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"code": "K03.4",
"name": "Гиперцементоз",
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"lead": "образование большого количества цемента у корня зуба",
"description": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Гиперцементоз - процесс избыточного отложения вторичного цемента, во время которого корень зуба подвергается деформации: утолщается, также на нем образуются характерные выступы.</span></p>",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Образование цемента может быть спровоцировано:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #3b3b3b; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">компенсаторной реакцией организма на хроническое воспалительное заболевание периодонта,</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #3b3b3b; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">неполным вывихом зуба во время стоматологической операции или в результате окклюзионной травмы (повышенной нагрузки, вызвавшей расшатанность зубов),</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #3b3b3b; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">болезнью Педжета (нарушение процесса рециркуляции веществ в организме, при котором новая костная ткань постепенно замещает старую),</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #3b3b3b; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">диффузным токсическим зобом,</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #3b3b3b; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">акромегалией,</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #3b3b3b; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">гипофизарным гигантизмом.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>",
"pathogenesis": "",
"diagnostics": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При данном заболевании отсутствуют какие-либо клинические признаки, а пациента ничего не беспокоит. Для диагностики стоматологом используется рентгенография зуба, где отмечается расширение корня. Его окружает область, заполненная периодонтальной связкой, а дентин покрывает избыточный слой цемента.</span></p>",
"treatment": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Избыточное образование цемента не играет какой-либо деструктивной роли, и, напротив, является компенсаторным процессом. Необходимость лечения гиперцементоза возникает только тогда, когда слои цемента препятствуют удалению зуба. В таком случае необходимо лечение первоначального заболевания, тогда оссифицирующий периодонтит проходит самостоятельно.</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Специфическая профилактика гиперцементоза также отсутствует. Рекомендуются общие профилактические меры, снижающие риск всех зубных и системных заболеваний: </span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Регулярные профилактические осмотры у стоматолога не реже двух раз в год, своевременное лечение диагностированных зубных заболеваний и аномалий. </span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Качественная гигиена ротовой полости, систематическое проведение профессиональной чистки зубов. </span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Правильное, полноценное питание с целью обеспечения организма всеми необходимыми веществами. </span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Отказ от пищи, своей структурой или составом наносящей вред зубам. </span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Слишком твердой, сладкой, чрезмерно богатой легко усваиваемыми углеводами пищи. </span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Введение в меню продуктов, богатых содержанием кальция и фтора. </span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Отказ от курения и других вредных привычек.</span></li>\r\n</ul>",
"clinical_picture": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Заболевание протекает бессимптомно. Поскольку видимые клинические проявления отсутствуют, гиперцементоз чаще всего диагностируется во время рентгенологического исследования. Сильного вреда для здоровья зубов и десен гиперцементоз не представляет (особенно на ранней стадии), однако удалить такой зуб при необходимости будет достаточно сложно.</span></p>",
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{
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"code": "K03.5",
"name": "Анкилоз зубов",
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"lead": "патология, для которой характерно сращение цемента зуба с костями челюсти",
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"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Вследствие воздействия ряда внешних и внутренних факторов происходит сбой регенеративных процессов в периодонтальной связке, выполняющей опорную функцию. В результате образуется сращение цемента с альвеолярной костью. Описано несколько теорий развития анкилоза:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Генетическая предрасположенность. Дентальный анкилоз относится к семейному заболеванию. При наличии в семье случаев зубо-альвеолярного сращения повышаются риски формирования анкилоза у детей.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Смещение равновесия между процессами рассасывания и репарации. В норме резорбция корней идет волнообразно, чередуясь с периодом новообразования кости. В ходе репаративной фазы может развиться спайка между стенкой лунки и цементом.