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"lead": "дегенеративное разрушение хряща, расположенного по задней поверхности надколенника",
"description": "<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-0fa42619-7fff-db75-f491-71ad6be5134d\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Хондромаляция — это патология суставного хряща нижней части коленной чашечки, в результате которой он изнашивается или смягчается. Это приводит к воспалительному процессу, сопровождающемуся ограничением подвижности и болезненными ощущениями в колене.</span></span></p>",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Спровоцировать изнашивание надколенника могут следующие факторы:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">слабый мышечный тонус;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">врожденные патологии, например, врожденное смещение коленной чашечки;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">травмы бедренной и большеберцовой кости;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">дисфункция отводящей и приводящей мышцы;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">деформация стопы;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">слабость четырехглавой бедренной мышцы;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">острые травмы коленной чашечки.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В группе риска находятся профессиональные спортсмены, которые испытывают повышенные нагрузки при прыжках, во время прямых ударов по надколеннику и т. д. Также хондромаляция надколенника диагностируется у людей с плоскостопием, артритом, удаленным мениском.</span></p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Из-за нарушений питания в местах наибольшей нагрузки формируются локальные повреждения хрящевой ткани. Появляются участки кистозной перестройки, возникают склеротические изменения. При распаде хрящевых клеток образуются метаболиты, которые попадают в синовиальную жидкость, вызывая реактивное воспаление. Хрящ истончается, покрывается трещинами, обнажается подлежащая субхондральная кость. На заключительной стадии болезни хрящ почти полностью отсутствует, кость претерпевает дегенеративные изменения.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для подтверждения диагноза и оценки состояния суставного хряща врач травматолог-ортопед после осмотра и сбора анамнеза назначает следующие исследования:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">УЗИ и рентгенография позволяют выявить возможные повреждения костей и мягких тканей коленного сустава, количество суставной жидкости и наличие синовита.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Магнитно-резонансная томография. Это исследование более точное по сравнению с рентгенографией, позволяет более детально осмотреть сустав.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Артроскопия - эндоскопическое исследование, при котором врач вводит в сустав через прокол специальное оборудование с миниатюрной видеокамерой. Это наиболее точная методика, позволяющая не только детально осмотреть суставную поверхность надколенника, но и, при необходимости, удалить свободные хондромные тела и поврежденные участки хряща.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лабораторные анализы: общий анализ крови, формула, биохимия и т.д. для выявления системных заболеваний которые могли спровоцировать хондромаляцию.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лечение обычно консервативное, производится в амбулаторных условиях, включает медикаментозную и немедикаментозную терапию. Хирургические вмешательства выполняются редко, требуются в запущенных случаях заболевания.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Консервативная терапия</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Показана на ранних стадиях хондромаляции надколенника, осуществляется длительно (в течение нескольких месяцев). Проводятся следующие лечебные мероприятия:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Охранительный режим. Пациенту рекомендуют ограничить нагрузку на коленный сустав. Необходимо исключить движения, которые могут стать причиной микротравм хряща, например, форсированное глубокое сгибание конечности. Нежелателен бег, выполнение действий с упором на колени, ходьба по лестницам.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Фиксация сустава. Иммобилизация гипсовой повязкой не рекомендуется, поскольку это может усугубить атрофию четырехглавой мышцы и стать причиной ограничения движений в суставе. На время ходьбы можно накладывать эластичный бинт или фиксировать колено с помощью бандажа.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ЛФК. Специальная программа включает упражнения для коррекции дисбаланса мышечных групп бедра и голени. Особое место в плане занятий лечебной физкультурой занимают статические упражнения для укрепления квадрицепса.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Медикаментозная терапия. Прием производных салициловой кислоты на протяжении 3-4 месяцев в ряде случаев позволяет устранить размягчение хрящевой ткани на начальном этапе болезни. Возможно внутрисуставное введение хондропротекторов. Глюкокортикоиды не показаны из-за отсутствия интенсивных болей и риска усугубления дегенерации хряща.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В большинстве случаев перечисленных мер достаточно для устранения симптоматики. При сохранении болевого синдрома, хруста и выпота в суставе требуется оперативное вмешательство.