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"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Наиболее частая причина образования камней аппендикуляра (около 99% всех случаев) - проникновение фекальных частиц в аппендикс. Реже в отросток попадают осколки желчных камней, которые по желчным путям попадают в двенадцатиперстную кишку и продвигаются дальше по кишечному тракту. Обтурация отростка гельминтами и пищевыми инородными телами (семенами ягод, рыбьими костями) относится к тематическим исследованиям. </span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Высокая заболеваемость камнями в пожилом возрасте обусловлена снижением перистальтики кишечника, уменьшением дефекации. Кополиты в аппендиксе часто образуются у пациентов с хроническими функциональными или органическими запорами. Риск образования аппендикулярных камней повышен у людей с болезнью Гиршпрунга, удлинением толстой кишки, дивертикулезом. Вероятность образования твердых камней, раздражающих стенку аппендикса, увеличивается при обезвоживании.</span></p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При неблагоприятных условиях мелкие частицы мягкого стула проходят через клапан Герлаха в отросток. Перистальтика аппендикса очень слабая, поэтому в нем задерживаются каловые массы. Стенка аппендикса хорошо впитывает воду, а со временем кал подсыхает и затвердевает. В ответ на проникновение инородного тела железы слизистой оболочки аппендикса вырабатывают слизь, которая объединяет отдельные частицы стула вместе с образованием камней. </span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Образовавшийся плотный конгломерат закрывает просвет отростка и вызывает механическое раздражение его стенок. Воспалительная реакция развивается с выраженным обилием сосудов, инфильтрацией лейкоцитов и отеком тканей. Под действием провоцирующих факторов местные патологические процессы переходят в аппендицит. Похожий патогенетический механизм характерен для камней другого происхождения.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Иногда камни в аппендиксе обнаруживаются случайно во время УЗИ или компьютерной томографии, которые делаются по другой причине. Учитывая тот факт, что клинические проявления копролитов в основном возникают при добавлении аппендицита, диагностикой занимается хирург. Обследование пациентов, испытывающих характерные хронические боли, назначает гастроэнтеролог. Компоненты диагностического поиска: </span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Физический осмотр. При пальпации живота правая подвздошная область болезненна; в этой зоне отмечается защитное напряжение мышц живота. О начале воспалительного процесса свидетельствует появление положительных признаков раздражения брюшины, патогномоничных симптомов - Воскресенского, Кохера, Образцова и. </span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">УЗИ органов брюшной полости. При сонографии в просвете отростка обнаруживаются округлые образования, имеющие повышенную эхогенность. Появляются признаки отечности и инфильтрации аппендикса. Сонография недостаточно информативна при избыточном весе или сильном вздутии живота. </span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Рентгенологические методы. На обычном рентгеновском снимке брюшной полости иногда можно увидеть тень камня в проекции углового наконечника. С целью уточнения диагноза рекомендуется рентгеноконтрастное исследование с барием, позволяющее определить размер и положение копролита. В сомнительных случаях прибегают к компьютерной томографии. </span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лабораторное обследование. В общем анализе крови определяется лейкоцитоз со сдвигом влево и повышением СОЭ. Химический анализ крови показывает повышение уровня С-реактивного белка. У пожилых людей гемограмма обычно остается без изменений, реже наблюдается лейкопения.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Медикаментозное лечение рассматривается только при подготовке пациента к операции или в послеоперационном периоде. Самолечение не рекомендуется. Для предотвращения послеоперационных осложнений используются антибиотики широкого спектра действия. С целью устранения интоксикации применяется инфузионная терапия глюкозо-солевыми растворами. </span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Тактика ведения пациента определяется исходя из степени тяжести клинических проявлений и данных инструментальной визуализации. Бессимптомные мелкие камни, которые являются случайными диагностическими находками, не требуют специального лечения. При возникновении воспалительного процесса требуется срочное хирургическое вмешательство, которое проводится после комплекса стандартной предоперационной подготовки. </span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Объем операции зависит от распространенности и запущенности процесса. При неосложненном аппендиците, вызванном камнями, методом выбора является лапароскопическая аппендэктомия. Операция отличается минимальной травматичностью и коротким реабилитационным периодом. При осложненных и деструктивных формах воспаления показана аппендэктомия из открытого или мини-доступа.</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Первичная профилактика камней аппендикса сводится к лечению хронических гастроэнтерологических патологий и устранению запоров.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Мелкие камни, не сопровождающиеся воспалительной реакцией, протекают бессимптомно. При неполной обтурации просвета отростка периодически беспокоит тупая боль справа в подвздошной области. Дискомфортные ощущения усиливаются при наклоне и сдавливании живота тесной одеждой или ремнем. При этом происходит задержка стула и наблюдается вздутие живота. Через некоторое время симптомы исчезнут сами по себе. </span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При полном перекрытии просвета отростка с развитием воспаления человек ощущает резкую боль внизу живота. В первую очередь боль локализуется около пупка, а через 1-2 часа смещается в зону проекции аппендикса. Обычно сильное удлинение с задержкой газа. Возможна однократная рефлекторная рвота. Состояние человека стремительно ухудшается, симптомы интоксикации усиливаются. Температура тела повышается до субфебрильных или фебрильных цифр. </span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Ассоциированные симптомы: Высокая температура тела. Запор. Метеоризм. Рвота. Субфебрильная температура. Фебрильная температура тела.</span></p>",
