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"lead": "проявление мочекаменной болезни, характеризующееся образованием в почках солевых конкрементов (камней)",
"description": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Камни почки – твердые кристаллообразные отложения, которые состоят из нерастворимых солей, образующихся в человеческом организме при нарушении обмена веществ. Камни могут быть разной величины – одни размером с песчинку, другие от нескольких сантиметров в диаметре. Обычно пациент даже не подозревает об их наличии, пока они не начинают продвигаться к выходу из почки, чем способны причинить сильную боль.</span></p>",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Факторы, провоцирующие образование камней, бывают внутренними и внешними. Внутренними причинами являются:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">генетическая предрасположенность;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">пиелонефрит, уретрит, цистит и другие воспалительные заболевания мочевыделительной системы, имеющие инфекционное происхождение;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">нарушения обмена веществ: гиперпаратиреоз (гиперфункция околощитовидных желез), подагра;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">инфекционные заболевания, не связанные с мочевыводящим трактом (ангина, остеомиелит, фурункулез, сальпингоофорит и т.д.);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">избыток, нехватка или повышенная активность некоторых ферментов в организме;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">заболевания печени и желчевыводящих путей;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">врожденные аномалии почек, мочеточников;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">заболевания ЖКТ (гастрит, панкреатит и т.д.);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">недостаток двигательной активности, обусловленный постельным режимом (вследствие травм, болезней).</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">К внешним причинам относятся:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">неблагоприятное воздействие окружающей среды;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">особенности почвы, климата, химического состава употребляемой в местности проживания воды (наличие некоторых солей в составе);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">малоподвижный образ жизни;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">вредные условия труда (тяжелая физическая работа, высокие температуры, химические испарения и т.д.);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">злоупотребление пищей, богатой пуринами (азотистыми соединениями, которые преобразуются в человеческом организме в мочевую кислоту): к таким продуктам относятся мясо и субпродукты, рыба (особенно речная), спаржа, цветная капуста, брокколи;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">употребление слишком малого количества жидкости.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Образование камней в почках происходит в результате сложного физико-химического процесса при нарушениях коллоидного баланса и изменениях почечной паренхимы. Известная роль принадлежит неблагоприятным местным условиям в мочевых путях – инфекциям (пиелонефриту, нефротуберкулезу, циститу, уретриту), простатиту, аномалиям почки, гидронефрозу, аденоме предстательной железы, дивертикулиту и другим патологическим процессам, нарушающим пассаж мочи.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Замедление оттока мочи из почки вызывает застой в чашечно-лоханочной системе, перенасыщение мочи различными солями и их выпадение в осадок, задержку отхождения с мочой песка и микролитов. В свою очередь, развивающийся на фоне уростаза инфекционный процесс приводит к попаданию в мочу воспалительных субстратов - бактерий, слизи, гноя, белка. Эти вещества участвуют в образовании первичного ядра будущего конкремента, вокруг которого кристаллизуются соли, в избытке присутствующие в моче.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Из группы молекул образуется так называемая элементарная клетка – мицелла, служащая первоначальным ядром камня. «Строительным» материалом для ядра могут выступать аморфные осадки, фибриновые нити, бактерии, клеточный детрит, инородные тела, присутствующие в моче. Дальнейшее развитие процесса камнеобразования зависит от концентрации и соотношения солей в моче, рН мочи, качественного и количественного состава мочевых коллоидов.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Чаще всего камнеобразование начинается в почечных сосочках. Первоначально внутри собирательных канальцев формируются микролиты, большая часть которых не задерживается в почках и свободно вымывается мочой. При изменении химических свойств мочи (высокой концентрации, смещении рН и пр.) происходят процессы кристаллизации, приводящие к задержке микролитов в канальцах и инкрустации сосочков. В дальнейшем камень может продолжать «расти» в почке или спускаться в мочевыводящие пути.