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Хирургическое лечение</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Операции проводятся с использованием артроскопического оборудования. Целью вмешательств является коррекция положения надколенника или стимуляция регенерации хрящевой ткани. Могут выполняться:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Артроскопический лаваж. Обеспечивает быстрое восстановление функций сустава за счет ликвидации механических препятствий движениям и удаления продуктов распада тканей, поддерживающих воспаление. Результативен на начальных этапах болезни. На заключительных стадиях не рекомендован из-за кратковременности лечебного эффекта.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Мобилизация надколенника. Мобилизацию наружного края надколенника осуществляют при явном наклоне кости. Операция может производиться сразу после артроскопического лаважа. Как и предыдущее вмешательство, эффективна на начальной стадии хондромаляции.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Абразивная хондропластика. При проведении абразивной хондропластики поврежденные участки хряща удаляют, в ткань вводят стволовые клетки, которые стимулируют регенерацию. Показана при умеренном разрушении хряща.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Мозаичная хондропластика. Предусматривает замещение дефектов небольшими костно-хрящевыми трансплантатами. Используется на II и III стадиях хондромаляции.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В послеоперационном периоде назначают реабилитационные мероприятия. На IV стадии хондромаляции и при тяжелом гонартрозе перечисленные оперативные методы малоэффективны или противопоказаны. При тяжелых нарушениях функции сустава, интенсивном болевом синдроме возможны пателлэктомия или контурная пластика надколенника.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"prevention": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Профилактические мероприятия включают предупреждение травматизма, продуманный режим тренировок, позволяющий избежать перегрузок и микротравм коленного сустава. Необходимо своевременно выявлять и лечить гониты различной этиологии, тендинозы и тендиниты сухожилия квадрицепса.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Клинически хондромаляция надколенника длительное время никак себя не проявляет, боли появляются при достаточном распространении воспалительного и дегенеративно-дистрофического процессов по хрящевой ткани и ее разрушении. Часто обнаруживается отек коленного сустава, покраснение в области патологического процесса и местное повышение температуры. Кроме того, появляется покалывание и крепитация (хруст) при движении в коленном суставе.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Основные проявления заболевания:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Боль в суставе, которая возникает или усиливается во время физических нагрузок, в основном во время бега.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Иногда в области коленного сустава возникает отек, опять же, в основном после физических нагрузок.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Сильный, хорошо слышный хруст в коленном суставе. Вообще, хруст в коленях имеется у многих людей. Но если он сильный и сопровождается болями – это говорит о наличии патологии.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
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"parent": 6808,
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},
{
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},
"code": "M22.4",
"name": "Хондромаляция надколенника",
"icd_name": "Хондромаляция надколенника",
"gender": 0,
"age_min": 20,
"age_max": 100,
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],
"periodicity": 1,
"slug": "m22.4_hondromalyaciya_nadkolennika",
"lead": "дегенеративное разрушение хряща, расположенного по задней поверхности надколенника",
"description": "<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-0fa42619-7fff-db75-f491-71ad6be5134d\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Хондромаляция — это патология суставного хряща нижней части коленной чашечки, в результате которой он изнашивается или смягчается. Это приводит к воспалительному процессу, сопровождающемуся ограничением подвижности и болезненными ощущениями в колене.</span></span></p>",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Спровоцировать изнашивание надколенника могут следующие факторы:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">слабый мышечный тонус;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">врожденные патологии, например, врожденное смещение коленной чашечки;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">травмы бедренной и большеберцовой кости;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">дисфункция отводящей и приводящей мышцы;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">деформация стопы;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">слабость четырехглавой бедренной мышцы;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">острые травмы коленной чашечки.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В группе риска находятся профессиональные спортсмены, которые испытывают повышенные нагрузки при прыжках, во время прямых ударов по надколеннику и т. д. Также хондромаляция надколенника диагностируется у людей с плоскостопием, артритом, удаленным мениском.