретиношизиса:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Дегенеративный ретиношизис. Является приобретённой формой заболевания. Возникает в возрасте после 40 лет вследствие дистрофических изменений в сетчатой оболочке глаза. Встречается в двух формах – типичный и ретикулярный (отличается большим размером кист в ретине).</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Наследственный ретиношизис. Развивается в результате генетических нарушений. Может быть сцепленным с Х-хромосомой, передаваться по аутосомно-доминантному или рецессивному типу. Иногда является одним из симптомов генетически обусловленных патологий, таких как болезнь Гольдмана-Фавре или Вагнера.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Вторичный ретиношизис. Возникает при сосудистых заболеваниях глаз (диабетическая ретинопатия, тромбоз центральной вены сетчатки), воспалительных процессах (хронические формы увеита, иридоциклита), травмах органа зрения, онкологических заболеваниях сосудистой оболочки, в результате воздействия некоторых лекарственных препаратов.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В основе патогенеза ретиношизиса лежит нарушение кровообращения в макулярной области и на периферии сетчатки. Нарушения в сетчатке проявляются в виде кистозной дегенерации. Слияние образовавшихся кист способствует образованию больших полостей внутри сетчатки, расслаивающих ретину на всем ее протяжении. Зона расслоения может оставаться целой, но может и разрываться в одном или даже обоих листках. Это приводит к развитию отслойки сетчатки и гибели ретинальных структур.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для диагностики ретиношизиса используют базовые методы обследования: визиометрию, тонометрию, офтальмоскопию с использованием щелевой лампы и линзы Гольдмана. Для уточнения диагноза дополнительно назначают УЗИ глазного яблока, электроретинографию (для определения функционального состояния сетчатки), флюоресцентную ангиографию (для диагностики патологии в макуле, при врожденном ретиношизисе). Компьютерная периметрия помогает установить наличие дефектов в поле зрения. Оптическая когерентная томография является ведущим методом при данной патологии. Позволяет точно выявить изменения в макулярной области сетчатки, определить наличие кист и отслоек на периферии.</span></p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Определение тактики лечения заболевания сетчатки осуществляет офтальмолог, который учитывает локализацию патологических процессов, стадию их развития, риск осложнений и индивидуальные показатели пациента. В процессе применяют консервативные и хирургические методики. Первые направлены на стимуляцию обменных процессов и циркуляции крови в ретине и предусматривают приём витаминов, антиоксидантов и нейрометаболических стимуляторов. Курс лечения нужно проводить регулярно, каждые шесть месяцев. Фармакологические препараты вводят в вену или мышцу.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Что касается хирургических методик, то они представлены лазерной коагуляцией или такой операцией, как витрэктомия, направленными на то, чтобы остановить патологические процессы.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лазерная коагуляция позволяет исключить риск отслоения ретины за счёт её прижигания в областях соединения с хориоидеей. После применения такого лечения многие пациенты отмечают существенное повышение остроты зрения.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Витрэктомия направлена на частичное или полное удаление стекловидного тела и его замещение газом или специально разработанной жидкостью. Такой подход позволяет восстановить внутренние глазные структуры и исключить риск развития осложнений.</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Профилактика ретиношизиса заключается в регулярном посещении врача-офтальмолога, особенно после 40 лет. При наличии миопии высокой степени необходимо максимально исключить тяжелые физические нагрузки, стрессовые ситуации на работе и дома. При открытоугольной глаукоме необходимо регулярно применять назначенные капли и контролировать ВГД каждые 3 месяца. При повышении артериального давления рекомендуется принимать лекарственные препараты для его коррекции. Следует избегать травм глаза и головы. Регулярное посещение врача-офтальмолога и точное соблюдение его рекомендаций существенно снижает риск осложнений при ретиношизисе и способствует длительной стабилизации заболевания.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Дегенеративный ретиношизис обычно протекает бессимптомно. Патология выявляется случайно во время профилактических осмотров у врача-офтальмолога. Проявляется поражением на уровне наружного плексиформного слоя ретинальной оболочки. Первичные изменения возникают на крайней нижневисочной периферии и характеризуются образованием обширных участков с мелкокистозной дистрофией в слоях ретины. При распространении процесса на макулу или при развитии отслойки сетчатки появляются жалобы на снижение остроты зрения, сужение полей зрения, искажение предметов, появление вспышек перед глазами.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Наследственный ретиношизис чаще диагностируется в возрасте 7-9 лет. Макулярная область поражается в первую очередь, в результате появляются жалобы на снижение центрального зрения (трудности при чтении, письме, просмотре телевизора). Повреждение локализуется на уровне клеток Мюллера, в результате чего слой нервных волокон отслаивается от остальной части сетчатой оболочки. Периферические нарушения в сетчатой оболочке при ретиношизисе чаще всего локализуются в нижневисочном квадранте, проявляются развитием гигантских овальных кист с последующим формированием отслойки. Поражение двустороннее.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Вторичный ретиношизис является осложнением различных заболеваний глазного яблока. Клинические проявления зависят от основной патологии. Из осложнений ретиношизиса выделяют развитие обширных отслоек в сетчатой оболочке глаза, кровоизлияния под ретину, в кисты расслоенной оболочки или в стекловидное тело.</span></p>",
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},
"code": "H34",
"name": "Окклюзии сосудов сетчатки",
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"lead": "острая блокада центральной ретинальной артерии или ее ветвей, приводящая к расстройству кровообращения и ишемии сетчатки",