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"lead": "выход содержимого брюшной полости вместе с брюшиной и предбрюшинной клетчаткой через отверстие в мышечно-апоневротической части под кожу",
"description": "<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-d8c75b5d-7fff-f07f-6006-2c40c9a89fb6\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Паховая грыжа – это выпячивание из брюшной полости внутренних органов в подкожно-жировую клетчатку через паховый канал</span></span></p>",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Причины появления паховой грыжи</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">наличие паховой грыжи у ближайших родственников (в первую очередь у отца). Если в семье есть данное заболевание, тем более у нескольких человек, риск заболеть многократно увеличивается;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">недоношенность. У такого ребенка развитие органов и систем не завершено полностью. Вследствие этого вероятность того, что паховый канал останется открытым, возрастает;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">хронические болезни, сопровождающиеся сильным кашлем. Кашель увеличивает внутрибрюшное давление;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">малоподвижный образ жизни. Мышцы брюшного пресса ослабляются без умеренных физических нагрузок. У людей, которые на работе постоянно сидят или стоят, паховые грыжи появляются чаще;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">истощение. В норме паховый канал заполнен жировой клетчаткой. Если ее становится меньше, образуется слабое место для возникновения грыжевого выпячивания;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">хронические запоры. При этом заболевании увеличивается внутрибрюшное давление;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">непосильные физические нагрузки. Если человек постоянно прилагает большие физические усилия и поднимает значительные тяжести, риск появления паховой грыжи возрастает;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">беременность. Матка увеличивается, оказывая дополнительное давление;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ожирение. Нагрузка на брюшную полость увеличивается по мере набора веса.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При повышении внутрибрюшного давления (тяжелая физическая нагрузка, кашель, запоры и прочее) растягиваются и деформируются мышечные и сухожильные волокна внутреннего кольца пахового канала (изнутри — со стороны брюшной полости). В это расширенное кольцо проникает брюшина — тонкая прочная оболочка, выстилающая брюшную полость изнутри. По мере этого вдавливающаяся интраабдоминальным давлением брюшина проникает все дальше по расширяющемуся паховому каналу, формируя грыжевой брюшинный мешок.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">УЗИ паховых каналов и мошонки. Позволяет оценить положение, содержимое и размеры грыжевого мешка, состояние пахового канала. На экране отлично виден паховый канал, грыжевой мешок и его содержимое, семенные канатики, яички;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">УЗИ брюшной полости. Позволяет оценить, какие из внутренних органов или какая часть кишечника попали в грыжевой мешок;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">УЗИ тазовых органов. Позволяет оценить смещение в грыжевой мешок яичников и маточных труб у женщин;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Герниография. Это рентгенологический метод исследования с контрастным усилением. Его назначают, если пациент жалуется на боли в тазобедренном суставе или в паху, но других симптомов паховой грыжи нет, и другими методами диагноз не подтверждается;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Ирригоскопия. Это рентгенологическое исследование кишечника с контрастным усилением. Его назначают, если есть опасность, что часть толстой кишки попала в грыжевой мешок;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Цистография. Это рентгенологическое исследование мочевого пузыря с контрастным усилением. Его назначают, если часть мочевого пузыря попала в грыжевой мешок;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">КТ внутренних органов (компьютерная томография);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">хирургическое обследование.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Консервативное лечение:</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Одним из вариантов безоперационного лечения является ручное вправление грыжи хирургом. Однако эта процедура используется для определения локализации грыжевых ворот и носит временный характер. Очередное натуживание приведет к рецидиву грыжи.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">На этапе подготовки больного к операции и реабилитации после нее используются следующие группы медикаментов:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">обезболивающие;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">антибиотики;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">нестероидные противовоспалительные препараты.