</span></p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Из-за нарушений питания в местах наибольшей нагрузки формируются локальные повреждения хрящевой ткани. Появляются участки кистозной перестройки, возникают склеротические изменения. При распаде хрящевых клеток образуются метаболиты, которые попадают в синовиальную жидкость, вызывая реактивное воспаление. Хрящ истончается, покрывается трещинами, обнажается подлежащая субхондральная кость. На заключительной стадии болезни хрящ почти полностью отсутствует, кость претерпевает дегенеративные изменения.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для подтверждения диагноза и оценки состояния суставного хряща врач травматолог-ортопед после осмотра и сбора анамнеза назначает следующие исследования:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">УЗИ и рентгенография позволяют выявить возможные повреждения костей и мягких тканей коленного сустава, количество суставной жидкости и наличие синовита.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Магнитно-резонансная томография. Это исследование более точное по сравнению с рентгенографией, позволяет более детально осмотреть сустав.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Артроскопия - эндоскопическое исследование, при котором врач вводит в сустав через прокол специальное оборудование с миниатюрной видеокамерой. Это наиболее точная методика, позволяющая не только детально осмотреть суставную поверхность надколенника, но и, при необходимости, удалить свободные хондромные тела и поврежденные участки хряща.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лабораторные анализы: общий анализ крови, формула, биохимия и т.д. для выявления системных заболеваний которые могли спровоцировать хондромаляцию.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лечение обычно консервативное, производится в амбулаторных условиях, включает медикаментозную и немедикаментозную терапию. Хирургические вмешательства выполняются редко, требуются в запущенных случаях заболевания.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Консервативная терапия</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Показана на ранних стадиях хондромаляции надколенника, осуществляется длительно (в течение нескольких месяцев). Проводятся следующие лечебные мероприятия:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Охранительный режим. Пациенту рекомендуют ограничить нагрузку на коленный сустав. Необходимо исключить движения, которые могут стать причиной микротравм хряща, например, форсированное глубокое сгибание конечности. Нежелателен бег, выполнение действий с упором на колени, ходьба по лестницам.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Фиксация сустава. Иммобилизация гипсовой повязкой не рекомендуется, поскольку это может усугубить атрофию четырехглавой мышцы и стать причиной ограничения движений в суставе. На время ходьбы можно накладывать эластичный бинт или фиксировать колено с помощью бандажа.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ЛФК. Специальная программа включает упражнения для коррекции дисбаланса мышечных групп бедра и голени. Особое место в плане занятий лечебной физкультурой занимают статические упражнения для укрепления квадрицепса.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Медикаментозная терапия. Прием производных салициловой кислоты на протяжении 3-4 месяцев в ряде случаев позволяет устранить размягчение хрящевой ткани на начальном этапе болезни. Возможно внутрисуставное введение хондропротекторов. Глюкокортикоиды не показаны из-за отсутствия интенсивных болей и риска усугубления дегенерации хряща.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В большинстве случаев перечисленных мер достаточно для устранения симптоматики. При сохранении болевого синдрома, хруста и выпота в суставе требуется оперативное вмешательство.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Хирургическое лечение</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Операции проводятся с использованием артроскопического оборудования. Целью вмешательств является коррекция положения надколенника или стимуляция регенерации хрящевой ткани. Могут выполняться:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Артроскопический лаваж. Обеспечивает быстрое восстановление функций сустава за счет ликвидации механических препятствий движениям и удаления продуктов распада тканей, поддерживающих воспаление. Результативен на начальных этапах болезни. На заключительных стадиях не рекомендован из-за кратковременности лечебного эффекта.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Мобилизация надколенника. Мобилизацию наружного края надколенника осуществляют при явном наклоне кости. Операция может производиться сразу после артроскопического лаважа. Как и предыдущее вмешательство, эффективна на начальной стадии хондромаляции.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Абразивная хондропластика. 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Используется на II и III стадиях хондромаляции.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В послеоперационном периоде назначают реабилитационные мероприятия. На IV стадии хондромаляции и при тяжелом гонартрозе перечисленные оперативные методы малоэффективны или противопоказаны. 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"prevention": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Профилактические мероприятия включают предупреждение травматизма, продуманный режим тренировок, позволяющий избежать перегрузок и микротравм коленного сустава. Необходимо своевременно выявлять и лечить гониты различной этиологии, тендинозы и тендиниты сухожилия квадрицепса.