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"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Определяющими факторами развития тимпаносклероза являются острые или хронические катаральные или гнойные воспаления среднего уха.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Способствующими факторами являются:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">периодические или постоянные обструкции слуховой трубы;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">наличие хронической перитубарной инфекции в области лимфоаденоидной ткани;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">индивидуальная склонность к преобразованию соединительной ткани в рубцово-склеротическую;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">нарушения обмена веществ, ведущие к пансклерозу, увеличению содержания холестерина и мочевины в крови;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">аллергические реакции;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">частые воспалительные заболевания верхних дыхательных путей.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Возникновение тугоухости обусловлено комбинацией нескольких причин: наличие перфорации барабанной перепонки, ограничение подвижности изменённой барабанной перепонки, дефекты оссикулярной цепи и, что наиболее характерно для данного заболевания, ограничение подвижности или полная фиксация слуховых косточек очагами ТС.</span></p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Основным субстратом патологии является образование тимпаносклеротического комплекса или бляшки. Они состоят из гиалиновых масс, кальцинатов, оссифицированной ткани. Большая часть бляшек располагается на внутренней оболочке среднего уха или поражает барабанную перепонку. Слизистая теряет эластичность, становится более плотной. Постепенно нарушается способность барабанной перепонки к совершению колебательных движений, уплотняется кольцевидная связка стремечка.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В барабанной полости формируются соединительнотканные спайки, нарушающие подвижность слуховых косточек. Патологический процесс в слизистой развивается неоднородно: очаги склерозирования сочетаются с очагами вялотекущего катарального воспаления. Фиброзирование может протекать двумя способами: по типу замещения дефекта в слизистой грануляционной тканью с последующим рубцовым перерождением или же путем формирования на его месте соединительной ткани.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Диагностика тимпаносклероза осуществляется на основании данных анамнеза, жалоб пациента, осмотра врача-отоларинголога, комплекса лабораторных и инструментальных исследований. При опросе больного особое внимание уделяется наличию в анамнезе перенесенного ранее отита различной давности или травм барабанной перепонки, а также уточняется время возникновения первых симптомов. Для диагностики заболевания используются:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Физикальное обследование. При осмотре выявляется истончение кожи в области слухового прохода, реже обнаруживаются серозные выделения. Отоскопическая картина характеризуется наличием дефекта в барабанной мембране или ее утолщением. В редких случаях обнаруживаются атрофические рубцы или наслоения гиалина.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Микроотоскопия. Тимпаносклеротические изменения среднего уха сопровождаются образованием бляшек на слизистой оболочке и в области барабанной перепонки. Они отграничены от окружающих тканей и плотно спаяны с ними, имеют белесоватый оттенок и различные размеры. Сама слизистая оболочка среднего уха истончена, на ней имеются единичные участки гиперемии. Визуализируется полный или частичный разрыв барабанной перепонки.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Инструментальные исследования. Магнитно-резонансная томография или КТ височной кости позволяют обнаружить разрушение слуховых косточек, повреждение барабанной полости. С помощью рентгенографии черепа можно определить положение отдельных кальцинатов в составе тимпаносклеротических комплексов.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Исследование функций органов слуха. С целью подтверждения тугоухости и определения ее степени применяют камертональные пробы. Для склеротита характерны кондуктивная тугоухость или смешанная форма с преобладанием кондуктивного компонента. Это связано с повреждением барабанной перепонки и нарушением проведения звуковой волны. Аудиометрия назначается с целью измерения остроты слуха, значительно снижающейся при заболевании.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Если заболевание имеет ограниченную форму, то возможно консервативное лечение, которое включает:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">продувание слуховой трубы по Политцеру;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">пневмомассаж барабанной перепонки;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">парентеральное (внутримышечное) введение таких биостимуляторов как алоэ и стекловидное тело;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">транстубарное введение эмульсии гидрокортизона, химотрипсина (катетеризация слуховой трубы);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">физиотерапевтические процедуры – УВЧ, электрофорез, сеансы лазеротерапии, массаж тубарных валиков с помощью ультразвука, сеансы виброакустической терапии, энауральный фонофорез рассасывающего препарата лидазы;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">витамины группы В и кокарбоксилазы (витаминоподобный препарат).