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Диагностика заболевания осуществляется урологом, который при необходимости направляет пациента к хирургу. Сначала проводятся сбор анамнеза и осмотр пациента. Затем назначаются следующие обязательные исследования:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">общие и биохимические анализы мочи и крови;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">урография (рентгенологическое обследование мочевыводящих путей);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">УЗИ органов мочевыделительной системы.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Дополнительно могут быть назначены:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">компьютерная томография почек (для оценки размеров и плотности камня и состояния окружающих тканей);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">радионуклидное сканирование почек (для оценки функции почек);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">посев мочи на микрофлору (для выявления инфекции в органах мочевыделительной системы).</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Консервативное лечение</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лечение нефролитиаза может быть консервативным или оперативным и во всех случаях направлено на удаление камней из почек, устранение инфекции и предупреждение повторного образования конкрементов. При мелких почечных камнях (до 3 мм), которые могут быть выведены самостоятельно, назначается обильная водная нагрузка и диета, исключающая мясо и субпродукты.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При уратных камнях рекомендуется молочно-растительная диета, ощелачивающая мочу, щелочные минеральные воды (боржоми, ессентуки); при фосфатных конкрементах – прием кислых минеральных вод (Кисловодск, Железноводск, Трускавец) и т. д. Дополнительно под контролем уролога могут применяться лекарственные препараты, растворяющие камни в почках (например, цитратная терапия при уратных конкрементах).</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Первая помощь при почечной колике</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При развитии почечной колики лечебные мероприятия направлены на снятие обструкции и болевого приступа. С этой целью применяются инъекции платифиллина, метамизола натрия, морфина или комбинированных анальгетиков в сочетании раствором атропина; проводится теплая сидячая ванна, прикладывается грелка к поясничной области. При некупирующейся почечной колике требуется проведение новокаиновой блокады семенного канатика (у мужчин) или круглой связки матки (у женщин), проведение катетеризации мочеточника.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Хирургическое лечение назначается в следующих случаях:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">при неэффективности консервативной терапии;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">при наличии осложнений.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Перед операцией пациенту назначают антибиотики, антиоксиданты и препараты, улучшающие микроциркуляцию крови.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Хирургическое вмешательство может быть:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">малоинвазивным (малотравматичным, операция производится через небольшие проколы или естественные отверстия);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">традиционным (открытое хирургическое вмешательство осуществляется через разрезы).</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">К малоинвазивным методам относятся:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лапароскопические операции. В области поясницы делают маленький надрез (1-2 см), через который в почку вводят специальный инструмент троакар (представляет собой трубку) и зонд. Если камень небольших размеров, его извлекают сразу, если крупный – предварительно дробят.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Эндоскопические операции. Такое хирургическое лечение проводится через естественные пути или через небольшие проколы с помощью прибора эндоскопа.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">К традиционным хирургическим методам относятся:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Нефролитомия – операция, при которой камень устраняют из лоханки или чашечек почки;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Уретеролитотомия – хирургическое удаление камня из мочеточника;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Пиелолитотомия – устранение образования из почечной лоханки.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">К традиционным хирургическим методам прибегают, если камень имеет внушительные размеры или у пациента наблюдается почечная недостаточность.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"prevention": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Общие принципы профилактики камней почек заключаются в следующем:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Поддержание нормального баланса воды в организме, проще говоря, потребление достаточного количества жидкости в день.