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Клинически хондромаляция надколенника длительное время никак себя не проявляет, боли появляются при достаточном распространении воспалительного и дегенеративно-дистрофического процессов по хрящевой ткани и ее разрушении. Часто обнаруживается отек коленного сустава, покраснение в области патологического процесса и местное повышение температуры. Кроме того, появляется покалывание и крепитация (хруст) при движении в коленном суставе.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Основные проявления заболевания:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Боль в суставе, которая возникает или усиливается во время физических нагрузок, в основном во время бега.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Иногда в области коленного сустава возникает отек, опять же, в основном после физических нагрузок.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Сильный, хорошо слышный хруст в коленном суставе. Вообще, хруст в коленях имеется у многих людей. Но если он сильный и сопровождается болями – это говорит о наличии патологии.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
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"lead": "врожденный или приобретенный дефект в области дуги позвонка",
"description": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Спондилолиз — несращение дуги позвонка (чаще 5-го поясничного ) в межсуставной области или в области ножки дуги, возникающее вследствие задержки развития заднего отдела позвоночника.</span></p>",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Спондилолизный дефект развивается по самым разным причинам. Точные предпосылки образования такой аномалии учеными и врачами не установлены. В случае внутриутробного развития причинами могут быть вредные привычки матери или перенесенные инфекционные заболевания.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Приобретенная форма появляется под действием следующих факторов:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Перенесенные травмы опорно-двигательного аппарата.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Индивидуальные особенности анатомического строения хребта.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Острое нарушение движения крови в области костей.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Растяжения или вывихи, другие травмы в области поясницы.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Чрезмерные физические нагрузки.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Спондилолиз в пояснице часто выявляются у людей, ведущих активный образ жизни, занимающихся спортом. Неравномерные давление на кости может стать провоцирующим фактором для появления аномалии. Поэтому травматология делит заболевание на несколько категорий:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Врожденная. Развивается внутриутробно, в период активного формирования опорно-двигательного аппарата. Диагностируют нарушение уже после рождения.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Приобретенная. Появляется под воздействием негативных факторов окружающей среды. Это могут быть физические нагрузки, механические воздействия, неполноценное питание, частые переломы и другое.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Смешанная. На фоне уже имеющейся дисплазии позвоночной дуги, человек испытывает дополнительные нагрузки или травмы, что и приводит к развитию аномалии.</span></li>\r\n</ul>",
"pathogenesis": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Механизм формирования приобретенного и смешанного спондилолиза заключается в кумуляции силовых воздействий, превышающих упругость костной ткани дужки позвонка. Непосредственной причиной спондилолиза обычно становятся многократные интенсивные разгибания позвоночника (иногда – в сочетании с поднятием тяжестей). Из-за чрезмерной нагрузки в области дужки формируется зона Лозера (зона патологической перестройки кости), а затем в этой области происходит усталостный перелом.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Диагноз спондилолиза выставляется врачом-вертебрологом или ортопедом на основании данных осмотра и рентгенографического исследования. Внешние признаки спондилолиза обычно достаточно скудны. Выявляется некоторое ограничение активного разгибания в поясничном отделе. При осторожном пассивном разгибании пациент, как правило, отмечает усиление боли. Иногда определяется боль при пальпации в области поражения.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Подтвердить диагноз спондилолиза помогает провокационная проба – больного просят встать на одну ногу и прогнуться назад, при спондилолизе во время этого движения боль на стороне поражения усиливается. Неврологическая симптоматика обычно отсутствует. Для постановки окончательного диагноза используют:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Рентгенографию позвоночника в боковой, прямой и двух косых проекциях (левой и правой). Данное исследование позволяет выявить дефект дужки позвонка в 85% случаев.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">КТ позвоночника. Позволяет рассмотреть дефект дуги на горизонтальных срезах. Недостатком компьютерной томографии является низкая точность при определении клинической значимости и давности дефекта.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Радиоизотопные исследования. Более точные и более чувствительные методы - сцинтиграфия и однофотонная эмиссионная томография, при проведении которых выявляется накопление изотопа в области дефекта. В некоторых случаях показательными бывают результаты.