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Инфицирование зачатка. Наличие воспалительного очага в периапикальных тканях временного зуба вызывает повреждение зачатка постоянного, вследствие чего нарушается процесс прорезывания.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Травматическое повреждение. При подвывихе зуба или полном вывихе с последующей реплантацией приживление может идти по типу синостоза – костного сращения цемента корня с альвеолой. Причина – гибель тканей периодонта.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Токсическое воздействие. Использование в детской стоматологии массы на основе резорцин-формалина для обтурации корневых каналов приводит к нарушению рассасывания корней в период физиологической смены зубов.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В норме резорбирование корня сопровождается репарацией кости по периферии. Если новообразование костной ткани преобладает, может возникнуть анкилоз. С помощью гистологического исследования удается обнаружить зоны новообразованной костной ткани между поверхностью корня и стенкой лунки с постепенным полным замещением периодонта. При отсутствии фолликулов постоянных зубов резорбция анкилозированных корней протекает более медленно.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При травме анкилоз развивается по причине гибели периодонта. Вследствие обнажения поверхности корня остеокласты начинают контактировать с минерализованным дентином – цементом. Это запускает активизацию резорбтивных процессов без стимуляции извне. Вместо дентина наслаивается костная ткань.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Резорцин-формалиновая смесь оказывает раздражающее действие на периапикальные ткани вследствие проникновения через апекс формальдегида, обладающего цитотоксическим действием. Наличие хронического деструктивного периодонтита молочного зуба приводит к повреждению зачатка постоянного. Лизис эмалевого эпителия стимулирует компенсаторные процессы – на месте резорбированной эмали депонируется костная ткань, за счет чего фолликул фиксируется в анкилозированном состоянии.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для выявления анкилоза и постановления диагноза врач-стоматолог не только выслушивает жалобы пациента и осматривает полость рта, но также проводит ряд дополнительных исследований, способных обнаружить болезнь на самых ранних стадиях и предупредить ухудшения. Ввиду сложности патологии целесообразно проведение диагностики совместно с профессиональным ортодонтом.</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Первичный осмотр позволяет оценить степень патологии и её влияние на соседние зубы, прикус.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Перкуссия. Постукивание по зубам со сращением даёт более звонкий звук, поскольку отмерший периодонт не гасит акустические колебания.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Ренгенография. Позволяет выявить анкилоз, развившийся после прорезывания зуба.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Компьютерная томография. Необходима для определения причин развития дентального сращивания, наличия костных мостов.</span></li>\r\n</ul>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Консервативное лечение</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Тактика зависит от этиологии и этапа, во время которого сформировалось цементно-костное сращение: до, после прорезывания или в ходе резорбции. В большинстве случаев, если анкилозированный зуб не создает препятствия прорезыванию постоянного, и нет эстетического дефекта, показана выжидательная тактика.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Если молочный анкилозированный зуб прорезался, но расположен ниже линии окклюзии, делают адгезивную реставрацию. Восстановление коронковой части создает нагрузку, необходимую для стимуляции полного прорезывания. С этой же целью не полностью прорезанные анкилозированные временные зубы покрывают тонкостенными штампованными коронками. Кроме активизации процессов прорезывания, удается нормализовать окклюзию, избежать формирования деформаций.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Хирургическое лечение</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Если диагностирован дентальный анкилоз постоянного зуба, который находится в ретенированном положении, хирургическим путем оголяют коронковую часть и восстанавливают высоту до линии окклюзии цементом или другой пломбировочной массой. Удалять или нет постоянный зуб с анкилозом, зависит от скорости резорбтивных процессов. При быстро прогрессирующем рассасывании анкилозированных корней, смещении десневого края апикально нарушается эстетика, потому показано удаление. При сращении корней на этапе резорбции и наличии фолликула постоянного зуба причинный зуб удаляют.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"prevention": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Профилактика направлена на своевременное лечение, устранение фокальних и перифокальных очагов хронической инфекции, правильное ведение пациентов после травм, сопровождающихся подвывихом и полным вывихом.