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Оптимизация питания. Выбор диеты определяется видом конкремента, обнаруженным у человека ранее, или данными анализа мочи (кислотность, содержание солей, кристаллов и др.).</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Медикаментозная профилактика камней почек.</span></li>\r\n</ul>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Характерным признаком проблемы становится боль разной интенсивности и частоты. Как правило, она возникает в боку и области поясницы. По ощущениям болевой синдром напоминает резкие пронзительные приступы боли. В запущенных случаях появляются почечные колики — это говорит о формировании крупных камней. Также возникает острая боль при мочеиспускании. Другие симптомы болезни:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">иррадиация почечной колики вниз живота и область бедра;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">кровь в моче, но не стоит путать с обычным окрашиванием после приёма красящих продуктов (например, свёклы);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">регулярные повышения температуры тела на фоне других характерных симптомов;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">отёчность рук и ног с утра, мешки под глазами — обычно спадают к вечеру;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">перепады артериального давления, вызванные нарушениями мочевыводящих путей;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">снижение или превышение суточной нормы мочи (нормой считается количество 1-1,5 литров или 3/4 общего объёма выпитой жидкости за сутки);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">изменение цвета и структуры кожи, появление подкожной сосудистой сетки;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">общая слабость, недомогание, быстрое переутомление.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-cd17c203-7fff-6949-2e93-36e1ec0692b8\"> </span></p>",
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"description": "",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Основной механизм образования конкрементов – нарушенный метаболизм, особенно с изменением водно-электролитного и химического состава крови. Факторами риска являются:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">отягощенная наследственность (наличие мочекаменной болезни у ближайших родственников);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">особенности питания (приверженность к острому, кислому и соленому, что повышает кислотность мочи);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">химические свойства воды для питья (повышенная жесткость и повышенное содержание солей);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">малоподвижный образ жизни;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">дефицит в организме ретинола и токоферола;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">прием ряда фармацевтических препаратов (сульфаниламиды, чрезмерное употребление витамина С);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">период длительной иммобилизации после травм;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">заболевания мочевыделительной системы;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">эндокринные расстройства (дисфункция паращитовидных желез).</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Встречаются также вторичные факторы образования конкрементов, которые связаны с нарушением пассажа мочи. На этом фоне растворенные соли начинают кристаллизоваться и выпадать в осадок.</span></p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лоханочно-мочеточниковый сегмент – это место перехода почечной лоханки большего диаметра в мочеточник с просветом 2-3 мм. Вслед за лоханочно-мочеточниковым сегментом просвет мочеточника расширяется до 10 мм, поэтому небольшой камень может сместиться дистальнее – до второго физиологического сужения на уровне подвздошных сосудов. В этом месте мочеточник пересекает верхнюю границу входа в таз и вновь сужается до диаметра 4 мм. Третьим физиологическим сужением мочеточника является пузырно-мочеточниковый сегмент, где диаметр мочеточника составляет 1-5 мм. В верхней трети мочеточника застревает примерно 25% камней, в средней – около 45%, в нижней – до 70%. Для задержки в мочеточнике диаметр камня должен превышать 2 мм.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В патогенезе камнеобразования первостепенное значение играет изменение рН мочи, нарушение ее коллоидного состояния и снижение растворяющей способности. Такие изменения могут развиваться под влиянием инфекции, прежде всего, пиелонефрита. Известная роль здесь отводится факторам, приводящим к уростазу, - неправильному строению чашечек и лоханок, стриктурам и клапанам мочеточника, неполному опорожнению мочевого пузыря при стриктуре уретры, аденоме простаты, дивертикулах мочевыводящих путей, позвоночно-спинномозговых травмах и т. д.