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},
"code": "G24.3",
"name": "Спастическая кривошея",
"icd_name": "Спастическая кривошея",
"gender": 0,
"age_min": 1,
"age_max": 100,
"cause": [
"0"
],
"periodicity": 1,
"slug": "g24.3_spasticheskaya_krivosheya",
"lead": "заболевание, характеризующееся неправильным наклоном или поворотом головы из-за патологического напряжения мышц",
"description": "<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-c1c040be-7fff-6dc6-f0d7-a23a6377e5b4\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Спастическая кривошея или цервикальная дистония - это </span></span><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">неврологическое заболевание, одна из форм фокальной дистонии, которое характеризуется патологической установкой головы или/и шеи вследствие спазма мышц шеи, а также может сопровождаться тремором головы/</span></p>",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Врожденные причины возникновения патологии</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">нарушения внутриутробного развития, чаще из-за неправильного положения головы плода во время беременности;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">родовая травма;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">внутриутробная гипоксия.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Приобретенные причины возникновения патологии</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">остеохондроз, межпозвонковая грыжа;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">эмоциональный стресс;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">токсические поражения центральной нервной системы;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">психологическая травма;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">травмы шеи или головы;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">болезнь Шейермана Мау;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">перенесенный энцефалит и другие нейроинфекции;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">осложнение после ожога;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">генетическая предрасположенность.</span></li>\r\n</ul>",
"pathogenesis": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Большинство ученых считают, что в основе спастической кривошеи лежит нарушение обмена нейромедиаторов в базальных ядрах. Мнения о видах участвующих нейротрансмиттеров разнятся. Одни специалисты указывают на возможное преобладание ацетилхолина и недостаток дофамина. Другие предполагают неравномерный уровень норадреналина в разных подкорковых структурах.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для подтверждения диагноза кроме клиники необходимы результаты дополнительных обследований. Назначается:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Рентгенография. Изменения на снимке различны в зависимости от стадии кривошеи: может быть смещение позвонков, остеофиты. Также рентгенография является простым исследованием для проведения дифференциальной диагностики кривошеи с костными заболеваниями.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Магнитно-резонансная томография (МРТ). Позволяет наиболее точно визуализировать костные структуры и состояние мягких тканей.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Ультразвуковая допплерография (УЗДГ). Необходима для исключения синдрома задней вертеброгенной артерии.</span></li>\r\n</ul>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Спастическая кривошея не излечивается. У некоторых пациентов симптомы заболевания могут исчезнуть без лечения, но часто симптоматика рецидивирует. Лечение фокусируется на уменьшении симптоматики.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Медикаментозное лечение</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Пациентам со спастической кривошеей часто необходима комбинация лекарств для снижения интенсивности симптомов.</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #333333; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Ботулинический токсин. Этот препарат, который часто используется для сглаживания морщин на лице, может быть введен непосредственно в мышцах шеи, которые задействованы при цервикальной дистонии. Ботулинический токсин входит в состав таких лекарственных средств, как Ботокс, Диспорт, Ксеомин и Миоблок. У большинства пациентов с цервикальной дистонией после использования токсина отмечается значительное улучшение, но эффект держится недолго и инъекции токсина приходится повторять каждые 3-4 месяца.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #333333; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Препараты для лечения болезни Паркинсона. Лекарства, используемые для борьбы с тремором, связанным с болезнью Паркинсона, могут быть использованы в сочетании с инъекциями ботулотоксина. Частые побочные эффекты применения этих препаратов включают: сухость во рту, запор, проблемы с памятью, нарушения мочеиспускания или нарушения зрения.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #333333; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Миорелаксанты. Эти препараты часто не очень эффективны, и имеют побочные эффекты, наиболее выражен седативный эффект, нарушение координации движений и умеренные когнитивные нарушения. Это такие препараты как диазепам (Валиум, Diastat), лоразепам (Ativan), клоназепам (Клонопин) и баклофен (Lioresal, Gablofen).</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #333333; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Обезболивающие. Боль при цервикальной дистонии может быть достаточно интенсивной и может потребоваться использование анальгетиков как безрецептурных, так и рецептурных.