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"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Зачастую к закупорке кровеносных сосудов сетчатой оболочки приводят следующие факторы:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">нарушение свертывающей системы крови, приводит к образованию тромбов в сосудистой системе глаза;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">атеросклероз и высокий уровень холестерина;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">сужение сонной артерии;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">различные заболевания сердца (патологии клапанов, аритмия и т. д.);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">сахарный диабет;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">повышенное артериальное давление;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">избыточная масса тела;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">курение;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">внутривенное употребление наркотиков;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">пожилой возраст (в группе риска находятся пациенты старше 60 лет);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">глаукома;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">отек центральной зоны сетчатки;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">некоторые воспалительные заболевания.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В результате спазма, тромбоэмболии или коллапса артериол происходит замедление либо полное прекращение кровотока в пораженном сосуде, приводящее к острой ишемии сетчатки. В том случае, если кровоток удается восстановить в течение ближайших 40 минут, возможно частичное восстановление нарушенных зрительных функций. При более длительной гипоксии в сетчатке развиваются необратимые изменения – некроз ганглиозных клеток и нервных волокон с их последующим аутолизом. Исходом окклюзии центральной артерии сетчатки служит атрофия зрительного нерва и стойкая потеря зрения.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В случае подозрения на развитие закупорки сосудов глазного дна офтальмолог проводит ряд диагностических исследований. Он осматривает пациента, выполняет тонометрию, проверяет качество зрения, проводит офтальмоскопию (визуальное исследование глазного дна, при котором врач может выявить признаки сосудистой патологии).</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Пациенту также назначаются анализы крови, включающие свертывающую систему крови.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Кроме того, назначаются дополнительные исследования — такие, как:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">оптическая когерентная томография — позволяет получить подробную информацию о состоянии сетчатки и других структур глаза;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">флюоресцентная ангиография — методика исследования сосудистой системы глаза с контрастом.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При необходимости пациента направляют на консультацию к кардиологу или неврологу, которые проводят обследования сосудов сердца и головного мозга.</span></p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лечение окклюзии центральной артерии сетчатки должно быть начато в первые часы от момента предъявления жалоб на снижение зрения; в противном случае восстановить зрение будет невозможно. Неотложная первичная помощь включает проведение массажа глазного яблока для восстановления кровотока в ЦАС. С целью снижения ВГД производится инстилляция глазных капель, введение мочегонных препаратов, осуществляется парацентез роговицы.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При окклюзии артерии сетчатки, обусловленной спазмом артериол, патогенетическая терапия включает применение вазодилататоров (нитроглицерина сублингвально, эуфиллина внутривенно, папаверина внутримышечно и др.), проведение ингаляций кислородной смесью или гипербарической оксигенации.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При тромбозе ЦАС на первый план выходит применение тромболитиков и антикоагулянтов, зондирование ветвей глазной артерии через надглазничную артерию, внутривенные инфузии декстранов.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При любом типе окклюзии артерий сетчатки целесообразен прием антиоксидантов, местные ретробульбарные и парабульбарные инъекции сосудорасширяющих препаратов, инстилляции b-адреноблокаторов. Одновременно назначается корригирующее лечение сопутствующей системной патологии.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Эффективность терапии во многом зависит от сроков ее начала и наиболее высока в первые минуты и часы от момента развития окклюзии центральной артерии сетчатки.</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Профилактика окклюзии центральной артерии сетчатки тесно связана с необходимостью своевременного лечения сопутствующей патологии, исключением провоцирующих факторов (курения, стрессовых ситуаций, тяжелых физических нагрузок, посещения бань и саун, приема горячих ванн, длительных авиаперелетов, занятий подводным плаванием и др.). Лица, составляющие группу риска по развитию окклюзии ЦАС, должны регулярно осматриваться окулистом и получать превентивную терапию.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Сначала в одном глазу внезапно снижается зрение, вплоть до его полной потери без видимой причины. Перед этим могут появиться следующие симптомы:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">тупая боль в глубине орбиты;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">кратковременная слепота, которая быстро проходит;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ощущение мельтешения;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">искры;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">световые вспышки.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При офтальмологическом осмотре видно, что в начале диск зрительного нерва еще имеет бледно-розовый цвет, но его контуры размыты. Сетчатка теряет прозрачность и становится молочно-белого цвета. Она сильно отекает, блокированные сосуды как бы утопают в ней. Движение крови либо останавливается вообще, либо частично сохраняется. На фоне отечной сетчатки в макулярной зоне видна так называемая «вишневая косточка» — ярко-красное пятно.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Сохранность зрения определяется масштабом поражения. Человек может различать знакомые предметы или полностью терять способность видеть. Если цилиоретинальная артерия проходима, зрение остается высоким. У пациента с полной окклюзией ЦАС – резко снижается реакция на источник света или вообще не имеет места.</span></p>",
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