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Диагностика мочекаменной болезни включает лабораторные и инструментальные (визуализационные) методы обследования. Для выявления камня в мочеточнике назначается:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">общий клинический анализ мочи, биохимия крови;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">УЗИ органов выделительной системы: обнаружение конкрементов в почках, верхних и нижних мочеточниковых сегментах;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">дуплексное сканирование почечных сосудов: оценка показателей мочеточникового выброса, почечного кровотока, определение степени обтурации;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">обзорная урография, рентген-дифракционное исследование: дифференциация рентгенопозитивных и рентгенонегативных камней;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">КТ, бесконтрастная или с контрастом (более информативное рентгенологическое исследование, позволяющее определять размер, плотность, точную локализацию конкремента);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">МСКТ;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">магнитно-резонансная урография: оценка текущего состояния всех мягкотканных компонентов чашечно-лоханочной системы.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Выбор метода лечения камней в мочеточнике у мужчин и женщин зависит от выраженности основных симптомов и направлено как на удаление самих конкрементов, так и на устранение причины их образования. Врачи используют консервативные и хирургические методики.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Консервативное лечение</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Консервативное лечение проводится сразу по нескольким направлениям. Основным является эвакуация конкрементов их мочевых путей. Выбор метода удаления зависит от типа камней. Уратные конкременты единственные в своем роде, которые можно растворить. Для этого уролог назначает диуретические препараты, специальную диету и ощелачивание мочи.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Оксалатные камни не поддаются растворению. Однако, если их размеры не больше 4-5 мм (именно такой диаметр имеют физиологические сужения мочеточника), то можно попробовать их эвакуировать из организма целиком. Для этого уролог рекомендует употреблять около 2,5 литров воды в сутки, соблюдать диету и способствовать ощелачиванию урины. Отхождение камня продолжается около месяца и сопровождается интенсивной болью. Для ее купирования применяются спазмолитики и анальгетики (конкретные препараты назначает уролог). Если же диаметр образования превышает 4 мм, то без хирургического удаления не обойтись.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Фосфат-содержащие камни в первую очередь возникают при повышении щелочности мочи, поэтому лечение заключается в ее подкислении. Для этого рекомендовано употребление кислых соков, отваров барбариса и шиповника. В результате создаются условия для быстрого разрушения и выведения образований через мочевые пути.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Струвитные камни могут быть удалены только хирургическим путем.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Консервативное лечение может также включать противовоспалительную и антибактериальную терапию. Она назначается, если на фоне нарушенного пассажа мочи развилось воспаление почек.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Хирургическое лечение камней в мочеточнике</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Хирургическая помощь при наличии камней в мочеточнике заключается в их удалении из организма.</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Основными показаниями являются:</span><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">камни большого диаметра – 8-10 мм и более;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">струвитные камни;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">осложненные формы мочекаменной болезни независимо от размера камней.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Открытые операции в настоящее время практически не проводятся ввиду большой травматичности и длительного периода восстановления. Предпочтение отдается малоинвазивным методикам. </span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Дистанционная литотрипсия – дробление под воздействием электромагнитных волн. Применяется, если диаметр камня не более 25 мм, а плотность невысока.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Чрескожная литотрипсия – дробление после введения в просвет мочеточника специальных инструментов. Применяется только, если камень расположен в верхней трети мочеточника.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Контактная литотрипсия – разрушение и извлечение конкрементов с помощью уретероскопа, который введен в просвет мочеточника через естественные отверстия (разрезы и проколы отсутствуют). Лазерный или ультразвуковой луч напрямую контактируют с камнем и разрушают его. Применяется, если камень высокой плотности, а размер не более 10 мм.</span></li>\r\n</ul>",