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #333333; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ЛФК. Аккуратная подобранная программу упражнений может улучшить гибкость шеи, уменьшить спазм мышц.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В тех случаях, когда консервативные методы (в том числе и применение ботулинотоксина) не дают эффекта, то могут быть применены хирургические методы лечения.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #333333; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Может быть проведено рассечение мышц или нервов. Селективная денервация проводится не очень часто.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #333333; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Глубокая стимуляция мозга (ГСМ). При этой хирургической процедуре, в мозг вводится тонкий электрод. Кончик электрода помещают в той части мозга, которая контролирует движение. Электрические импульсы посылаются по проводу для того, чтобы прервать сигналы нервных клеток, которые заставляют голову поворачиваться. ГСМ используется только в самых сложных цервикальной дистонии.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>",
"prevention": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Профилактические мероприятия разработаны недостаточно из-за незначительной распространенности, неясной этиологии заболевания. Требуется лечение причинных патологий. Людям с наследственной отягощенностью рекомендуется исключение перегрузок шеи, формирование правильных динамических стереотипов, регулярное расслабление шейной мускулатуры.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Патология проявляется гиперкинезом. Вовлекаются мышцы шеи, затылочной области, вследствие чего голова поворачивается, наклоняется вперед, назад или в сторону. Насильственные движения дополняются дрожанием, иногда – сокращением мышц-антагонистов. Голова остается в порочном положении (тоническая судорога), совершает стереотипные движения (клоническая судорога) либо перечисленные варианты сочетаются между собой.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">3/4 пациентов беспокоят боли в шее, плече, затылке, причиной которых становится постоянное напряжение мышц с возникновением миофасциального синдрома. Иногда болезненные ощущения провоцируются сдавлением нервных стволов. Болезнь постепенно развивается на протяжении недель либо месяцев. Вначале симптомы появляются только при физических нагрузках, эмоциональном напряжении, утомлении, контролируются волевым усилием.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В 75% указанные проявления сочетаются с гиперреакцией на неожиданные раздражители (вздрагиванием, подпрыгиванием). Затем частота судорог нарастает, они развиваются при незначительных воздействиях, но зачастую успешно устраняются или уменьшаются специальными жестами – прикосновением к щеке либо подбородку. Жесты не предусматривают интенсивного воздействия на положение головы, имеют чисто корректирующий характер.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Выраженность проявлений спастической кривошеи в значительной степени определяется положением тела, видом активности. Во время стояния движения усиливаются, при переходе в лежачее положение уменьшаются. Отмечается связь с другими факторами. Характерны минимальные проявления по утрам при нарастании симптоматики ближе к вечеру, временное облегчение после употребления спиртных напитков.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Проявления постепенно усиливаются на протяжении 2-5 лет, а потом остаются на том же уровне. У 20% больных признаки спастической кривошеи самопроизвольно исчезают, однако затем возобновляются. Средняя длительность заболевания до возникновения ремиссии составляет 3 года. Продолжительность бессимптомного периода существенно варьируется по данным разных исследователей. Одни авторы указывают, что симптомы пропадают на полгода, другие – что на 8 лет.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В 30% случаев дистония со временем захватывает иные участки тела. Почти у половины больных спастическая кривошея дополняется писчим спазмом, у трети – блефароспазмом или дрожанием кисти, у 10% – оромандибулярной дистонией. Характер насильственных движений усложняется, наблюдаются одновременные движения головы в двух или трех плоскостях, например, сочетание наклона к плечу с поворотом в сторону.</span></p>",
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"name": "непроизвольно дергаются конечности"
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"lead": "самая распространенная форма ДЦП, при которой нарушается нормальное функционирование мышц спины, рук и ног",
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"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В современной медицине принято выделять следующие причины, которые провоцируют спастическую диплегию нижних конечностей:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">преждевременные роды - среди причин недоношенности могут быть резус-конфликт матери и ребенка, фетоплацентарная недостаточность, преждевременная отслойка плаценты, поздний токсикоз у матери, сердечно-сосудистые патологии, сахарный диабет, перенесенные травмы;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">травмы новорожденного, полученные в ходе родов - риск родовой травмы возрастает при затяжных или стремительных родах, тазовом предлежании плода, узком тазе матери;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">гипоксия и асфиксия новорожденного - дефицит кислорода в период внутриутробного пребывания ребенка отрицательно сказывается на его развитии, риск патологий повышается при отсутствии самостоятельного дыхания у малыша сразу после рождения.