</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Большинство авторов сходится во мнении, что хирургическое лечение является наиболее эффективным способом реабилитации больных, страдающих ТС, хотя отдалённые результаты не всегда являются удовлетворительными. Цель хирургического вмешательства - улучшение слуха и санация среднего уха. Успех операции и стабильность результатов во многом определяется выраженностью ТС процесса, локализацией и характером очагов, сохранностью и подвижностью элементов цепи слуховых косточек, а также состоянием слуховой трубы. Лечение может быть одноэтапным и многоэтапным. Хирургическое вмешательство включает удаление патологических образований из полости среднего уха, мобилизацию сохранных элементов звукопроводящей цепи, реконструкцию оссикулярной цепи и восстановление барабанной перепонки.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Основными вмешательствами при ТС являются следующие:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">тимпанопластика (мирингопластика) – при очагах ТС не фиксирующих цепь слуховых косточек;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">тимпанопластика (мирингопластика) с мобилизацией цепи слуховых косточек посредством удаления ТС комплексов;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">тимпанопластика (мирингопластика) с оссикулопластикой дефектов слуховой цепи после удаления ТС комплексов;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">стапедотомия и реконструкция звукопроводящей цепи при фиксации стремени.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
"prevention": "<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-58803b3c-7fff-14f9-5545-fe44fc3f01fb\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Профилактикой тимпаносклероза является своевременное и рациональное лечение отита среднего уха. </span></span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для заболевания характерно медленное течение и постепенное нарастание симптомов. Большинство пациентов через несколько лет после перенесенного среднего отита отмечают периодическое появление шума в ушах, который усиливается во время физических нагрузок или психоэмоционального напряжения. Позже больные замечают постепенное снижение остроты слуха вплоть до полной его потери.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Около 46% людей отмечают наличие слизистых выделений из наружного слухового прохода, не связанных с каким-либо заболеванием. При длительном течении процесса пациенты предъявляют жалобы на диффузную головную боль без четкой локализации. Если на фоне тимпаносклероза происходит обострение хронического отита, могут возникать характерные клинические проявления в виде болевого синдрома или гнойных выделений из уха.</span></p>",
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"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Как правило, заболевание становится осложнением других бактериальных, грибковых или вирусных патологий. К предрасполагающим факторам относится нерациональный прием антибиотиков или кортикостероидов, переохлаждение, частое попадание воды в слуховой проход. В роли самостоятельной нозологии мирингит встречается крайне редко. Наиболее часто в роли пусковых факторов выступают:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Болезни наружного уха и барабанной полости. Являются основной причиной развития мирингита. Обычно его возникновение обусловлено распространением патологического процесса на барабанную перепонку при внешнем или среднем отите, тубоотите и пр.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Вирусные, бактериальные, грибковые заболевания. Мирингит может наблюдаться на фоне гриппа, кори, пневмонии или сепсиса. Поражение барабанной перепонки вызвано гематогенным или контактным распространением возбудителя из первичного очага.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Травматическое повреждение. Воспалительная реакция при травме обусловлена нарушением целостности эпидермиса, покрывающего наружный слой барабанной перепонки. В роли травмирующего фактора могут выступать механические, термические или химические агенты.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>",
"pathogenesis": "",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Полная программа обследования включает в себя следующие методы диагностики:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Сбор анамнеза и жалоб. При опросе пациента отоларинголог обращает внимание на дебют заболевания и наличие ранее диагностированных патологий. Врач уточняет динамику и последовательность развития имеющихся симптомов.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Отоскопия. При остром катаральном варианте присутствует отечность и гиперемия перепонки, сглаженность ее структур, небольшой объем серозного экссудата в полости слухового хода. Хроническая форма характеризуется утолщением стенки, мацерацией эпидермиса, наличием грануляций, большим количеством гнойных пузырьков. При геморрагическом мирингите буллы заполнены серозно-геморрагическим экссудатом. При герпетической этиологии они имеют небольшой диаметр, а крупные гнойники возникают при гриппе или парагриппе.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лабораторные анализы. Общий анализ крови позволяет выявить лейкоцитоз со сдвигом лейкоцитарной формулы влево, повышение СОЭ. При вирусной этиологии мирингита на 2-4 сутки от начала заболевания уровень лейкоцитов опускается ниже нормы, возникает относительный лимфоцитоз. При</span></li>\r\n<li>Тональная пороговая аудиометрия. Используется для определения характера развившейся тугоухости и выбора дальнейшей терапевтической тактики. При кондуктивной форме тугоухости наблюдается ухудшение воздушной проводимости при сохранении костного восприятия звука. Сенсоневральная тугоухость характеризуется нарушением работы как звукопроводящей, так и звуковоспринимающих систем.