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"lead": "воспаление сухожилий, расположенных в области головки плеча, с их последующей дегенерацией",
"description": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Кальцифицирующий тендинит плечевого сустава возникает при отложении солей кальция на сухожилиях мышц, окружающих плечевой сустав. При этом возникает реактивное воспаление тканей вокруг кальциевых отложений (депозитов), что может сопровождаться болью. </span></p>",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Врачи выделяют факторы, увеличивающие риск развития воспалительного процесса:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">профессиональная деятельность, которая подразумевает интенсивные физические нагрузки на плечевой сустав;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">частые микроповреждения связок;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">болезнь сухожилий, характеризующаяся уменьшением упругости;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">нарушения осанки;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">заболевания инфекционного характера, болезнетворные микроорганизмы быстро распространяются по телу через кровеносную систему;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">частые стрессовые ситуации, депрессивные синдромы;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">аллергическая реакция на лекарства;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">дисплазия суставных тканей;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ослабление иммунной системы;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">повышенная концентрация сахара в организме;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">поражение щитовидной железы;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">длительное использование тугой повязки;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">операция в области плеча;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">аномальное строение суставной ткани плеча;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">остеохондроз шейного отдела;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">употребление спиртных напитков;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">курение;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">прием наркотических препаратов;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">частые и длительные переохлаждения;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">артрит и артроз;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">подагра.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
"pathogenesis": "",
"diagnostics": "<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-f14c87ba-7fff-61de-cff4-0dcd066df965\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">После обращения в клинику врач осматривает пациента, определяет локализацию болезненных ощущений. При постановке диагноза доктор учитывает отёчность и скованность движений. Симптоматика схожа с артритом. Главное отличие — воспалительный процесс сухожилия сопровождается уменьшением активных движений, пассивные сохраняются. Для постановки точного диагноза пациента направляют на магнитно-резонансную томографию. Используют инъекцию обезболивающего препарата в область вращательной манжеты плеча, при ослаблении дискомфорта диагностируют тендинит. Если МРТ недостаточно используют рентгенографию, артроскопию, рентген с использованием контраста. </span></span></p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Консервативное лечение</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Основная задача консервативного лечения это уменьшить воспаление и боль. Поэтому, на первом этапе консервативное лечение включает в себя покой и прием НПВС (ибупрофен). Противовоспалительные препараты позволяют уменьшить воспалительный процесс и снизить болевые прояления. При наличии сильной боли могут быть назначены инъекции кортикостероидов. Применение стероидов позволяет на некоторое время эффективно снять отек и воспаление.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В тот период времени, когда отложения кальция начинают реабсорбироваться, боль может быть особенно сильной. В таких случаях возможно удаление части депозитов кальция с использованием промывания физ. раствором через два прокола в области депозитов кальция. Эта процедура называется лаважем. Иногда при этой процедуре удается разбить кальцинаты на кусочки (их удаляют с помощью иглы). Удаление депозитов позволяет быстрее уменьшить болевой синдром и добиться более быстрого восстановления сухожилия. Даже тогда, когда промывание не удаляет отложения кальция, это может уменьшить давление в сухожилиях, что приводит к уменьшению боли.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Физиотерапия. Физиопроцедуры являются одной из основных составляющих консервативного лечения кальцинирующего тендинита. Применение такой методики, как ультразвук, помогает уменьшить болевой синдром и воспаление. Но эффект при применение ультразвука достигается только при курсовом лечении (до 24 процедур в течение 6 недель). Ударно-волновая терапия в настоящее время является наиболее современным методом консервативного лечения таких заболеваний. Ударная волна разрушает крупные депозиты кальция, что позволяет организму быстрее абсорбировать их.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ЛФК показано в стадии завершения реабсорбции и позволяет восстановить мышечный тонус и улучшить кровоснабжение структур плеча. Как правило, проводится индивидуальный подбор упражнений и ЛФК проводится в течение 4-6 недель. Проведение физических упражнений очень важно для укрепления мышц вращающей манжеты плеча, так как эти мышцы помогают контролировать стабильность плечевого сустава. Укрепление этих мышц может фактически уменьшить давление на депозиты кальция в сухожилии.