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Денто-альвеолярное сращение может быть диагностировано в молочном, сменном, постоянном прикусе. При анкилозировании зачатка временного зуба его место частично занимают наклонившееся или частично сместившиеся соседние зубы. Кроме зубочелюстной деформации происходит нарушение прорезывания постоянного зуба. Последний может совсем не прорезаться из-за костного препятствия на его пути или прорезаться в неправильном положении.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Образование сращения цемента с лункой после формирования корней в молочном или постоянном прикусе приводит к деформации окклюзионной плоскости. Причинный зуб находится ниже линии, условно проведенной через жевательные поверхности и режущие края.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Также анкилозированный зуб может прорезаться, но при этом частично оставаться ретенированным: коронка сверху покрыта мягкими тканями, погружена в слизистую оболочку. Развитие костного цементо-альвеолярного сращения в сменном прикусе нарушает процесс физиологической смены.</span></p>",
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"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Эрозия зубной эмали — разновидность некариозного поражения. Первые признаки болезни — появление на поверхности зубов небольших слегка выступающих участков, течение на начальном этапе — без явной симптоматики. Однако со временем повышается восприимчивость эмали к температурным факторам, пятна постепенно темнеют, появляются неприятные и даже болезненные ощущения, твёрдые ткани начинают очень быстро истираться.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Тем не менее, специалисты называют ряд факторов, способных спровоцировать появление эрозии. Среди них:</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">нарушения в работе эндокринной системы;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">нанесение механических повреждений (в том числе использование домашних методов отбеливания зубной эмали, гигиена с помощью жёсткой щетки, злоупотребление (постоянное использование) зубными пластами с абразивным частицами и пр.)</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">воздействие некоторых химических веществ (например, уксуса, кислых напитков, цитрусовых плодов);</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">неравномерная жевательная нагрузка (стандартные причины — аномалии прикуса, потеря единица зубного ряда без своевременного восстановления);</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">постоянное взаимодействие с химическими веществами, контакт с минеральной или металлической пылью (обычно связано с профессиональной деятельностью).</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">длительный прием сильнодействующих фармацевтических препаратов.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>",
"pathogenesis": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Если при кариесе деминерализация одновременно затрагивает поверхностные и подповерхностные слои эмали, то при эрозии процесс поражения идёт постепенно, со временем углубляясь. Деминерализация, как правило, происходит при контакте с кислотами. Зубная эмаль утрачивает неорганические компоненты, преимущественно соли кальция, что снижает её прочность. На прилегающих к дефекту участках эмаль также теряет плотность и меняет свою структуру. Кристаллы гидроксиапатита, которые являются основой эмали и обеспечивают её прочность, становятся крупными, часто приобретают размытые контуры. Это отчётливо видно на сканограммах при изучении поражённых резцов.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Дентин поражённых зубов также неоднородный, часть канальцев облитерирована (закрыта). Структура дентина становится такой же, как и при повышенной стираемости зубов (уменьшается размер дентинных канальцев и происходит избыточная минерализация). В пришеечной области сохраняется чёткая граница, эмаль наслаивается на цемент корня.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Если эрозия прогрессирует, сначала стирается поверхность эмали, после этого поражаются более глубокие её слои, затем склерозируется (твердеет) дентин, а на поздних стадиях вовлекается и пульпа. Без устранения провоцирующего фактора и замещения дефекта процесс не останавливается, что постепенно приводит к утрате зуба.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Эрозия зубов диагностируется в процессе стоматологического осмотра. Более четкой локализации дефекта способствует высушивание поверхности коронки зуба, йодная проба. Эрозия зубов требует дифференциации с клиновидными дефектами, гипоплазией эмали, поверхностным кариесом.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для выявления сопутствующих эндокринных нарушений пациентам, страдающим эрозией зубов, может потребоваться консультация эндокринолога, проведение УЗИ щитовидной железы, исследование гормонов щитовидной железы. Для исключения ГЭРБ рекомендуется обследование у гастроэнтеролога.</span></p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Комплексный подход к лечению эрозии зубов складывается из местных и общих терапевтических мероприятий. В активную фазу усилия стоматологов-терапевтов направлены на достижение стабилизации процесса и прекращение прогрессирующей убыли твердых тканей зуба.