</li>\r\n</ul>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Основной метод лечения – медикаментозный, комбинация препаратов определяется отоларингологом. В терапевтическую программу могут входить:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Антибактериальные или противовирусные средства. В зависимости от этиологического варианта мирингита, результатов бактериологического и вирусологического методов исследования назначаются антибиотики, противогрибковые или противовирусные препараты. Наиболее часто применяют цефалоспорины II-III поколения, макролиды, фторхинолоны, производные амантадина.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">НПВС. Нестероидные противовоспалительные средства угнетают воспалительный процесс в барабанной перепонке. В сочетании с антибактериальной или противовирусной терапией они способны купировать болевой синдром.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Антисептические препараты. Растворы антисептиков используются для промывания слухового прохода. Это позволяет реализовать местное воздействие на пораженные ткани, способствует эвакуации гнойных или кровянистых масс. Обычно используется фурацилин и борная кислота.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Дезинтоксикационная терапия. Применяется при развитии выраженного интоксикационного синдрома. Основные препараты – физиологический раствор, 5% глюкоза, низкомолекулярные плазмозаменители.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Парацентез булл. При образовании крупных гнойников показано хирургическое удаление их геморрагического или гнойного содержимого с последующей обработкой антисептическими препаратами.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>",
"prevention": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Профилактика мирингита заключается в предотвращении травматических повреждений уха, соблюдении правил личной гигиены, полноценном своевременном лечении заболеваний, которые потенциально могут привести к поражению барабанной перепонки.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Хронический мирингит провоцирует хроническая экзема или диффузное воспаление слухового прохода. Поражение касается всей перепонки или отдельных ее участков.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Нередко выделяется гной с неприятным запахом. Освобожденная от гноя перепонка влажная, шероховатая, грязно-серого цвета. Симптомы хронического мирингита:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">сильный, нестерпимый зуд в ухе;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">выраженное притупление слуха;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ощущение тяжести в ухе.</span></li>\r\n</ul>",
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{
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},
"code": "H72",
"name": "Перфорация барабанной перепонки",
"icd_name": "Перфорация барабанной перепонки",
"gender": 0,
"age_min": 3,
"age_max": 100,
"cause": [
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],
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"slug": "h72_perforaciya_barabannoy_pereponki",
"lead": "отверстие в барабанной перепонке",
"description": "<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-a4669da9-7fff-f8d2-6f81-447939cb8b32\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Перфорация барабанной перепонки - </span></span><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">это отверстие или разрыв в тонкой ткани, которая отделяет слуховой проход от среднего уха.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">К повреждению барабанной перегородки могут привести:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Травмы. Ковыряние в ушах ушными палочками, спичками и другими посторонними предметами.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Акустическая травма (при полете на самолете, чихания с закрытым носом).</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Шумовое повреждение (во время взрыва, выстрелов).</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Также перфорация может наблюдаться при среднем отите.</span></p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-10ef7c3a-7fff-95f4-b632-f2edf77def02\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Во время воспаления среднего уха патологическое содержимое не находит выхода, ведь устье слуховой трубы сужено вследствие отека. Накапливаясь, оно давит на барабанную перегородку и в конце концов приводит к ее перфорации.</span></span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Поскольку повреждение барабанной перепонки сопровождает 90% травм уха, его первичной диагностикой часто занимаются травматологи. Однако для более квалифицированной диагностики и определения оптимальной лечебной тактики пациентам с повреждением барабанной перепонки необходима консультация отоларинголога. Основным и зачастую достаточным методом в диагностике повреждения барабанной перепонки является эндоскопическое исследование: отоскопия и микроотоскопия. По показаниям для оценки функции слухового и вестибулярного аппаратов проводится аудиометрия, пороговая аудиометрия, исследование камертоном, акустическая импедансометрия, электрокохлеография, стабилография, вестибулометрия, калорическая проба. Повреждение барабанной перепонки, осложненное вторичным инфицированием, является показанием для бактериологического исследования выделений из уха.</span></p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Не осложненное повреждение барабанной перепонки не требует излишнего вмешательства. Не следует производить промывания слухового прохода или закапывание капель в ухо. При необходимости проводят удаление инородного тела из уха. При наличие кровяных сгустков их удаляют сухим ватным тампоном. Для профилактики инфицирования применяют обработку слухового прохода этиловым спиртом. При опасности развития воспалительных осложнений среднего уха назначают системный прием антибиотиков. Осложненное вторичной инфекцией повреждение барабанной перепонки лечат в соответствии с принципами лечения отита.