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Причинами асфиксии новорожденных могут быть патологические роды, внутриутробные инфекции плода, попадание околоплодных вод, генетическая несовместимость матери и ребенка.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Определенный риск рождения ребенка с ДЦП существует, когда мать в ходе беременности употребляет алкогольные напитки и злоупотребляет курением. К провоцирующим факторам относится работа беременной женщины на вредном производстве, проживание в неблагоприятных экологических условиях.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Спастическая диплегия формируется вследствие поражения прецентральной извилины. Она дает начало пирамидальным путям, которые в свою очередь, отвечают за двигательную функцию. Один из наиболее опасных факторов - это внутриутробная гипоксия, вызванная дефицитом поступления кислорода плоду. Поскольку головной мозг очень чувствителен к недостатку кислорода, патологические изменения возникают сразу после наступления кислородного голодания.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Значительно реже диплегия может стать следствием внутричерепных родовых травм, вызывающих кровоизлияния и деструкции тканей головного мозга.</span></p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Спастическая диплегия формируется в результате поражения прецентральной извилины, дающей начало пирамидным путям, обеспечивающим двигательную функцию. В 30-40% болезнь Литтля сочетается с поражением черепно-мозговых нервов. Развитие патологических изменений в указанных церебральных структурах происходит преимущественно по ишемически-гипоксическому механизму на фоне незрелости мозговых тканей вследствие недоношенности. Основное патогенетическое звено — гипоксия плода во внутриутробном периоде или в процессе родов (асфиксия, родовая травма). Головной мозг является наиболее чувствительной к гипоксии структурой организма человека, патологические изменения в нём развиваются уже через несколько минут кислородного голодания. В более редких случаях спастическая диплегия возникает в результате непосредственного повреждения указанных выше отделов мозга при внутричерепной родовой травме.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Спастическая диплегия диагностируется детским неврологом с учётом консультационных заключений смежных специалистов (педиатра, детского офтальмолога, отоларинголога). Большое значение придаётся наличию в анамнезе указаний на патологию антенатального периода, недоношенность, родовую травму, асфиксию в родах. Перечень диагностических обследований включает:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Неврологический осмотр. Выявляет повышение мышечного тонуса по центральному типу, усиление сухожильных рефлексов (особенно коленных, ахилловых), клонус стоп, пирамидные стопные знаки Бабинского, Россолимо, гиперкинез, патологию черепных нервов.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Офтальмологический осмотр. Диагностирует страбизм, глазодвигательные расстройства. Визометрия определяет снижение остроты зрения. При офтальмоскопии могут обнаруживаться признаки атрофии зрительного нерва.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Консультацию отоларинголога с аудиометрией. Необходима для определения степени нарушений слуха.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Электроэнцефалографию. Отражает состояние биоэлектрической активности мозга. Эпилептиформные изменения нехарактерны.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Электронейромиографию. Назначается, чтобы дифференцировать болезнь Литтля от нервно-мышечных заболеваний.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Нейросонографию. При помощи УЗИ визуализируют церебральные структуры через открытый родничок. Методика позволяет исключить врождённые аномалии головного мозга, гидроцефалию, опухоли, церебральные кисты, посттравматические внутричерепные гематомы.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">МРТ головного мозга. Проводится в диагностически сомнительных случаях детям с уже закрытым родничком. Более точно, чем УЗИ, отображает интракраниальные изменения.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Диагностику психического развития. В раннем возрасте осуществляется неврологом, позже — детским психиатром. Направлена на выявление ЗПР, олигофрении.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>",
"treatment": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лечение спастической диплегии при ДЦП направлено на реабилитацию ребенка, облегчение симптомов болезни, психологическую и социальную адаптацию. Большое значение имеет работа с дефектологом, психологом, логопедом для приобретения навыков самообслуживания и адаптации в социуме.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><strong id=\"docs-internal-guid-664fbe53-7fff-c6fe-f86f-efb23592aee9\" style=\"font-weight: normal;\"> </strong></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Консервативная терапия</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Медикаментозное лечение диплегии предусматривает назначение следующих групп препаратов:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">сосудистые средства - нормализуют кровообращение, улучшают работу головного мозга;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">миорелаксанты - снимают мышечные спазмы;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ноотропы - стимулируют умственную деятельность, активизируют когнитивные функции, улучшают память;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ботулотоксин - снимает спастическое напряжение;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">седативные средства - для нормализации психоэмоционального фона;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">витаминно-минеральные комплексы - для достижения общеукрепляющего эффекта.