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Хирургическое лечение</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При неэффективности консервативного лечения и ухудшение функций плеча или наличие стойкого болевого синдром рекомендуется оперативное лечение. Как правило, хирургическое лечение проводится малоинвазивным атроскопическим методом, что позволяет пациенту не оставаться на ночь в хирургическом отделении. Хирург при атроскопической операции визуально определяет локализацию депозитов кальция в сухожилиях вращательной манжеты, удаляет их и промывает эту область, удаляются также свободные кристаллы кальция, которые могут раздражать окружающие ткани.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В редких случаях, бывает, необходима открытая операция. При такой операции до депозитов кальция доступ идет через разрез мышц связок с удалением части сухожилий. После удаления депозитов проводится сшивание мышц и сухожилий.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Реабилитация после операции на плече может занять достаточно длительный промежуток времени. В первые 6-8 недель после операции рекомендуется ношение ортеза и ограничение движений, затем необходимо постепенно начинать разработку сустава и сочетать физиопроцедуры с ЛФК. Объем нагрузок на сустав необходимо увеличивать постепенно и очень аккуратно под наблюдением врача ЛФК. Начинают упражнения, как правило, не ранее чем через 6 недель после операции. Упражнения направлены на улучшение мышечной силы плечевого пояса и мышц ротаторной манжеты. Полное восстановление функций плеча после операции может занять от 3 до 4 месяцев. После открытой операции восстановление идет намного медленнее, чем при атроскопической резекции.</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Из-за не до конца выясненной этиологии возникновения заболевания целенаправленной профилактики кальцифицирующего тендинита плеча не существует. Есть только общие рекомендации специалистов: избегать травм и резких нагрузок в быту и при занятии спортом, укреплять мышцы плечевого пояса, следить за обменом веществ, избегать переохлаждений.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Болезнь характеризуется резким появлением симптоматики. Изначально возникают острые болезненные ощущения, которые усиливаются при движении верхней конечности. Выделяют следующие симптомы:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">дискомфорт возрастает в ночное время суток, возможна бессонница;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">прощупывание пораженной области сопровождается усилением боли;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">при движении верхней конечностью возможен скрипящий звук;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">покраснение кожных покровов;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">увеличение температуры пораженной области;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">отложения кальция в суставных тканях, ослабление сухожилия;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ограничение в движении, рука поднимается только на 90 градусов.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
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"code": "N21.0",
"name": "Камни в мочевом пузыре",
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"lead": "проявление мочекаменной болезни, характеризующееся наличием в полости мочевого пузыря солевых или кальцифицированных конкрементов",
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"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Причины возникновения камней в мочевом пузыре могут быть достаточно разнообразны. В большинстве случаев камнеобразование происходит из-за нарушения оттока мочи. Мочевой пузырь не опорожняется полностью, концентрированные выделения застаиваются, а нерастворимые соли из них начинают кристаллизоваться, и возникают конкременты различного состава и размера. </span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Образование камней в мочевом пузыре может быть вызвано рядом сопутствующих патологий. Среди них:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">аденома предстательной железы;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">воспалительные процессы в органах мочеполовой системы;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">наличие в мочевыводящих и половых органах инородных тел;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">поражения ЦНС и травмы спинного мозга, сопровождающиеся нарушениями мочеиспускания;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">патологии внутренних мышц;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">миграция камней из почек в мочевой пузырь;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">шистосоматоз (паразитарное заболевание);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">цистоцеле (опущение мочевого пузыря у женщин);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">врожденные и приобретенные нарушения обмена веществ (медикаментозные, метаболические, воспалительные);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">нарушение физико-химических свойств выделений.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>",
"pathogenesis": "",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При наличии подозрения на камни в мочевом пузыре специалист обязательно проводит исследование мочи. Этот метод диагностики позволяет определить точное количество солей и других инородных веществ, находящихся в моче при данном заболевании. Для определения состава и величины конкрементов врач применяет специальные исследования, а именно:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">УЗИ мочевого пузыря;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">экскреторная урография (диагностическая процедура, включающая в себя внутривенное введение специального вещества с последующей рентгенографией органов брюшной полости, что позволяет увидеть не только количество конкрементов в мочевом пузыре, но и определить причину нарушения процесса мочеиспускания);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">томография (дает возможность оценить место локализации камней и их размеры);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">цистоскопия (при проведении процедуры используется цистоскоп, который врач вводит пациенту сначала в мочеиспускательный канал, а затем в мочевой пузырь, осматривая при помощи оптической системы любые изменения их внутренней полости);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">магнитно-резонансную рентгенотомографию (МРТ).