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Местная реминерализирующая терапия. Предполагает проведение курса ежедневных аппликаций фторсодержащих и кальцийсодержащих препаратов в течение 15-20 дней с последующим покрытием поверхности зубов фторлаком. Эти мероприятия также позволяют устранить гиперестезию эмали. Дополнительная минерализация твердых тканей зубов достигается с помощью электрофореза кальция.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Системная реминерализирующая терапия. В рамках системной терапии эрозии зубов назначается прим препаратов кальция и фосфора, витаминно-минеральных комплексов.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Реставрация зубов. При выраженной убыли твердых тканей зуба и заметном эстетическом дефекте производится реставрация эрозии с помощью композита светового отверждения, винира или искусственной коронки. </span><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В стабилизированной стадии показано продолжение приема витаминов и микроэлементов. С целью ликвидации гиперпигментации возможно проведение полировки зуба пастой, щадящее отбеливание с последующим нанесением на эрозию фторгеля или фторлака.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"prevention": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для профилактики необходимо минимизировать воздействие факторов, разрушающих эмаль. Меры, позволяющие предотвратить развитие эрозии:</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #181d21; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Правильное питание. В рационе нужно ограничить количество газированных сладких напитков, уксуса, спиртного, цитрусовых, фруктовых соков. Кислые продукты не рекомендуется употреблять перед сном, а после них всегда следует полоскать рот. Соки лучше пить через трубочку, а витамины и таблетки не разжёвывать.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #181d21; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Правильная гигиена ротовой полости. Использовать их нужно редко, перед применением проконсультироваться со стоматологом. Не следует использовать слишком жёсткие зубные щётки. Нельзя чистить зубы сразу после употребления кислых продуктов, лучше прополоскать рот, а полноценную гигиену ротовой полости провести через час.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #181d21; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Укрепление зубов. Для этого используются аппликации фторидов, зубные пасты с фтором и кальцием. При выявлении первых признаков деминерализации эмали стоматолог назначит курс по восстановлению твёрдых тканей и подберёт специальные средства для ухода за ротовой полостью в домашних условиях.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #181d21; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лечение сопутствующих заболеваний. Гастроэзофагеальный рефлюкс, частая рвота, патология щитовидной железы, нарушения синтеза женских половых гормонов — провоцирующие факторы в развитии эрозии зубов. При обнаружении этих заболеваний нужно пройти курс лечения у профильного специалиста.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В начальной стадии происходит потеря блеска эмали в области ограниченного участка вестибулярной поверхности зуба. На данном этапе заметить признаки начавшегося эрозивного процесса можно только после высушивания поверхности зуба струей воздуха или нанесения на участок поражения 5% йодной настойки – в этом случае происходит желто-коричневое окрашивание участка эрозии.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Первоначально эрозивный дефект представляет собой округлый или овальный очаг чашеобразной формы с твердым, гладким и блестящим дном. По мере расширения и углубления очага может происходить полная утрата эмалевого слоя и обнажение дентина. При I и II степени эрозии зубов дефект имеет белесоватый цвет; при III степени патологического процесса появляется светло-желтая или коричневая пигментация.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">На начальной стадии эрозии зубов, при стабилизированном течении болевые ощущения отсутствуют. В активную фазу при средней и глубокой степени отмечаются явления гиперестезии при чистке зубов, действии химических и термических раздражителей. Наиболее часто отмечается поражение симметричных резцов, клыков и премоляров. Эрозии эмали нередко сочетаются с патологической стираемостью твердых тканей зубов. Течение эрозии зубов хроническое, прогрессирующее, характеризующееся постепенным поражением новых зубов.</span></p>\r\n<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-7d463cc5-7fff-37ea-87d6-4b8d78807737\"> </span></p>",
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"description": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Гиперцементоз - процесс избыточного отложения вторичного цемента, во время которого корень зуба подвергается деформации: утолщается, также на нем образуются характерные выступы.</span></p>",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Образование цемента может быть спровоцировано:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #3b3b3b; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">компенсаторной реакцией организма на хроническое воспалительное заболевание периодонта,</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #3b3b3b; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">неполным вывихом зуба во время стоматологической операции или в результате окклюзионной травмы (повышенной нагрузки, вызвавшей расшатанность зубов),</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #3b3b3b; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">болезнью Педжета (нарушение процесса рециркуляции веществ в организме, при котором новая костная ткань постепенно замещает старую),</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #3b3b3b; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">диффузным токсическим зобом,</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #3b3b3b; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">акромегалией,</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #3b3b3b; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">гипофизарным гигантизмом.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>",