"prevention": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Профилактика и предупреждение рецидивов образования камней в мочеточниках требует лечения нарушений обмена, пиелонефрита, уростаза. После удаления камня и восстановления пассажа мочи необходима ликвидация анатомической причины обструкции (стриктур и клапанов мочеточников, гиперплазии простаты и др.).</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Пациенту с той или иной формой уролитиаза рекомендуется диетотерапия (ограничение поваренной соли, жиров), ежедневный применение не менее 1,5-2 л жидкости, специальных фитосборов, курортная реабилитация.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Камни в мочеточнике проявляются разнообразными симптомами:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">наиболее частый симптом – боли в поясничной области, внизу живота, в области мочевого пузыря</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">примеси крови в моче</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">повышенная температура тела</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Боль носит постоянный характер, от острой до тупой, усиливается при изменении положения тела, физической активности – прыжках, беге. Но возможно и протекание болезни без боли, когда камень неподвижен и не полностью блокирует отток мочи из почки либо когда почка не функциональна. Приступ острой боли в поясничной области под воздействием конкрементов называют почечной коликой.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Б</span><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">оль может передаваться в подвздошную, паховую области, а также в области наружных половых органов и внутренней поверхности бедра. Во время приступа почечной колики больной беспокоен, мечется, принимает разные положения. Почечную колику сопровождают следующие симптомы:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">тошнота, рвота, не приносящая облегчения</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">нарушения в работе кишечника</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">напряжение мышц в области поясницы и передней брюшной стенки</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">уменьшение объёма выделяемой мочи, а иногда и полное её отсутствие (менее 50 мл в сутки)</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">озноб</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">брадикардия (редкий пульс)</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">жжение в мочеиспускательном канале, болезненное мочеиспускание (при расположении камня около соединения мочеточника с мочевым пузырём)</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При МКБ у 80-90% пациентов наблюдается гематурия (примесь крови в моче). Это происходит из-за повреждения камнем чашечно-лоханочной системы почки и мочеточника.</span></p>\r\n<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-1f68284a-7fff-31a6-f1ab-5081553d0019\"> </span></p>",
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"code": "N21.0",
"name": "Камни в мочевом пузыре",
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"lead": "проявление мочекаменной болезни, характеризующееся наличием в полости мочевого пузыря солевых или кальцифицированных конкрементов",
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"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Причины возникновения камней в мочевом пузыре могут быть достаточно разнообразны. В большинстве случаев камнеобразование происходит из-за нарушения оттока мочи. Мочевой пузырь не опорожняется полностью, концентрированные выделения застаиваются, а нерастворимые соли из них начинают кристаллизоваться, и возникают конкременты различного состава и размера. </span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Образование камней в мочевом пузыре может быть вызвано рядом сопутствующих патологий. Среди них:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">аденома предстательной железы;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">воспалительные процессы в органах мочеполовой системы;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">наличие в мочевыводящих и половых органах инородных тел;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">поражения ЦНС и травмы спинного мозга, сопровождающиеся нарушениями мочеиспускания;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">патологии внутренних мышц;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">миграция камней из почек в мочевой пузырь;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">шистосоматоз (паразитарное заболевание);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">цистоцеле (опущение мочевого пузыря у женщин);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">врожденные и приобретенные нарушения обмена веществ (медикаментозные, метаболические, воспалительные);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">нарушение физико-химических свойств выделений.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>",