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Хирургическое лечение паховой грыжи:</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Хирургическим лечением паховых грыж является операция. Суть вмешательства сводится к укреплению проблемных мест в мышечно-апоневротическом слое брюшной стенки.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">На сегодняшний день наиболее эффективными являются вмешательств с использованием сетчатых протезов. Они предусматривают имплантацию искусственной сетки, которая вместе с собственными тканями укрепляет проблемную зону. С помощью таких операций число рецидивов удалось снизить с 15-20% до 1-5%.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В практике используется около 50 вариаций удаления паховых грыж. Хирургические вмешательства могут выполняться как обычным (с применением скальпеля), так и малоинвазивным (с помощью эндоскопа) путем через небольшие проколы брюшной стенки. Хирург, детально изучив особенности клинического случая и анатомию конкретного пациента, посоветует, какой вариант операции наиболее предпочтителен.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"prevention": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Если паховая грыжа врожденная, предотвратить ее невозможно. И профилактические мероприятия в данном случае не помогут избежать операции. Но они окажутся действенными для предотвращения появления послеоперационных и приобретенных паховых грыж.</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">грамотная техника поднятия тяжестей, избегание поднятия слишком большого веса и чрезмерных нагрузок;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ношение бандажа во время силовых тренировок;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">регулярные физические нагрузки, как минимум – ежедневная утренняя гимнастика;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">тренировка мышц брюшного пресса;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">нормализация массы тела;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">правильное питание. Потребление достаточного количества клетчатки;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">избегание рациона, приводящего к вздутию живота и запорам;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">своевременное лечение болезней, сопровождающихся постоянным кашлем;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">бандаж в последнем триместре беременности.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В зависимости от особенностей клинического случая, симптоматика может нарастать за короткий период или постепенно.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Основной симптом - выпячивание в паху. Оно имеет вид опухоли, плотную текстуру и может быть разного размера. Пациенты как правило отмечают увеличение грыжевого образования во время нагрузок, кашля. В положении лёжа грыжа становится немного меньше. Далее появляется боль. Она чаще всего имеет постоянный характер. Боль как правило тупая, разной степени интенсивности. Пациент отмечает неприятные ощущения внизу живота и в паху, которые могут иррадиировать в область поясницы.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Также могут появляться и другие симптомы:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">дискомфорт при движении (если грыжевой мешок имеет большой размер);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">нарушения дефекации, метеоризм и боль в животе (при выпадении в грыжевой мешок части кишечника);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">нарушение мочеиспускания, боль в надлобковой области (если грыжа является скользящей и захватывает часть мочевого пузыря);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">симптомы интоксикации и выраженный болевой синдром возникают, если в грыжевом мешке находится аппендикс, и происходит его воспаление;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">увеличение мошонки на той стороне, где находится пахово-мошоночная грыжа;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">если грыжа возникла у женщины и нарушается расположение яичника и маточных труб, то появляется болезненность при менструации, нарушение цикла.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>",
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},
"code": "K41",
"name": "Бедренная грыжа",
"icd_name": "Бедренная грыжа",
"gender": 0,
"age_min": 45,
"age_max": 100,
"cause": [
"0"
],
"periodicity": 1,
"slug": "k41_bedrennaya_gryzha",
"lead": "выхождение внутренних органов через естественные либо приобретенные отверстия в мышечно-апоневротическом слое брюшины при сохранении целостности самой брюшины и кожного покрова",
"description": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Бедренная грыжа – это заболевание, при котором часть или целый орган брюшной полости выпячивается наружу через бедренный канал.</span></p>",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Причинами появления грыжи считаются:</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">анатомические особенности строения костей таза, пахового канала;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">тяжелые физические нагрузки, профессиональные занятия спортом;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">беременность и тяжелые роды у женщин;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">слабость соединительной ткани;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">хронические запоры;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ожирение;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">обструктивные заболевания легких, сопровождающиеся кашлем;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">оперативные вмешательства в прошлом.</span></li>\r\n</ul>",