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"diagnostics": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При данном заболевании отсутствуют какие-либо клинические признаки, а пациента ничего не беспокоит. Для диагностики стоматологом используется рентгенография зуба, где отмечается расширение корня. Его окружает область, заполненная периодонтальной связкой, а дентин покрывает избыточный слой цемента.</span></p>",
"treatment": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Избыточное образование цемента не играет какой-либо деструктивной роли, и, напротив, является компенсаторным процессом. Необходимость лечения гиперцементоза возникает только тогда, когда слои цемента препятствуют удалению зуба. В таком случае необходимо лечение первоначального заболевания, тогда оссифицирующий периодонтит проходит самостоятельно.</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Специфическая профилактика гиперцементоза также отсутствует. Рекомендуются общие профилактические меры, снижающие риск всех зубных и системных заболеваний: </span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Регулярные профилактические осмотры у стоматолога не реже двух раз в год, своевременное лечение диагностированных зубных заболеваний и аномалий. </span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Качественная гигиена ротовой полости, систематическое проведение профессиональной чистки зубов. </span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Правильное, полноценное питание с целью обеспечения организма всеми необходимыми веществами. </span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Отказ от пищи, своей структурой или составом наносящей вред зубам. </span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Слишком твердой, сладкой, чрезмерно богатой легко усваиваемыми углеводами пищи. </span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Введение в меню продуктов, богатых содержанием кальция и фтора. </span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Отказ от курения и других вредных привычек.</span></li>\r\n</ul>",
"clinical_picture": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Заболевание протекает бессимптомно. Поскольку видимые клинические проявления отсутствуют, гиперцементоз чаще всего диагностируется во время рентгенологического исследования. Сильного вреда для здоровья зубов и десен гиперцементоз не представляет (особенно на ранней стадии), однако удалить такой зуб при необходимости будет достаточно сложно.</span></p>",
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},
"code": "K03.5",
"name": "Анкилоз зубов",
"icd_name": "Анкилоз зубов",
"gender": 0,
"age_min": 4,
"age_max": 100,
"cause": [
"0"
],
"periodicity": 1,
"slug": "k03.5_ankiloz_zubov",
"lead": "патология, для которой характерно сращение цемента зуба с костями челюсти",
"description": "",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Вследствие воздействия ряда внешних и внутренних факторов происходит сбой регенеративных процессов в периодонтальной связке, выполняющей опорную функцию. В результате образуется сращение цемента с альвеолярной костью. Описано несколько теорий развития анкилоза:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Генетическая предрасположенность. Дентальный анкилоз относится к семейному заболеванию. При наличии в семье случаев зубо-альвеолярного сращения повышаются риски формирования анкилоза у детей.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Смещение равновесия между процессами рассасывания и репарации. В норме резорбция корней идет волнообразно, чередуясь с периодом новообразования кости. В ходе репаративной фазы может развиться спайка между стенкой лунки и цементом.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Инфицирование зачатка. Наличие воспалительного очага в периапикальных тканях временного зуба вызывает повреждение зачатка постоянного, вследствие чего нарушается процесс прорезывания.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Травматическое повреждение. При подвывихе зуба или полном вывихе с последующей реплантацией приживление может идти по типу синостоза – костного сращения цемента корня с альвеолой. Причина – гибель тканей периодонта.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Токсическое воздействие. Использование в детской стоматологии массы на основе резорцин-формалина для обтурации корневых каналов приводит к нарушению рассасывания корней в период физиологической смены зубов.