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Консервативное лечение</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В абсолютном большинстве случаев при спондилолизе показана консервативная терапия. Тактику лечения выбирают с учетом данных рентгенографии, давности заболевания, тяжести симптомов и возраста пациента. При бессимптомном течении спондилолиза лечение не требуется, человек может продолжать вести обычный образ жизни. При незначительных болях в пояснице назначают ЛФК для укрепления мышечного корсета. При выраженных проявлениях спондилолиза рекомендуют ограничить физические нагрузки, в некоторых случаях кратковременно используют жесткие или гибкие антилордотические и лордотические корсеты.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Продолжительность ограничения нагрузок и активного корсетирования при тяжелом спондилолистезе обычно составляет 6-8 недель. На ночь корсет разрешают снимать. Обычно этих лечебных методов оказывается достаточно, чтобы обеспечить фиброзное сращение усталостного перелома. В последующем назначают реабилитационные мероприятия с акцентом на упражнения, повышающие гибкость позвоночника. Полное выздоровление, как правило, наступает еще через 6-8 недель. Следует учитывать, что при односторонних дефектах дуги вероятность сращения выше, чем при двухсторонних.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Хирургическое лечение</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Оперативное вмешательство при спондилолизе требуется при отсутствии признаков сращения и сохранении жалоб в течение полугода после начала лечения. Классическим методом считается заднебоковой спондилодез, однако этот способ хирургической коррекции влечет за собой существенное ограничение подвижности сегмента, поэтому в последнее время наряду с «эталонной» методикой применяются и другие варианты остеосинтеза. В частности, используется фиксация штифтом, крюком и винтом, остеосинтез трансламинарными межфрагментарными винтами и фиксация проволочными крючками. Все перечисленные методики обеспечивают хороший результат более чем в 90% случаев.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Операции выполняют в условиях вертебрологического или нейрохирургического отделения, в плановом порядке, после проведения обследования. В послеоперационном периоде осуществляют антибиотикотерапию, назначают анальгетики, физиотерапию и ЛФК. После рентгенологически подтвержденного сращения усталостного перелома начинают активные реабилитационные мероприятия. Полное восстановление занимает от 5 месяцев до 1 года.</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для того, чтобы избежать заболеваний позвоночника, следует выполнять ряд простых рекомендаций:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">не поднимать тяжелые вещи, особенно рывками;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">подвергать спину только допустимому уровню нагрузки;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">заниматься плаванием - это укрепляет спинные мышцы;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">выполнять комплекс упражнений для укрепления опорно-двигательной системы;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">правильно питаться, чтобы в клетки ткани поступали все необходимые вещества.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Спондилолиз на начальных стадиях практически никак себя не выдает, что затрудняет диагностику на ранних этапах развития патологии. Поэтому большинство пациентов обращаются к врачу достаточно поздно, что чревато осложнениями. Но существует ряд признаков, позволяющих заподозрить наличие дефекта в организме:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Острый болевой синдром в пояснице и крестцовой области.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Усиление дискомфорта при длительном нахождении в неподвижном состоянии.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Чрезмерное напряжение мышечного волокна из-за неравномерного распределения нагрузки.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Сокращение роста, из-за искривлений в позвоночнике.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Появление кожных складок по бокам, проблемы с наклонами в стороны.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Изменение походки, косолапость.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Снижение чувствительности кожного покрова в области паха.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Дисфункция половых органов.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Нарушение нормальной работы нижних конечностей.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Присутствие характерной мышечной слабости.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Онемения ног ли появление неприятного покалывания.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">По мере прогрессирования патологии у больного наблюдается недержание мочи, выраженные проблемы с дефекацией, другие осложнения. У мужчин снижается либидо и наступает полная импотенция.</span></p>",
"image": null,
"image_alt": null,
"standard_type": 0,
"danger": 50,
"published": 1,
"parent": 6822,
"block_rubric": 135,
"standards": [
4685,
4966
]
},
{
"id": 12468,
"symptoms": [
{
"id": 36,
"synonyms": [
{
"name": "Слабость мышц"
},
{
"name": "Миопатия"
},
{
"name": "Миастения"
},
{
"name": "Мышечное утомление"
}
],