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Физиотерапия</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Физиотерапевтические процедуры при ДЦП назначаются с учетом особенностей детского организма, быстрой утомляемости и повышенной возбудимости нервной системы таких пациентов.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">К эффективным физиотерапевтическим процедурам относятся:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">электростимуляция - использование импульсных токов для улучшения кровообращения, нормализации мышечного тонуса;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">магнитотерапия и использование ультразвуковых волн - применяется в лечении контрактур;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">лазерная терапия - благотворно влияет на стенки сосудов и мышечные волокна;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">бальнеотерапия - назначение хвойных, сероводородных, скипидарных, кислородных и других видов целебных ванн;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">тепловые процедуры - парафиновое обертывание, грязелечение.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Пациентам с ДЦП назначаются различные виды лечебных массажей. Их цель - укрепить мускулатуру, снять напряжение и возбудимость в мышцах, улучшить кровообращение.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Эффективные результаты в лечении дает иглорефлексотерапия. Влияние на биологически активные точки на теле человека позволяет улучшить рефлекторный ответ со стороны органов и тканей. Лучше всего начинать сеансы иглорефлексотерапии в возрасте до одного года.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Биологически активные точки на коже ребенка расположены ближе к поверхности, чем у взрослых, поэтому время нахождения иглы на коже также короче. Рекомендуется проводить 3-4 курса иглорефлексотерапии в год. Каждый курс состоит из 10 процедур.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><strong style=\"font-weight: normal;\"> </strong></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лечебная физкультура</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ЛФК проводят не ранее, чем полтора-два часа до или после осуществления физиотерапевтических процедур. Упражнения выполняются в активно-пассивном режиме при помощи инструктора, возможно применение специального гимнастического оборудования - фитбола, мячей, мешочков с песком.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Упражнения лечебной физкультуры способствуют наращиванию мышечной силы, улучшению координации движений, нормализации мышечного тонуса, улучшению эмоционального состояния маленького пациента.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Отлично воздействует на организм человека плавание. Пребывание в воде оказывает общеукрепляющее и седативное воздействие, активизирует работу центральной нервной системы.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><strong style=\"font-weight: normal;\"> </strong></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Если болезнь сопровождается повышенной возбудимостью ребенка и расстройствами сна, показана электросонтерапия. Назначают электросон длительностью 30-40 минут, процедуры проводят ежедневно или через день. Это вид физиотерапии не назначают, если ДЦП осложнено эпилепсией или гидроцефалией.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Реабилитационная терапия обязательно включает занятия с психологом, дефектологом, коррекционными педагогами в специализированных учреждениях. Игровая терапия позволяет снимать повышенную тревожность, страхи, неврозы, укреплять сон и корректировать поведение. Эти виды коррекционной работы показаны пациентам, у которых отмечают задержку психического и речевого развития.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"prevention": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Профилактика заболевания должна осуществляться в период вынашивания ребенка матерью. Беременная женщина должна вовремя стать на учет в специализированном медицинском учреждении для ведения беременности.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В течение всего времени вынашивания ребенка запрещено курить или употреблять алкогольные напитки. Вредные привычки снижают поступление кислорода и повышают риск развития гипоксии у плода.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Если до беременности женщина принимала лекарственные препараты, ей следует уведомить об этом врача. Не все медикаментозные средства являются безопасными для развития и здоровья будущего малыша.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">К профилактическим мерам также относится соблюдение правил сбалансированного питания и исключение негативных эмоций в период беременности. Регулярное посещение врача позволит предотвратить внутриутробные нарушения в развитии.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Патология может быть ярко выраженной или же проявляться легкой неловкостью движений. При легкой форме спастической диплегии признаки заболевания могут появиться на 5-6 месяце жизни ребенка. В это время начинаю активно развиваться двигательные реакции тазовых мышц и нижних конечностей. Тяжелую же форму заболевания можно определить сразу после рождения младенца.