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В норме резорбирование корня сопровождается репарацией кости по периферии. Если новообразование костной ткани преобладает, может возникнуть анкилоз. С помощью гистологического исследования удается обнаружить зоны новообразованной костной ткани между поверхностью корня и стенкой лунки с постепенным полным замещением периодонта. При отсутствии фолликулов постоянных зубов резорбция анкилозированных корней протекает более медленно.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При травме анкилоз развивается по причине гибели периодонта. Вследствие обнажения поверхности корня остеокласты начинают контактировать с минерализованным дентином – цементом. Это запускает активизацию резорбтивных процессов без стимуляции извне. Вместо дентина наслаивается костная ткань.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Резорцин-формалиновая смесь оказывает раздражающее действие на периапикальные ткани вследствие проникновения через апекс формальдегида, обладающего цитотоксическим действием. Наличие хронического деструктивного периодонтита молочного зуба приводит к повреждению зачатка постоянного. Лизис эмалевого эпителия стимулирует компенсаторные процессы – на месте резорбированной эмали депонируется костная ткань, за счет чего фолликул фиксируется в анкилозированном состоянии.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для выявления анкилоза и постановления диагноза врач-стоматолог не только выслушивает жалобы пациента и осматривает полость рта, но также проводит ряд дополнительных исследований, способных обнаружить болезнь на самых ранних стадиях и предупредить ухудшения. Ввиду сложности патологии целесообразно проведение диагностики совместно с профессиональным ортодонтом.</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Первичный осмотр позволяет оценить степень патологии и её влияние на соседние зубы, прикус.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Перкуссия. Постукивание по зубам со сращением даёт более звонкий звук, поскольку отмерший периодонт не гасит акустические колебания.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Ренгенография. Позволяет выявить анкилоз, развившийся после прорезывания зуба.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Компьютерная томография. Необходима для определения причин развития дентального сращивания, наличия костных мостов.</span></li>\r\n</ul>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Консервативное лечение</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Тактика зависит от этиологии и этапа, во время которого сформировалось цементно-костное сращение: до, после прорезывания или в ходе резорбции. В большинстве случаев, если анкилозированный зуб не создает препятствия прорезыванию постоянного, и нет эстетического дефекта, показана выжидательная тактика.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Если молочный анкилозированный зуб прорезался, но расположен ниже линии окклюзии, делают адгезивную реставрацию. Восстановление коронковой части создает нагрузку, необходимую для стимуляции полного прорезывания. С этой же целью не полностью прорезанные анкилозированные временные зубы покрывают тонкостенными штампованными коронками. Кроме активизации процессов прорезывания, удается нормализовать окклюзию, избежать формирования деформаций.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Хирургическое лечение</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Если диагностирован дентальный анкилоз постоянного зуба, который находится в ретенированном положении, хирургическим путем оголяют коронковую часть и восстанавливают высоту до линии окклюзии цементом или другой пломбировочной массой. Удалять или нет постоянный зуб с анкилозом, зависит от скорости резорбтивных процессов. При быстро прогрессирующем рассасывании анкилозированных корней, смещении десневого края апикально нарушается эстетика, потому показано удаление. При сращении корней на этапе резорбции и наличии фолликула постоянного зуба причинный зуб удаляют.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"prevention": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Профилактика направлена на своевременное лечение, устранение фокальних и перифокальных очагов хронической инфекции, правильное ведение пациентов после травм, сопровождающихся подвывихом и полным вывихом.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Денто-альвеолярное сращение может быть диагностировано в молочном, сменном, постоянном прикусе. При анкилозировании зачатка временного зуба его место частично занимают наклонившееся или частично сместившиеся соседние зубы. Кроме зубочелюстной деформации происходит нарушение прорезывания постоянного зуба. Последний может совсем не прорезаться из-за костного препятствия на его пути или прорезаться в неправильном положении.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Образование сращения цемента с лункой после формирования корней в молочном или постоянном прикусе приводит к деформации окклюзионной плоскости. Причинный зуб находится ниже линии, условно проведенной через жевательные поверхности и режущие края.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Также анкилозированный зуб может прорезаться, но при этом частично оставаться ретенированным: коронка сверху покрыта мягкими тканями, погружена в слизистую оболочку. Развитие костного цементо-альвеолярного сращения в сменном прикусе нарушает процесс физиологической смены.</span></p>",
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