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Среди них наиболее значимы:</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">врождённое аномальное развитие пояснично-крестцовой области;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ослабление связочного аппарата позвоночника и околопозвоночных мышц, которое является следствием аномального строения задних элементов позвоночника или дегенеративных процессов в инволютивном периоде развития человека;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">патология межпозвонковых дисков;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">патология межсуставного отдела дуги;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">статико-динамические особенности позвоночника на уровне пояснично-крестцовой области и их патологические изменения;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">травма и микротравма;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">нарушения обменно-гормональных процессов в различные периоды постнатального развития человека;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">трудовая деятельность, связанная с постоянными физическими нагрузками;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">наследственная предрасположенность.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>",
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"diagnostics": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Основным методом инструментальной диагностики спондилолистеза является рентгенография позвоночника. Данное исследование позволяет определить степень спондилолистеза и выявить сопутствующую патологию (врожденные пороки развития, спондилолиз, спондилоартроз и т. д.). На начальных стадиях проводят функциональные рентгенологические исследования, поскольку слабо выраженные признаки спондилолистеза могут не определяться на стандартных рентгенограммах. При необходимости назначают КТ позвоночника, рентгенконтрастные исследования и МРТ позвоночника. Пациентов направляют на консультацию к неврологу.</span></p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Как правило, в большинстве случаев лечение листеза консервативное и включает:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #333333; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Разгрузку позвоночника (покой на короткий промежуток времени, исключение сгибаний и разгибаний).</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #333333; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ЛФК может помочь увеличить диапазон движений в позвоночнике, укрепить мышечный корсет и, таким образом, несколько компенсировать нарушенную биомеханику позвоночника.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #333333; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Медикаментозное лечение может включать прием НПВС, которые позволяют снять воспалительный процесс и уменьшить болевой синдром. Также возможно эпидуральное введение стероида.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #333333; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Возможно, также применение корсета, особенно когда речь идет о истмическом спондилолистезе.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #333333; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Физиотерапия позволяет уменьшить болевой синдром снять отек и воспаление, связанное с компрессионным воздействием на корешки.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Хирургическое лечение необходимо при листезах 3-5 степени и при наличии выраженной неврологической симптоматики. Хирургические методы лечения, как правило, направлены на фиксацию позвонков и декомпрессию нервных структур.</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Профилактика данного заболевания заключается в раннем выявлении пороков развития и последующем диспансерном наблюдении. Взрослым перед устройством на работу, связанную с поднятием тяжестей, и перед началом занятий некоторыми видами спорта рекомендуют пройти рентгенографию поясничного отдела позвоночника. Наличие врожденных аномалий, спондилолиза, спондилоартроза и остеохондроза является противопоказанием для перечисленных выше занятий. Для того чтобы избежать углубления поясничного лордоза и снизить вероятность развития спондилолистеза во время беременности, женщинам советуют заниматься специальной гимнастикой, не носить обувь на высоком каблуке и пользоваться бандажом.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Основные симптомы дегенеративного спондилолистеза включают в себя:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Боли в пояснице и / или боли в ногах являются наиболее типичными симптомами спондилолистеза. Боли усиливаются при нагрузках. Отмечается также снижение объема движений</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Пациенты часто жалуются на боли по ходу седалищного нерва, боль в одной или обеих ногах или чувство усталости в ногах, после длительного периода времени стоя или длительной ходьбе. Как правило, пациенты не отмечают болей сидя, так как в положении сидя позвоночный канал более открытый. В вертикальном положении позвоночный канал становится меньше, усиливается стеноз и происходит компрессия нервных корешков в спинальном канале.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Пациенты обычно отмечают также напряжение мышц задней поверхности бедра, потерю гибкости в нижней части спины, а также дискомфорт или боль при разгибании.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">У некоторых пациентов может развиться боль, онемение, покалывание и слабость в ногах из-за компрессии корешка. Тяжелая компрессия нервных корешков может привести к нарушению функции кишечника или мочевого пузыря или развитию синдрома «конского хвоста».</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
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