</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Курс лечения камней в мочевом пузыре может включать как консервативные, так и оперативные методы. Медикаментозная методика лечения состоит из приема или введения специальных препаратов, способствующих прохождению камня по каналу и выпадению его в мочевой пузырь. Также больному назначают определенную диету в зависимости от вида выявленных конкрементов. Но в данном случае следует отметить, что данный вид лечения может устранить лишь острые приступы, а не основную причину заболевания: сам конкремент. Поэтому, если этот метод терапии не приносит положительных результатов, то врач проводит оперативное лечение. Это может быть:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Цистолитотомия (хирургический метод камнесечения, проводящийся с помощью эндоскопической техники в полости мочевого пузыря. Врач вводит цистоскоп в мочевой пузырь и дробит конкременты. Если сделать это невозможно, то делается небольшой разрез в надлобковой области живота, после чего конкременты извлекаются);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">цистолитотрипсия (дробление камней в мочевом пузыре проводится с помощью цистолитотриптора, которым захватывается конкремент и фрагментируется в центре полости мочевого пузыря, вымывая при этом его огромным количеством жидкости).</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Проведение определенного вида хирургической методики лечения напрямую зависит от результатов диагностического обследования и непосредственно от рекомендаций и назначений специалиста. Независимо от вида все операции проводятся только под анестезией. После оперативного вмешательства больному вставляют катетер для устранения мочи, назначаются антибиотики для приема, курс лечения ими длится обычно пять-семь дней.</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Профилактика включает своевременную диагностику и лечение заболеваний, провоцирующих образование камней в мочевом пузыре.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Часто наличие конкрементов, в том числе достаточно больших, не сопровождается какими-либо симптомами и диагностируется случайно в ходе плановых обследований. Признаки камней в мочевом пузыре начинают проявляться при постоянном контакте образования со стенками мочевого пузыря, вызывающем раздражение слизистой, а также тогда, когда камень начинает мешать нормальному оттоку мочи. </span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Среди характерных симптомов заболевания пациенты часто отмечают следующие:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">болезненные ощущения внизу живота, над лобком;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">резкие позывы к мочеиспусканию, сопровождающиеся болевыми ощущениями, особенно во время активного движения;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">появление в моче кровянистых включений и сгустков;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ноющие боли в пояснице, бедрах и гениталиях;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">прерывание струи мочи, не позволяющее завершить мочеиспускание без смены положения тела;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">периодическое недержание мочи при застревании конкремента в шейке сфинктера пузыря;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">приапизм, энурез и болезненная эрекция;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">хронический цистит и пиелонефрит (при присоединении инфекции);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">гематурия (в случае травматизации конкрементом расширенных сосудов шейки пузыря).</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>",
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},
"code": "N20.1",
"name": "Камни мочеточника",
"icd_name": "Камни мочеточника",
"gender": 0,
"age_min": 40,
"age_max": 100,
"cause": [
"0"
],
"periodicity": 1,
"slug": "n20.1_kamni_mochetochnika",
"lead": "твёрдое образование в мочевыводящих путях, которое блокирует отток мочи",
"description": "",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Основной механизм образования конкрементов – нарушенный метаболизм, особенно с изменением водно-электролитного и химического состава крови. Факторами риска являются:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">отягощенная наследственность (наличие мочекаменной болезни у ближайших родственников);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">особенности питания (приверженность к острому, кислому и соленому, что повышает кислотность мочи);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">химические свойства воды для питья (повышенная жесткость и повышенное содержание солей);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">малоподвижный образ жизни;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">дефицит в организме ретинола и токоферола;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">прием ряда фармацевтических препаратов (сульфаниламиды, чрезмерное употребление витамина С);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">период длительной иммобилизации после травм;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">заболевания мочевыделительной системы;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">эндокринные расстройства (дисфункция паращитовидных желез).</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Встречаются также вторичные факторы образования конкрементов, которые связаны с нарушением пассажа мочи. На этом фоне растворенные соли начинают кристаллизоваться и выпадать в осадок.</span></p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лоханочно-мочеточниковый сегмент – это место перехода почечной лоханки большего диаметра в мочеточник с просветом 2-3 мм. Вслед за лоханочно-мочеточниковым сегментом просвет мочеточника расширяется до 10 мм, поэтому небольшой камень может сместиться дистальнее – до второго физиологического сужения на уровне подвздошных сосудов. В этом месте мочеточник пересекает верхнюю границу входа в таз и вновь сужается до диаметра 4 мм. Третьим физиологическим сужением мочеточника является пузырно-мочеточниковый сегмент, где диаметр мочеточника составляет 1-5 мм. В верхней трети мочеточника застревает примерно 25% камней, в средней – около 45%, в нижней – до 70%. Для задержки в мочеточнике диаметр камня должен превышать 2 мм.