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В случаях, когда после проведенного лечения повреждения барабанной перепонки в ней остается отверстие, показано его закрытие хирургическим способом. С этой целью проводится тимпанопластика и мирингопластика. В качестве материала для закрытия перфорационного отверстия может применяться куриный амнион, фасция височной мышцы, меатотимпанальный лоскут и др. Последнее время в отоларингологии разработан метод закрытия перфорации при помощи трансплантации культивированных аллофибробластов человека. Он применяется, если перфорационное отверстие составляет более 50% площади барабанной перепонки и не имеет признаков заживления спустя 14 дней от момента повреждения.</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Чтобы не травмировать барабанную перепонку не стоит засовывать в уши посторонние предметы. В самолете избежать баротравмы помогают леденцы, жевательные резинки. К тому же при возникновении симптомов отита необходимо своевременно обращаться к врачу.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Резкие болезненные ощущения в ухе могут говорить о перфорации барабанной мембраны. Помимо такого признака есть и другие:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">головокружение;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">кровь из уха (появляется после травмы);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">шум в ушах;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">выделения из уха (наблюдаются, если причиной повреждения стал средний отит, сопровождаются быстрым уменьшением болей и других симптомов отита);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ухудшение слуха.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>",
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},
{
"id": 6489,
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{
"id": 2816,
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"name": "боль в ухе"
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{
"name": "выделение из уха"
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{
"name": "ухо течет"
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"description": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Холестеатома среднего уха - это опухолевидное образование, содержащее омертвевшие эпителиальные клетки, скопления кератина, кристаллы холестерина, окруженное соединительной тканью в виде капсулы.</span></p>",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Наиболее частой причиной развития холестеатомы являются хронические и гнойные отиты, оставшиеся без лечения. Также к холестеатоме могут привести дисфункции евстахиевой трубы, при которых в среднем ухе нарушается давление, что вызывает чрезмерную нагрузку на барабанную перепонку.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Реже холестеатома носит врожденный характер, когда дефекты строения внутреннего и среднего уха становятся провоцирующим фактором для роста новообразования.</span></p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При врожденной или истинной холестеатоме среднего уха капсула имеет гладкую поверхность, похожую на жемчуг, что и дало ей еще одно название «жемчужная опухоль». Образуется опухоль при сбоях еще на эмбриональных стадиях. Образуется капсула, как правило, в пирамиде кости виска.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Ложная, в отличие от врожденной (истинной) холестеатомы, развивается при запущенных или же продолжительных отитах. Также развитию опухоли может способствовать травма уха. Развивается холестеатома уха двумя способами:</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<ol style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: decimal; font-size: 6.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #333333; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В первом случае распространение тканей слухового прохода в область среднего уха происходит по разрывном пути барабанной перепонки.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: decimal; font-size: 6.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #333333; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Во втором же случае нарушается проходимоспособность слуховой трубы при формировании заболевания евстахиита. Внутреннее давление барабанной полости падает, что провоцирует всасывание части барабанной перепонки, это в итоге провоцирует скопление слущенного эпителия и развитие холестеатомы.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">К диагностике холестеатомы уха могут привлекаться не только врачи-отоларингологи, но также неврологи и нейрохирурги. В современной отоларингологии используется комплекс визуализирующих и функциональных методик:</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Рентгенография височных костей. На рентгенограммах в проекции по Майеру, Шюллеру или Стенверсу холестеатома определяется как имеющая среднюю плотность однородная тень, которая находится в круглой патологической полости с гладкими и четко визуализирующимися краями. Более точную визуальную картину образования получают при проведении КТ и МСКТ черепа.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Эндоскопия уха. При отоскопии возможно обнаружение краевой перфорации барабанной перепонки, признаков деструкции костной части слухового прохода, обусловленных разрастанием холестеатомы. При наличии краевой перфорации производят зондирование полости среднего уха пуговчатым зондом и промывание надбарабанного пространства. О наличии деструктивного процесса свидетельствует шероховатая при прощупывании поверхность кости. В пользу холестеатомы уха говорит присутствие в промывных водах включений и чешуек эпидермиса.