"pathogenesis": "",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При наличии подозрения на камни в мочевом пузыре специалист обязательно проводит исследование мочи. Этот метод диагностики позволяет определить точное количество солей и других инородных веществ, находящихся в моче при данном заболевании. Для определения состава и величины конкрементов врач применяет специальные исследования, а именно:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">УЗИ мочевого пузыря;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">экскреторная урография (диагностическая процедура, включающая в себя внутривенное введение специального вещества с последующей рентгенографией органов брюшной полости, что позволяет увидеть не только количество конкрементов в мочевом пузыре, но и определить причину нарушения процесса мочеиспускания);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">томография (дает возможность оценить место локализации камней и их размеры);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">цистоскопия (при проведении процедуры используется цистоскоп, который врач вводит пациенту сначала в мочеиспускательный канал, а затем в мочевой пузырь, осматривая при помощи оптической системы любые изменения их внутренней полости);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">магнитно-резонансную рентгенотомографию (МРТ).</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Курс лечения камней в мочевом пузыре может включать как консервативные, так и оперативные методы. Медикаментозная методика лечения состоит из приема или введения специальных препаратов, способствующих прохождению камня по каналу и выпадению его в мочевой пузырь. Также больному назначают определенную диету в зависимости от вида выявленных конкрементов. Но в данном случае следует отметить, что данный вид лечения может устранить лишь острые приступы, а не основную причину заболевания: сам конкремент. Поэтому, если этот метод терапии не приносит положительных результатов, то врач проводит оперативное лечение. Это может быть:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Цистолитотомия (хирургический метод камнесечения, проводящийся с помощью эндоскопической техники в полости мочевого пузыря. Врач вводит цистоскоп в мочевой пузырь и дробит конкременты. Если сделать это невозможно, то делается небольшой разрез в надлобковой области живота, после чего конкременты извлекаются);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">цистолитотрипсия (дробление камней в мочевом пузыре проводится с помощью цистолитотриптора, которым захватывается конкремент и фрагментируется в центре полости мочевого пузыря, вымывая при этом его огромным количеством жидкости).</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Проведение определенного вида хирургической методики лечения напрямую зависит от результатов диагностического обследования и непосредственно от рекомендаций и назначений специалиста. Независимо от вида все операции проводятся только под анестезией. После оперативного вмешательства больному вставляют катетер для устранения мочи, назначаются антибиотики для приема, курс лечения ими длится обычно пять-семь дней.</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Профилактика включает своевременную диагностику и лечение заболеваний, провоцирующих образование камней в мочевом пузыре.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Часто наличие конкрементов, в том числе достаточно больших, не сопровождается какими-либо симптомами и диагностируется случайно в ходе плановых обследований. Признаки камней в мочевом пузыре начинают проявляться при постоянном контакте образования со стенками мочевого пузыря, вызывающем раздражение слизистой, а также тогда, когда камень начинает мешать нормальному оттоку мочи. </span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Среди характерных симптомов заболевания пациенты часто отмечают следующие:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">болезненные ощущения внизу живота, над лобком;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">резкие позывы к мочеиспусканию, сопровождающиеся болевыми ощущениями, особенно во время активного движения;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">появление в моче кровянистых включений и сгустков;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ноющие боли в пояснице, бедрах и гениталиях;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">прерывание струи мочи, не позволяющее завершить мочеиспускание без смены положения тела;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">периодическое недержание мочи при застревании конкремента в шейке сфинктера пузыря;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">приапизм, энурез и болезненная эрекция;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">хронический цистит и пиелонефрит (при присоединении инфекции);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">гематурия (в случае травматизации конкрементом расширенных сосудов шейки пузыря).</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>",
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"code": "N25.0",
"name": "Почечная остеодистрофия",
"icd_name": "Почечная остеодистрофия",
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"lead": "изменение морфологии костей у пациентов с хроническим заболеванием почек, вызванное нарушением минерально-костного обмена",