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В патогенезе камнеобразования первостепенное значение играет изменение рН мочи, нарушение ее коллоидного состояния и снижение растворяющей способности. Такие изменения могут развиваться под влиянием инфекции, прежде всего, пиелонефрита. Известная роль здесь отводится факторам, приводящим к уростазу, - неправильному строению чашечек и лоханок, стриктурам и клапанам мочеточника, неполному опорожнению мочевого пузыря при стриктуре уретры, аденоме простаты, дивертикулах мочевыводящих путей, позвоночно-спинномозговых травмах и т. д.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Диагностика мочекаменной болезни включает лабораторные и инструментальные (визуализационные) методы обследования. Для выявления камня в мочеточнике назначается:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">общий клинический анализ мочи, биохимия крови;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">УЗИ органов выделительной системы: обнаружение конкрементов в почках, верхних и нижних мочеточниковых сегментах;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">дуплексное сканирование почечных сосудов: оценка показателей мочеточникового выброса, почечного кровотока, определение степени обтурации;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">обзорная урография, рентген-дифракционное исследование: дифференциация рентгенопозитивных и рентгенонегативных камней;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">КТ, бесконтрастная или с контрастом (более информативное рентгенологическое исследование, позволяющее определять размер, плотность, точную локализацию конкремента);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">МСКТ;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">магнитно-резонансная урография: оценка текущего состояния всех мягкотканных компонентов чашечно-лоханочной системы.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Выбор метода лечения камней в мочеточнике у мужчин и женщин зависит от выраженности основных симптомов и направлено как на удаление самих конкрементов, так и на устранение причины их образования. Врачи используют консервативные и хирургические методики.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Консервативное лечение</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Консервативное лечение проводится сразу по нескольким направлениям. Основным является эвакуация конкрементов их мочевых путей. Выбор метода удаления зависит от типа камней. Уратные конкременты единственные в своем роде, которые можно растворить. Для этого уролог назначает диуретические препараты, специальную диету и ощелачивание мочи.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Оксалатные камни не поддаются растворению. Однако, если их размеры не больше 4-5 мм (именно такой диаметр имеют физиологические сужения мочеточника), то можно попробовать их эвакуировать из организма целиком. Для этого уролог рекомендует употреблять около 2,5 литров воды в сутки, соблюдать диету и способствовать ощелачиванию урины. Отхождение камня продолжается около месяца и сопровождается интенсивной болью. Для ее купирования применяются спазмолитики и анальгетики (конкретные препараты назначает уролог). Если же диаметр образования превышает 4 мм, то без хирургического удаления не обойтись.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Фосфат-содержащие камни в первую очередь возникают при повышении щелочности мочи, поэтому лечение заключается в ее подкислении. Для этого рекомендовано употребление кислых соков, отваров барбариса и шиповника. В результате создаются условия для быстрого разрушения и выведения образований через мочевые пути.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Струвитные камни могут быть удалены только хирургическим путем.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Консервативное лечение может также включать противовоспалительную и антибактериальную терапию. Она назначается, если на фоне нарушенного пассажа мочи развилось воспаление почек.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Хирургическое лечение камней в мочеточнике</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Хирургическая помощь при наличии камней в мочеточнике заключается в их удалении из организма.</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Основными показаниями являются:</span><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">камни большого диаметра – 8-10 мм и более;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">струвитные камни;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">осложненные формы мочекаменной болезни независимо от размера камней.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Открытые операции в настоящее время практически не проводятся ввиду большой травматичности и длительного периода восстановления. Предпочтение отдается малоинвазивным методикам. </span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Дистанционная литотрипсия – дробление под воздействием электромагнитных волн. Применяется, если диаметр камня не более 25 мм, а плотность невысока.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Чрескожная литотрипсия – дробление после введения в просвет мочеточника специальных инструментов. Применяется только, если камень расположен в верхней трети мочеточника.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Контактная литотрипсия – разрушение и извлечение конкрементов с помощью уретероскопа, который введен в просвет мочеточника через естественные отверстия (разрезы и проколы отсутствуют). Лазерный или ультразвуковой луч напрямую контактируют с камнем и разрушают его. Применяется, если камень высокой плотности, а размер не более 10 мм.</span></li>\r\n</ul>",