"pathogenesis": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Бедренный канал – это патологическое анатомическое образование, через которое грыжа выходит наружу. В норме такой структуры не существует, но при развитии дисбаланса между внутрибрюшним давлением и опорной функцией брюшной стенки, между мышцами и соединительнотканными пучками образуются щели. Через них происходит «выталкивание» внутренних органов.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Одним из ключевых факторов, увеличивающих риск развития проблемы, являются различные аномалии коллагена. Этот белок служит основой для соединительнотканных структур, из которых состоит апоневроз мышц. Из-за молекулярных дефектов в его строении формируются «слабые» места в передней брюшной стенке. При повышении внутрибрюшного давления именно они и превращаются в грыжевые ворота</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для подтверждения и оценки общего состояния организма назначаются следующие дополнительные обследования:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Общий анализ крови и мочи, биохимический анализ крови. Позволяют исключить воспалительный процесс и выявить сопутствующую патологию.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ЭКГ, рентгенография органов грудной клетки. Эти тесты нужны для оценки функции легких и сердца перед предстоящей операцией.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">УЗИ патологической зоны и брюшной полости. С помощью этого метода доктор оценивает размеры грыжи, выявляет сопутствующую патологию внутренних органов.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Рентгеновская компьютерная томография (РКТ). Процедура назначается пациентам с выраженным ожирением и постоянными рецидивами грыж на фоне лечения.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Магнитно-резонансная томография (МРТ). Показана в трудных диагностических случаях.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Бедренная грыжа – это хирургическая патология, которая не поддается медикаментозному лечению. Наилучшие результаты обеспечивают современные малоинвазивные оперативные вмешательства.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Консервативное лечение:</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Консервативное лечение при бедренных грыжах направлено на временное улучшение самочувствия пациента на фоне подготовки к хирургическому вмешательству, во время и после его проведения. Используемые группы медикаментов:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">обезболивающие средства;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">антибиотики (при необходимости);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">нестероидные противовоспалительные препараты.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Если пациент страдает от сопутствующей патологии внутренних органов, назначается соответствующее медикаментозное сопровождение (слабительные, ферменты, кардиологические средства и другие).</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Хирургическое лечение бедренной грыжи:</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">«Золотым стандартом» лечения бедренных грыж остается их оперативное лечение. Суть подобного вмешательства заключается в удалении грыжевого мешка и укреплении брюшной стенки. Для этого могут использоваться как собственные ткани пациента, так и искусственные сетчатые протезы. При развитии необратимого поражения частей внутренних органов, которые находятся в грыжевом мешке, они подлежат удалению.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Операция грыжесечения может выполняться различными способами. Хирург в каждом конкретном случае выбирает персонифицированную тактику с учетом размеров выпячивания, анатомических особенностей пациента и возможных рисков.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Наиболее эффективными на сегодняшний день являются малоинвазивные вмешательства с имплантацией сетчатых протезов. Они позволяют достичь хорошего результата без повторного образования грыж у 95-99% пациентов против 85-90% при использовании обычных открытых операций.</span></p>",
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"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">На ранних этапах заболевания пациенты жалуются преимущественно на появление эластичного бугорка в области бедра. Характерной особенностью является изменение размеров выпячивания в зависимости от положения тела. При ходьбе и во время физической нагрузки выпуклость увеличивается. В это же время больной может испытывать дискомфорт или болезненные ощущения, которые возникают из-за перерастяжения тканей вследствие повышения внутрибрюшного давления.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При возникновении осложнений могут появляться следующие проявления:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">выраженные болезненные ощущения;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">покраснение выпячивания, отек, повышение локальной температуры тела;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">тошнота, рвота;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">появление крови в кале, отсутствие дефекации и отхождения газов.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При появлении указанных признаков грыжа больше не вправляется обратно и называется невправимой. Такая ситуация требует максимально быстрой доставки пациента в хирургическое отделение для проведения оперативного вмешательства.</span></p>",