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Исследование слухового анализатора. Дополнительно у пациентов с холестеатомой уха проводят исследование слуха и вестибулярного анализатора. Аудиометрия выявляет снижение слуха, пороговая аудиометрия — смешанный тип тугоухости. Производят также исследование камертоном, определение проходимости слуховой трубы, электрокохлеографию, акустическую импедансометрию, отоакустическую эмиссию, вестибулометрию, электронистагмографию, стабилографию, непрямую отолитометрию.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Неврологическая диагностика. В диагностике осложнений может применяться неврологический осмотр, МРТ головного мозга, люмбальная пункция и др.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Консервативная тактика</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Консервативное лечение возможно лишь в случае небольшой холестеатомы уха, находящейся в надбарабанном пространстве. Терапия таких холестеатом заключается в промывании надбарабанного пространства растворами протеолитических ферментов и борной кислоты. Начинают и заканчивают процедуру промыванием полости изотоническим раствором. Подобную манипуляцию проводят ежедневно в течение недели.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Хирургическое лечение</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При неэффективности консервативного лечения, большом размере холестеатомы уха, наличии осложнений показано радикальное удаление образования. В зависимости от распространенности холестеатомы хирургическое вмешательство может включать:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">санирующую операцию на среднем ухе;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">мастоидотомию</span><a style=\"text-decoration-line: none;\" href=\"https://www.krasotaimedicina.ru/treatment/purulent-otitis/mastoidotomy\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #1155cc; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">;</span></a></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">лабиринтотомию;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">транслабиринтное вскрытие пирамиды височной кости;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">тимпанпластику, мастоидопластику, мирингопластику и пр.</span></li>\r\n</ul>",
"prevention": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Профилактика холестеатомы заключается в предупреждении ХГСО, своевременном лечении воспаления среднего уха.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Клиническая картина холестеатомы может различаться в зависимости от степени тяжести заболевания. На начальном этапе болезни симптомы могут не отличаться от симптомов гнойного отита. С более глубоким прорастанием патологического образования в структуру внутреннего уха симптомы приобретают более четкий характер:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">частые острые отиты в анамнезе или текущий хронический отит;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">водянистые выделения из уха, которые по мере развития заболевания становятся гнойными, с неприятным гнилостным запахом. Выделения носят постоянный или периодический характер;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">прогрессирующее снижение остроты слуха;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ослабление вестибулярного аппарата: головокружения, нарушения равновесия, при быстрой смене положения тела в пространстве наблюдается кратковременная дезориентация;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">боль в ухе распирающего, давящего, ноющего характера;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">периодические или постоянные головные боли;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">при отомикроскопии в структуре среднего уха обнаруживаются новообразования рыхлой неоднородной консистенции.</span></li>\r\n</ul>",
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},
"code": "H70.9",
"name": "Мастоидит неуточненный",
"icd_name": "Мастоидит неуточненный",
"gender": 0,
"age_min": 2,
"age_max": 100,
"cause": [
"0"
],
"periodicity": 1,
"slug": "h70.9_mastoidit_neutochnennyy",
"lead": "воспалительное поражение сосцевидного отростка височной кости",
"description": "<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-c19eb9e8-7fff-8671-5c70-d1807b81456a\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Мастоидит — бактериальная инфекция сосцевидного отростка, который представляет собой выступающую кость позади уха. Мастоидит обычно возникает при отсутствии лечения или при неправильном лечении острого среднего отита и заключается в распространении инфекции из среднего уха на окружающую кость — сосцевидный отросток.</span></span></p>",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В зависимости от причин, вызвавших отит и его осложнения, различают следующие виды мастоидита:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">отогенный – обусловлен распространением инфекции на околоушные ткани при отсутствии своевременного лечения острого отита. Возбудители – стафилококки, пневмококки, стрептококки или палочка инфлюэнцы. Развитию воспалительного процесса способствуют небольшое отверстие барабанной перепонки, нарушение оттока гноя и его скопление, закрытие ушного отверстия грануляционной тканью; </span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">гематогенный – тип заболевания, который развивается в качестве вторичной инфекции при сифилисе, туберкулезе и прочих инфекционных заболеваниях; </span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">травматическая форма мастоидита – является причиной повреждения сосцевидного отростка при ударе, ранении или черепно-мозговой травме. Скопление крови в области повреждения и нарушение процесса ее дренирования служит благоприятной средой для развития инфекции.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Активизации воспалительного процесса способствуют:</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ослабление иммунной защиты организма; </span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">патологии носоглотки, наличие в анамнезе пациента хронических заболеваний; </span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">изменения в структуре ушной раковины после перенесенных заболеваний; </span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">высокая вирулентность (степень патогенности) попавшей в организм инфекции.</span></li>\r\n</ul>",