"prevention": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Профилактика и предупреждение рецидивов образования камней в мочеточниках требует лечения нарушений обмена, пиелонефрита, уростаза. После удаления камня и восстановления пассажа мочи необходима ликвидация анатомической причины обструкции (стриктур и клапанов мочеточников, гиперплазии простаты и др.).</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Пациенту с той или иной формой уролитиаза рекомендуется диетотерапия (ограничение поваренной соли, жиров), ежедневный применение не менее 1,5-2 л жидкости, специальных фитосборов, курортная реабилитация.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Камни в мочеточнике проявляются разнообразными симптомами:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">наиболее частый симптом – боли в поясничной области, внизу живота, в области мочевого пузыря</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">примеси крови в моче</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">повышенная температура тела</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Боль носит постоянный характер, от острой до тупой, усиливается при изменении положения тела, физической активности – прыжках, беге. Но возможно и протекание болезни без боли, когда камень неподвижен и не полностью блокирует отток мочи из почки либо когда почка не функциональна. Приступ острой боли в поясничной области под воздействием конкрементов называют почечной коликой.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Б</span><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">оль может передаваться в подвздошную, паховую области, а также в области наружных половых органов и внутренней поверхности бедра. Во время приступа почечной колики больной беспокоен, мечется, принимает разные положения. Почечную колику сопровождают следующие симптомы:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">тошнота, рвота, не приносящая облегчения</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">нарушения в работе кишечника</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">напряжение мышц в области поясницы и передней брюшной стенки</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">уменьшение объёма выделяемой мочи, а иногда и полное её отсутствие (менее 50 мл в сутки)</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">озноб</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">брадикардия (редкий пульс)</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">жжение в мочеиспускательном канале, болезненное мочеиспускание (при расположении камня около соединения мочеточника с мочевым пузырём)</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При МКБ у 80-90% пациентов наблюдается гематурия (примесь крови в моче). Это происходит из-за повреждения камнем чашечно-лоханочной системы почки и мочеточника.</span></p>\r\n<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-1f68284a-7fff-31a6-f1ab-5081553d0019\"> </span></p>",
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"lead": "проявление мочекаменной болезни, характеризующееся образованием в почках солевых конкрементов (камней)",
"description": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Камни почки – твердые кристаллообразные отложения, которые состоят из нерастворимых солей, образующихся в человеческом организме при нарушении обмена веществ. Камни могут быть разной величины – одни размером с песчинку, другие от нескольких сантиметров в диаметре. Обычно пациент даже не подозревает об их наличии, пока они не начинают продвигаться к выходу из почки, чем способны причинить сильную боль.</span></p>",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Факторы, провоцирующие образование камней, бывают внутренними и внешними. Внутренними причинами являются:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">генетическая предрасположенность;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">пиелонефрит, уретрит, цистит и другие воспалительные заболевания мочевыделительной системы, имеющие инфекционное происхождение;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">нарушения обмена веществ: гиперпаратиреоз (гиперфункция околощитовидных желез), подагра;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">инфекционные заболевания, не связанные с мочевыводящим трактом (ангина, остеомиелит, фурункулез, сальпингоофорит и т.д.);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">избыток, нехватка или повышенная активность некоторых ферментов в организме;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">заболевания печени и желчевыводящих путей;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">врожденные аномалии почек, мочеточников;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">заболевания ЖКТ (гастрит, панкреатит и т.д.);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">недостаток двигательной активности, обусловленный постельным режимом (вследствие травм, болезней).</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">К внешним причинам относятся:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">неблагоприятное воздействие окружающей среды;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">особенности почвы, климата, химического состава употребляемой в местности проживания воды (наличие некоторых солей в составе);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">малоподвижный образ жизни;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">вредные условия труда (тяжелая физическая работа, высокие температуры, химические испарения и т.д.);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">злоупотребление пищей, богатой пуринами (азотистыми соединениями, которые преобразуются в человеческом организме в мочевую кислоту): к таким продуктам относятся мясо и субпродукты, рыба (особенно речная), спаржа, цветная капуста, брокколи;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">употребление слишком малого количества жидкости.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Образование камней в почках происходит в результате сложного физико-химического процесса при нарушениях коллоидного баланса и изменениях почечной паренхимы. Известная роль принадлежит неблагоприятным местным условиям в мочевых путях – инфекциям (пиелонефриту, нефротуберкулезу, циститу, уретриту), простатиту, аномалиям почки, гидронефрозу, аденоме предстательной железы, дивертикулиту и другим патологическим процессам, нарушающим пассаж мочи.