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"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В норме костная ткань постоянно ремоделируется, а почки поддерживают нормальный уровень фосфора и кальция в крови. При гипокальциемии любого генеза паращитовидные железы выделяют гормон, который провоцирует вымывание минералов из костей, что приводит к их деминерализации. Почечная остеодистрофия – один из признаков хронической почечной недостаточности, которая является исходом многих урологических и нефрологических патологий. Поэтому заболевания, вызывающие ХПН, одновременно считают триггерами нарушения костного метаболизма:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Врожденные и наследственные болезни. Поликистоз почек, синдром Альпорта и врожденная гипоплазия часто осложняются почечной недостаточностью с развитием метаболической остеопатии. Для этих патологий типичен отягощенный семейный анамнез. Частота встречаемости 0,5-3%. В большинстве наблюдений клинические проявления остеодистрофии присутствуют с детства (почечный рахит).</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Гломерулярные патологии. Включают первичные гломерулонефриты, вторичную гломерулярную болезнь почек, характерную для системной красной волчанки, диабетической нефропатии и геморрагических васкулитов. Сахарный диабет является одной из наиболее частых причин утраты функциональной способности почек, на его долю приходится 44%, на гломерулярную патологию – 8% случаев.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Сосудистые заболевания. Атеросклероз и системный склероз с поражением почек нарушают кровоснабжение, вызывают ишемию тканей, следствием чего становится прогрессирующая гибель нефронов. Гипертоническая болезнь, осложненная нефропатией, в 30% случаев приводит к ХПН и метаболической болезни костной ткани. Остеодистрофия сочетается с серьезными осложнениями со стороны сердечно-сосудистой системы, сопряженными с высокой летальностью.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Тубулоинтерстициальные болезни. Тубулоинтерстициальный нефрит, который прогрессирует до ХПН с нарушениями метаболизма костей, может носить идиопатический, лекарственный или иммунологический характер. Мочеполовой туберкулез, шистосомоз, нефрокальциноз также проявляются постепенной утратой функциональных структур почки. Применение противовирусных лекарств для лечения гепатита В, ВИЧ-инфекции связано с дисфункцией канальцев и гипофосфатемической остеомаляцией.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Состояния, сопровождающиеся обструкцией. Мочекаменная болезнь, гиперплазия предстательной железы, опухоли малого таза и забрюшинный фиброз характеризуются нарушением адекватной уродинамики. Застой мочи способствует размножению бактериальной микрофлоры, развитию рецидивирующего вторичного пиелонефрита с гидронефротической трансформацией чашечно-лоханочной системы. При двустороннем поражении присоединяется ХБП, запускающая процессы остеодистрофии.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">К утяжеляющим факторам относят неправильное питание, приводящее к гиповитаминозу витамина D, состояние постменопаузы, сопровождающееся нарушением минерального обмена, вредные привычки. К ренальной остеопатии предрасполагает пожилой возраст, неадекватный прием кальцитриола. У больных, принимающих антациды по поводу язв ЖКТ или получающих заместительную почечную терапию, в организме накапливается алюминий. Это является дополнительной причиной остеомаляции</span></p>",
"pathogenesis": "",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Диагноз устанавливают на основании жалоб, данных физикального осмотра, оценки результатов лабораторных и инструментальных исследований. Наиболее информативна биопсия костной ткани, но вмешательство рекомендовано не всем пациентам из-за инвазивности. Процедуру осуществляют в специализированных клиниках для исключения адинамической формы патологии, в спорных ситуациях или при решении вопроса о целесообразности операции. К инструментальным и лабораторным способам диагностики остеодистрофии на фоне болезни почек относят:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Рентгенографию. Первичный способ визуализации, используемый для оценки состояния костной ткани у пациентов, страдающих нефрологическими и урологическими заболеваниями. Рентгенограммы визуализируют переломы, специфические изменения скелета при остеодистрофиях. Из-за лучевой нагрузки методика имеет ограничения по количеству исследований, особенно в детском возрасте.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Денситометрию. Обычно выполняют двухэнергетическую рентгеновскую абсорбциометрию в поясничном отделе позвоночника, проксимальном отделе бедренной кости и дистальном отделе предплечья. Исследование показывает изменения, типичные для остеопении и остеопороза, позволяет спрогнозировать риск переломов. Процедуру повторяют в динамике для оценки плотности костей на фоне проводимой терапии. Показаниями к денситометрии также являются ХПН, планируемый гемодиализ или трансплантация.