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"etiology": "<p>Грыжи возникают вследствие дефекта анатомического строения пупочного кольца и действия факторов, которые вызывают повышение внутрибрюшного давления и растяжение передней брюшной стенки. Существует мнение о возможной роли наследственной предрасположенности в образовании пупочной грыжи у взрослых, что выражается в недоразвитии или отсутствии пупочной фасции, и это действительно выявляется во время операций. Однако пупочная фасция может разрушаться и вторично - из-за давления растущей грыжи. Причины, вызывающие повышение внутрибрюшного давления и растяжение брюшной стенки: беременность, ожирение, асцит различного происхождения, быстро растущие опухоли брюшной полости, упорные запоры. </p>\r\n<p>Образованию пупочной грыжи в детском возрасте способствует плач ребенка, постоянные запоры, газообразование в кишечнике, недоношенность. Иногда появление грыжи совпадает с началом хождения ребенка, особенно в тех случаях, когда он слишком рано принимает вертикальное положение. Склонность к образованию пупочной грыжи имеют дети с врожденным гипотиреозом, болезнью Дауна, болезнью Харлера, лактазной недостаточностью, дисбактериозом кишечника.</p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p>Пупочные грыжи формируются как результат дефекта развития передней брюшной стенки. Обычно самым слабым местом является верхний отдел пупочного кольца, через который проходит только пупочная вена, не имеющая мышечной оболочки. При недоразвитии брюшной фасции она прикрывает изнутри пупочное кольцо лишь частично, образуя дефекты, или же бывает слишком истончена и недостаточно прочна. При этом к возникновению грыжи могут привести все факторы, вызывающие резкое повышение внутрибрюшного давления.</p>\r\n<p> </p>",
"diagnostics": "<p>Диагноз ставится на основании клиники. К дополнительным методам исследования относят:</p>\r\n<ol>\r\n<li>УЗИ – позволяет выявить при больших грыжах содержимое грыжевого мешка и провести дифференциальную диагностику.</li>\r\n<li>Рентгеноконтрастное исследование и обзорная рентгенография практически не используются при неущемленных грыжах у детей, но могут быть применены при диагностических затруднениях у взрослых. Диагностически значимыми считаются обнаружение петель кишечника в проекции грыжевого мешка, нарушение пассажа контраста. </li>\r\n</ol>",
"treatment": "<p>У детей пупочная грыжа может спонтанно регрессировать, что связано с физиологическим укреплением мышц живота. Поэтому до 5-летнего возраста показано наблюдение за пупочной грыжей. В этот период рекомендуется выкладывание детей на животик, назначается тонизирующий массаж передней брюшной стенки, общий массаж, ЛФК, наложение лечебной лейкопластырной повязки на пупок.</p>\r\n<p>Взрослым и детям старше 5 лет с нерегрессировавшей пупочной грыжей показано хирургическое лечение (герниопластика). При пупочной грыже применяются два типа операций – герниопластика местными тканями и с использованием сетчатых имплантов.</p>",
"prevention": "<p> </p>\r\n<p>Мерами профилактики пупочной грыжи служат: предупреждение ситуаций, связанных с натуживанием грудного ребенка (надсадного крика и плача, вздутия живота, запоров и пр.), рациональное кормление, профилактический массаж и гимнастика, направленные на укрепление брюшной стенки, лечение дисбактериоза кишечника, ношение беременными дородового бандажа.</p>\r\n<p> </p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p>Пупочные грыжи у детей В вертикальном положении ребенка и при натуживании в области пупка появляется грыжевое выпячивание округлой или овальной формы, которое, как правило, вправляется самостоятельно при смене положения ребенка в горизонтальное на спине. В этом случае легко пальпируется расширенное пупочное кольцо, являющееся грыжевыми воротами. Ворота могут быть широкими - грыжа легко выходит и вправляется в брюшную полость, не причиняя ребенку никаких беспокойств и не травмируя внутренние органы. Если же грыжевые ворота узкие, ребенок периодически ведет себя беспокойно, плачет. </p>\r\n<p>Пупочные грыжи у взрослых Клинические проявления зависят от следующих факторов:</p>\r\n<p>- величина грыжи;</p>\r\n<p>- размеры грыжевых ворот;</p>\r\n<p>- выраженность спаечного процесса;</p>\r\n<p>- наличие или отсутствие осложнений;</p>\r\n<p>- сопутствующее ожирение. </p>\r\n<p>Размеры грыжи могут варьироваться от 1-2 см в диаметре до 20-30 см и более. Однако даже при очень больших грыжах грыжевые ворота достаточно малы и редко достигают в диаметре более 10 см.</p>\r\n<p>Небольшие пупочные грыжи (при условии, что они вправимы и не ущемлены) не причиняют больным значительных беспокойств. В том случае, когда содержимым грыжи является фиксированный в грыжевых воротах участок большого сальника, который как бы полностью тампонирует грыжу, она протекает бессимптомно и не увеличивается в размерах. Более часто, вследствие узости ворот, выхождение грыжи сопровождается болями, которые могут также зависеть от натяжения большого сальника, припаянного к стенкам грыжевого мешка. </p>\r\n<p>Большие грыжи при относительно узких воротах затрудняют проход содержимого по кишечнику. Типичные проявления: запоры, метеоризм, периодически появляющиеся боли в области грыжи, тошнота, рвота. Особенно сильно выражены эти явления при невправимых грыжах. Состояние пациентов может отягощаться тучностью и отвислым животом, что в сочетании с грыжей причиняет им значительные неудобства при ходьбе, физической нагрузке и сопровождается болями в спине.</p>\r\n<p>Когда больной находится в вертикальном положении и при натуживании в пупочной области появляется характерное выпячивание. Часто через истонченную кожу отчетливо видны контуры кишечных петель и их перистальтика. </p>\r\n<p> </p>",
"image": null,
"image_alt": null,
"standard_type": 3,
"danger": 1,
"published": 2,
"parent": null,
"block_rubric": 113,
"standards": []
}
]
}