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Замедление оттока мочи из почки вызывает застой в чашечно-лоханочной системе, перенасыщение мочи различными солями и их выпадение в осадок, задержку отхождения с мочой песка и микролитов. В свою очередь, развивающийся на фоне уростаза инфекционный процесс приводит к попаданию в мочу воспалительных субстратов - бактерий, слизи, гноя, белка. Эти вещества участвуют в образовании первичного ядра будущего конкремента, вокруг которого кристаллизуются соли, в избытке присутствующие в моче.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Из группы молекул образуется так называемая элементарная клетка – мицелла, служащая первоначальным ядром камня. «Строительным» материалом для ядра могут выступать аморфные осадки, фибриновые нити, бактерии, клеточный детрит, инородные тела, присутствующие в моче. Дальнейшее развитие процесса камнеобразования зависит от концентрации и соотношения солей в моче, рН мочи, качественного и количественного состава мочевых коллоидов.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Чаще всего камнеобразование начинается в почечных сосочках. Первоначально внутри собирательных канальцев формируются микролиты, большая часть которых не задерживается в почках и свободно вымывается мочой. При изменении химических свойств мочи (высокой концентрации, смещении рН и пр.) происходят процессы кристаллизации, приводящие к задержке микролитов в канальцах и инкрустации сосочков. В дальнейшем камень может продолжать «расти» в почке или спускаться в мочевыводящие пути.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Диагностика заболевания осуществляется урологом, который при необходимости направляет пациента к хирургу. Сначала проводятся сбор анамнеза и осмотр пациента. Затем назначаются следующие обязательные исследования:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">общие и биохимические анализы мочи и крови;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">урография (рентгенологическое обследование мочевыводящих путей);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">УЗИ органов мочевыделительной системы.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Дополнительно могут быть назначены:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">компьютерная томография почек (для оценки размеров и плотности камня и состояния окружающих тканей);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">радионуклидное сканирование почек (для оценки функции почек);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">посев мочи на микрофлору (для выявления инфекции в органах мочевыделительной системы).</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Консервативное лечение</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лечение нефролитиаза может быть консервативным или оперативным и во всех случаях направлено на удаление камней из почек, устранение инфекции и предупреждение повторного образования конкрементов. При мелких почечных камнях (до 3 мм), которые могут быть выведены самостоятельно, назначается обильная водная нагрузка и диета, исключающая мясо и субпродукты.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При уратных камнях рекомендуется молочно-растительная диета, ощелачивающая мочу, щелочные минеральные воды (боржоми, ессентуки); при фосфатных конкрементах – прием кислых минеральных вод (Кисловодск, Железноводск, Трускавец) и т. д. Дополнительно под контролем уролога могут применяться лекарственные препараты, растворяющие камни в почках (например, цитратная терапия при уратных конкрементах).</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Первая помощь при почечной колике</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При развитии почечной колики лечебные мероприятия направлены на снятие обструкции и болевого приступа. С этой целью применяются инъекции платифиллина, метамизола натрия, морфина или комбинированных анальгетиков в сочетании раствором атропина; проводится теплая сидячая ванна, прикладывается грелка к поясничной области. При некупирующейся почечной колике требуется проведение новокаиновой блокады семенного канатика (у мужчин) или круглой связки матки (у женщин), проведение катетеризации мочеточника.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Хирургическое лечение назначается в следующих случаях:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">при неэффективности консервативной терапии;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">при наличии осложнений.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Перед операцией пациенту назначают антибиотики, антиоксиданты и препараты, улучшающие микроциркуляцию крови.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Хирургическое вмешательство может быть:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">малоинвазивным (малотравматичным, операция производится через небольшие проколы или естественные отверстия);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">традиционным (открытое хирургическое вмешательство осуществляется через разрезы).</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">К малоинвазивным методам относятся:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лапароскопические операции. В области поясницы делают маленький надрез (1-2 см), через который в почку вводят специальный инструмент троакар (представляет собой трубку) и зонд. Если камень небольших размеров, его извлекают сразу, если крупный – предварительно дробят.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Эндоскопические операции. Такое хирургическое лечение проводится через естественные пути или через небольшие проколы с помощью прибора эндоскопа.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">К традиционным хирургическим методам относятся:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Нефролитомия – операция, при которой камень устраняют из лоханки или чашечек почки;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Уретеролитотомия – хирургическое удаление камня из мочеточника;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Пиелолитотомия – устранение образования из почечной лоханки.