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">МРТ и КТ. Назначаются при недостаточной информативности других методик. Компьютерная томография обеспечивает высококачественную визуализацию патологических изменений скелета, которые не выявляются при выполнении обычной рентгенографии. МРТ дает возможность оценить состояние прилегающих тканей: сухожилий, связок, хрящей.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лабораторные анализы. Оценка костного метаболизма позволяет судить о степени ремоделирования ткани. Лучшим неинвазивным вариантом диагностики подтипов почечной остеодистрофии является определение уровня ПТГ для оценки костного метаболизма.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Медикаментозное лечение</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Выбор того или иного препарата производится с учетом формы остеодистрофии, стадии хронической болезни почек, тяжести вторичного гиперпаратиреоза. При подборе учитывают побочные эффекты от приема медикаментов, выявляющиеся у пациента. К основным группам лекарственных средств относят:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Фосфатбиндеры (связыватели фосфора). Кальция карбонат и кальция ацетат назначаются с начальных стадий ХПН, препятствует всасыванию фосфата в ЖКТ. Их прием особенно актуален при гемодиализе. При неэффективности пересматривают подход к ЗПТ: увеличивают площадь поверхности диализирующей мембраны, продолжительность процедуры, количество сеансов. Используемые ранее препараты на основе гидроокиси алюминия сейчас утратили актуальность из-за риска накопления соединения и связанных с этим осложнений. Их лучшей альтернативой является севеламер.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Средства с витамином Д. Кальцитриол и альфакальцидол способствуют снижению активности паратиреоидных желез. При ЗПТ их применяют для профилактики и лечения вторичного гиперпаратиреоза. Персистирующая гипокальциемия с нормальными показателями фосфорного обмена корректируется путем назначения витамина D, который усиливает всасывание Са. На фоне приема уменьшается болевой синдром, усиливается минерализация костной ткани, особенно при фиброзно-кистозном остите.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Бисфосфонаты. Опыт использования медикаментов этой группы недостаточен, есть данные, что препараты предотвращали костную деминерализацию после пересадки почки. ЗПТ и прием метаболитов витамина Д для коррекции вторичного гиперпаратиреоза иногда осложняется стойкой гиперкальциемией. Бисфосфонаты в таких случаях способствовали нормализации состояния, хорошо выводились из организма с помощью гемодиализа.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Хирургическое лечение</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Удаление ткани паратиреоидных желез показано, если ПТГ превышает 800 пг/мл в течение 3 месяцев, несмотря на консервативную терапию и принятые меры: отмену витамина Д, отказ от использования диализирующего раствора с высоким содержанием Са, соблюдение диеты. Возвратная гиперкальциемия, появление ишемических некрозов, изнуряющий кожный зуд также требуют хирургического лечения. Вмешательство обосновано перед трансплантацией почки, поскольку послеоперационный период сопровождается гиперкальциемией. Наиболее часто выполняют субтотальную паратиреоидэктомию.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"prevention": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Профилактика подразумевает выявление гиперпаратиреоидных состояний, отказ от курения и злоупотребления алкоголем, правильное питание. Превентивные меры для пациентов на ЗПТ включают прием витамина Д после каждого сеанса гемодиализа. При первых симптомах неблагополучия со стороны органов мочевыделения важно сразу обратиться к урологу или нефрологу, что позволит диагностировать патологию на ранней стадии.</span></p>\r\n<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-5595932e-7fff-a97c-37e8-d374d3a14713\"> </span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Патология включает признаки вторичного гиперпаратиреоза, рахита, остеомаляции и остеопороза. Рахит с остеомаляцией встречаются у детей, вторичный гиперпаратиреоз с остеомаляцией – у взрослых. Клиника вариативна, зависит от формы ренальной остеодистрофии. Заболевание долгое время протекает бессимптомно. В последующем пациенты предъявляют жалобы на суставные боли, усиливающиеся при движении, костную ломоту. При накоплении кальция в хрящах отмечается ограничение объема движений из-за утраты эластичности суставных поверхностей, появляется утиная (переваливающаяся) походка.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Кальцификация стенки поверхностных сосудов вызывает кальцифилаксию, что проявляется очагами некроза на коже. Процесс сопровождается кожным зудом, который может быть временным или постоянным. Кальций отвечает за нервно-мышечную передачу, ее нарушение проявляется мышечной слабостью, которая постепенно прогрессирует, распространяясь на верхние конечности. Со стороны нервной системы обнаруживается апатия, постоянная сонливость, ухудшение памяти. Сердечно-сосудистые проявления представлены загрудинной болью, одышкой, тахикардией.</span></p>",
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]
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