"pathogenesis": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Начальная стадия заболевания получила название экссудативной. Развитие хронического мастоидита начинается с воспаления слизистой ячеек сосцевидного отростка с одновременным развитием периостита (воспаления надкостницы) и скоплением экссудата в костной полости. Отечность тканей вместе со скоплением жидкости перекрывает сообщение между ячейками и проход между барабанной полостью и сосцевидным отростком, тем самым «закупоривая» инфекционный процесс. Из-за нарушения вентиляции в ячейках давление воздуха в них падает, и под воздействием внутреннего давления в область поражения начинает поступать транссудативная жидкость из кровеносных сосудов. Смешанная с гноем, она быстро наполняет все ячейки сосцевидного отростка. Первая стадия заболевания длится около 10 дней, у детей – до 6 дней.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Вторая стадия – профилеративно-альтеративная. Гнойное воспаление переходит на костные стенки и перегородки, способствуя развитию остеомиелита. Перегородки разрушаются, и внутри костной ткани образуется одна полость, заполненная гнойным содержимым. Заболевание приобретает типичную или атипичную форму. Вторая отличается вялым течением и слабой выраженностью симптомом.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">С учетом причины заболевания и имеющихся симптомов врач может назначить следующие виды обследования:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">клинический анализ крови и СОЭ;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">бактериальный посев отделяемого из уха;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">тональная аудиометрия;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">вестибулометрия;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">рентгенографическое исследование височной кости;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">компьютерная томография (КТ) височных костей и головного мозга.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лечебная тактика при мастоидите зависит от его этиологии, стадии воспалительного процесса и наличия осложнений. Медикаментозная терапия мастоидита проводится антибиотиками широкого спектра действия (цефаклор, цефтибутен, цефиксим, цефуроксим, цефотаксим, цефтриаксон, амоксициллин, ципрофлоксацин и др.). Дополнительно применяют антигистаминные, противовоспалительные, детоксикационные, иммунокоррегирующие препараты. Проводят лечение осложнений.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При отогенной природе мастоидита показана санирующая операция на среднем ухе, по показаниям — общеполостная операция. Отсутствие в барабанной перепонке обеспечивающего адекватное дренирование отверстия является показанием к проведению парацентеза. Через отверстие барабанной перепонки производят промывания среднего уха лекарственными препаратами. Мастоидит в экссудативной стадии может быть излечен консервативным путем. Мастоидит пролиферативно-альтеративной стадии требует хирургического вскрытия сосцевидного отростка (мастоидотомии) для ликвидации гноя и послеоперационного дренирования.</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Предупреждение отогенного мастоидита сводится к своевременной диагностике воспалительного поражения среднего уха, адекватному лечению отитов, своевременному проведению парацентеза барабанной перепонки и санирующих операций. Корректная терапия заболеваний носоглотки и быстрая ликвидация инфекционных очагов также способствуют профилактике мастоидита. Кроме того, имеет значение повышение работоспособности иммунных механизмов организма, что достигается ведением здорового образа жизни, правильным питанием, при необходимости — иммунокоррегирующей терапией.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Обычно симптомы мастоидита появляются через несколько дней или недель после развития острого среднего отита, когда инфекция распространяется на сосцевидный отросток и разрушает его внутреннюю часть. В следствии скопления гноя в кости может сформироваться абсцесс.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">К симптомам мастоидита относятся: </span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">боль в ухе и вокруг уха, носящая постоянный и пульсирующий характер;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">покраснение и распухание кожи, покрывающая сосцевидный отросток;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">асимметрия лица (наружное ухо смещается вбок и вниз);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">головная боль и высокая температура тела;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">выделение из наружного слухового прохода;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">шум в ухе и прогрессирующая потеря слуха;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">стойкое головокружение;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">невозможность смыкания век.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>",
"image": null,
"image_alt": null,
"standard_type": 0,
"danger": 30,
"published": 1,
"parent": 6488,
"block_rubric": 87,
"standards": []
}
]
}