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">К традиционным хирургическим методам прибегают, если камень имеет внушительные размеры или у пациента наблюдается почечная недостаточность.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"prevention": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Общие принципы профилактики камней почек заключаются в следующем:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Поддержание нормального баланса воды в организме, проще говоря, потребление достаточного количества жидкости в день.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Оптимизация питания. Выбор диеты определяется видом конкремента, обнаруженным у человека ранее, или данными анализа мочи (кислотность, содержание солей, кристаллов и др.).</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Медикаментозная профилактика камней почек.</span></li>\r\n</ul>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Характерным признаком проблемы становится боль разной интенсивности и частоты. Как правило, она возникает в боку и области поясницы. По ощущениям болевой синдром напоминает резкие пронзительные приступы боли. В запущенных случаях появляются почечные колики — это говорит о формировании крупных камней. Также возникает острая боль при мочеиспускании. Другие симптомы болезни:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">иррадиация почечной колики вниз живота и область бедра;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">кровь в моче, но не стоит путать с обычным окрашиванием после приёма красящих продуктов (например, свёклы);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">регулярные повышения температуры тела на фоне других характерных симптомов;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">отёчность рук и ног с утра, мешки под глазами — обычно спадают к вечеру;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">перепады артериального давления, вызванные нарушениями мочевыводящих путей;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">снижение или превышение суточной нормы мочи (нормой считается количество 1-1,5 литров или 3/4 общего объёма выпитой жидкости за сутки);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">изменение цвета и структуры кожи, появление подкожной сосудистой сетки;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">общая слабость, недомогание, быстрое переутомление.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-cd17c203-7fff-6949-2e93-36e1ec0692b8\"> </span></p>",
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"lead": "Нарушение здоровья, относящееся к группе мочекаменная болезнь",
"description": "Мочекаменная болезнь является \"многопричинным\" заболеванием, характеризующимся наличием камня или нескольких камней в почках или в мочевых путях. Появление инородных тел в мочевыводящем тракте приводит к повреждению слизистой оболочки и воспалению, вызывающим типичную клиническую картину болезни.",
"etiology": "<p>Это заболевание является полиэтиологичным, то есть к его развитию приводят несколько факторов. Чаще всего мочекаменная болезнь развивается у людей в возрасте 20-45 лет, причем мужчины страдают от нее в 2,5-3 раза чаще, чем женщины.</p>\r\n<p>К факторам, способствующим камнеобразованию в почках, относятся:</p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>генетическая предрасположенность;</li>\r\n<li>питье воды, богатой определенными минеральными солями;</li>\r\n<li>недостаточный водный режим – потребление малого количества жидкости;</li>\r\n<li>малоподвижный образ жизни;</li>\r\n<li>употребление в пищу продуктов, богатых пуриновыми соединениями (мясо, из овощей – шпинат, фасоль).</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p>Причинами камнеобразования являются болезни различных органов:</p>\r\n<ol>\r\n<li>Инфекционно-воспалительные заболевания мочевыводящего тракта: пиелонефрит, цистит, уретрит.</li>\r\n<li>Болезни желудка и других органов пищеварительного тракта: гепатит, гастрит, панкреатит и другие.</li>\r\n<li>Врожденные и приобретенные аномалии почек и мочеточников.</li>\r\n<li>Заболевания обмена веществ: подагра, гиперпаратиреоз.</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p>Все вышеуказанные состояния приводят к изменению кислотно-основного равновесия в организме, что и ведет к образованию камней в почках.</p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p>Патогенез мочекаменной болезни разные авторы связывают с одной из трёх основных гипотез:</p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>усиленной преципитации-кристаллизации;</li>\r\n<li>формирования матрицы - ядрообразование;</li>\r\n<li>недостаточности ингибиторов кристаллизации.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p>В первой гипотезе преципитации-кристаллизации подчёркивают значение перенасыщения мочи кристаллоидами, что приводит к их осаждению в виде кристаллов.</p>\r\n<p>Матричная гипотеза камнеобразования основана на предположении, что ряд органических субстанций вначале формирует ядро, на котором в дальнейшем происходит рост камня вследствие преципитации кристаллов. К таким субстанциям некоторые авторы относят мочевой микроглобулин, коллаген, мукопротеиды и т.д.</p>\r\n<p>Третья гипотеза связывает развитие мочекаменной болезни с отсутствием ингибиторов даже при нормальной концентрации солей в моче.</p>\r\n<p>Повышение камнеобразующих веществ в сыворотке крови приводит к увеличению их выделения почками - основным органом, участвующим в поддержании гомеостаза, - и к перенасыщению мочи. В перенасыщенном растворе соли выпадают в виде кристаллов, что в дальнейшем служит фактором образования сначала микролитов, а затем за счёт оседания новых кристаллов - мочевых камней. Однако моча часто бывает перенасыщена солями (вследствие изменения характера питания, климатических условий и др.), но при этом образования конкрементов не происходит. Наличие только одного перенасыщения мочи недостаточно для образования конкремента. Для развития мочекаменной болезни необходимы и другие факторы, такие как нарушение оттока мочи, инфекция мочевых путей и т.д. Кроме того, в моче присутствуют вещества, способствующие поддержанию солей в растворённом виде и препятствующие их кристаллизации.</p>",
"diagnostics": "<p>Диагностика основывается на жалобах больного, а также данных лабораторных, рентгенорадиоизотопных, ультразвуковых (УЗИ) исследований.</p>\r\n<p>Внедрение УЗИ расширило возможности выявления не только рентгенопозитивных, но и рентгенонегативных камней почек. Обнаруживаются камни любой консистенции и различных размеров, не только в чашечнолоханочной системе, но и в инкрустированных чашечках. УЗИ расширяет информацию о состоянии чашечнолоханочной системы, показывает степень ее расширения.</p>\r\n<p>Рентгенологические методы исследования являются наиболее распространенными. Обзорный снимок мочевыводящих путей позволяет установить не только наличие рентгенопозитивного камня, его величину, но и локализацию. По данным экскреторной урографаи удается установить локализацию конкремента (в лоханке, чашечке или мочеточнике). При рентгенонегативном камне на фоне рентгеноконтрастного вещества виден «дефект наполнения», соответствующий локализации конкремента. Ретроградная пиелография производится крайне редко по строгим показаниям.</p>\r\n<p>При изучении функционального состояния почек ключевое значение принадлежит радионуклидным методам исследования. С их помощью удается установить функциональное состояние пораженной и контралатеральной (второй) почки, установить парциальные нарушения почечной паренхимы. Метод позволяет оценить физические характеристики конкремента (объем, плотность, распределение его в объеме).</p>",
"treatment": "<p>Методы лечения больных мочекаменной болезнью разнообразны, но их можно разделить на две основные группы: консервативные и оперативные. Выбор метода лечения зависит от общего состояния больного, его возраста, от клинического течения заболевания, величины и локализации камня, от анатомо-функционального состояния почки, стадии хронической почечной недостаточности.</p>\r\n<p>Для устранения болевого синдрома применяют анальгетики, на скорой помощи и в больнице могут быть использованы даже наркотические препараты. Облегчают боль также спазмолитические препараты – на фоне хорошей спазмолитической терапии камень может самостоятельно выйти.</p>\r\n<p>Для растворения конкрементов используют препараты, изменяющие кислотно-основное равновесие крови и меняющие кислотность мочи. Препарат подбирается с учетом типа конкрементов, которых насчитывают несколько видов: цистиновые, оксалатные, фосфатные.</p>\r\n<p>Из консервативных методов лечения применяется и физиотерапия: пациентам назначают магнито-терапию, амплипульс-терапию, индуктотермию и другие методы.</p>\r\n<p>Крупные мочевые камни, не поддающиеся растворению, разрушают на мелкие фрагменты, которые либо выходят сами, либо удаляются хирургическим путем. Разрушают камни посредством литотрипсии, воздействуя на них ударной волной.</p>\r\n<p>В том случае, когда раздробить камень не получается, проводят хирургическую операцию. В зависимости от объема операции различают следующие типы операций при мочекаменной болезни:</p>\r\n<ol>\r\n<li>Пиелолитотомия – конкремент из почки удаляется через небольшой разрез почечной лоханки.</li>\r\n<li>Нефролитотомия – разрез делают непосредственно через почку. Эта операция показана при камнях, которые невозможно удалить другими методами и при неэффективности литотрипсии. Является самой тяжелой для пациента операцией.</li>\r\n<li>Уретеролитотрипсия– операция по удалению камня из мочеточника.</li>\r\n</ol>",
"prevention": "<p>Профилактические меры по предупреждению развития патологии заключаются в соблюдении принципов правильного питания, избегание гиподинамии, сбалансированной суточной нормы потребляемой жидкости для образования достаточного объема мочевых масс, приеме необходимых медикаментов.</p>\r\n<p>Нелишне будет пропивать курсами специальные растительные сборы, биодобавки, минеральные воды, нормализующие работу почек и выводящей системы. Проходить для профилактики рецидива камнеобразования плановое медицинское обследование — УЗИ, анализы мочи и крови.</p>\r\n<p> </p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p>Основными симптомами МКБ являются: боль, гематурия, дизурия, отхождение кристаллов мочевых солей или конкрементов.</p>\r\n<p>Болевой синдром. В зависимости от величины, формы, расположения и степени подвижности камня боль может иметь различный характер. Если камень почки имеет большие размеры, неподвижный и не нарушает отток мочи, то боли вообще может не быть («немой камень»). Как правило, камень почки или мочеточника вызывает боль, нередко в виде почечной колики. Частота ее при нефролитиазе достигает 70%, а при камнях мочеточников – у 90% и выше. Острое растяжение полости почки и фиброзной капсулы проявляется в виде болевого синдрома. Почечная колика возникает внезапно, без видимых причин, днем или ночью, в покое или при движении. Боль носит нестерпимый характер и локализуется в правой или левой поясничной области с распространением вниз по ходу мочеточника в подвздошную область, пах, внутренние поверхности бедра и наружные половые органы. Продолжительность колики – от нескольких минут до суток и более. При обтурации камнем просвета мочеточника могут возникнуть тошнота, рвота, иногда – анурия (отсутствие мочи). Присоединение инфекции проявляется повышением температуры тела, ознобом.</p>\r\n<p>Гематурию (кровь в моче) микроскопически обнаруживают в 75-90% случаев.</p>\r\n<p>У больных с низко расположенными камнями мочеточников могут появиться поллакиурия (учащенное мочеиспускание), никтурия (учащенное ночное мочеиспускание), дизурия (нарушение мочеиспускания).</p>\r\n<p>Отхождение конкремента с мочой является абсолютным признаком МКБ. Обычно это происходит вскоре после приступа почечной колики. У некоторых больных бывает безболезненное отхождение конкрементов.</p>",
"image": null,
"image_alt": null,
"standard_type": 3,
"danger": 1,
"published": 2,
"parent": null,
"block_rubric": 150,
"standards": []
}
]
}