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Основными симптомами заболевания являются:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">неспособность держать голову;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">трудности с двигательными рефлексами;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">заторможенная реакция;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">лишние движения;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">гипер- или гипотонус мышц;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">бесконтрольные сокращения мышц;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ребенок не стоит и не ходит самостоятельно.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Если малыша положить на животик, то он сразу же поднимет таз вверх. Это связано с тем, что у детей с этой формой ДЦП резко ограничено выпрямление тазового пояса.</span></p>",
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"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Следует разделять причины ларингоспазма у детей и взрослых. Детский ларингоспазм чаще всего связан с перинатальной инфекцией (заболеваниями, перенесенными еще в утробе), однако возможны следующие причины:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Недостаток кальция и калия в организме ребенка;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Травмы и патологии при родах;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Рахит, пневмония, хорея и другие заболевания;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Гиповитаминоз;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Врожденные изменения в строении сердца, трахеи, глотки, бронхов и легких.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Внешние воздействия в состоянии вызвать ларингоспазм – вдыхание слишком холодного воздуха, аромат мяты и духов, попадание в дыхательную систему других раздражающих веществ. Также ларингоспазм может возникнуть из-за сильного кашля, смеха, испуга или истеричного состояния.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Причины ларингоспазма у взрослых людей отличны:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Стационарное лечение заболеваний дыхательной системы;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Хирургическое вмешательство;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Опухоль;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Аллергическая реакция;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Воспалительные процессы в гортани;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Отек и стеноз мышц гортани;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Реакция на лекарственные препараты;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Психические причины – стресс, беспокойство, испуг, переживания и прочее.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">У взрослых ларингоспазм чаще всего возникает на фоне лечения заболеваний дыхательной системы, после операций или других воздействий на глотку, гортань, трахею или бронхи.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Некоторые патологические состояния и экзогенные воздействия ассоциированы с более частым возникновением ларингоспазма. Ввиду анатомических особенностей строения гортани наиболее подвержены таким приступам дети первых 2-х лет жизни. В число значимых сопутствующих факторов входят:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">хроническое вдыхание табачного дыма (курение активное и пассивное);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">гиповитаминозы, микроэлементозы;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">гиперреактивность дыхательных путей;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ожирение с обструктивным апноэ сна;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">небные расщелины;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">патологии гортани: острый ларинготрахеит, ларингомаляция, папилломатоз, паралич голосовых связок.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p> </p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Механизм развития ларингоспазма – рефлекторный. Иннервация гортани обеспечивается двумя ветвями блуждающего нерва: верхним гортанным и возвратным гортанным нервами. По сенсорным волокнам импульсы от механических, химических и температурных рецепторов гортани поднимаются к ядру блуждающего нерва в продолговатом мозге, а по двигательным – спускаются к мышцам гортани.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Двигательная реакция осуществляется с помощью трех основных внутренних мышц-аддукторов гортани: перстнещитовидной, щиточерпаловидной и черпало-черпаловидной. Закрытие гортани происходит либо путем смыкания только истинных голосовых складок, либо истинных и ложных складок. Кроме этого, на голосовую щель воздействуют надскладочные мягкие ткани, поскольку пролабируют вниз за счет увеличения градиента давления во время затрудненного вдоха. Через некоторое время в результате раздражения дыхательного центра скопившейся в крови углекислотой дыхание восстанавливается.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Наиболее частым механизмом ларингоспазма служит раздражение ветвей блуждающего нерва (при прямой травме, рефлюксе, отеке, внутригортаных манипуляциях). Во время анестезии гортанный спазм вероятнее всего возникает из-за ослабления центральных тормозных механизмов. Гипокальциемия запускает процессы деполяризации мембраны нейронов, повышая тем самым нервно-мышечную возбудимость и вегетативную реактивность. Истерический ларингоспазм обусловлен психогенной дисфункцией корковых структур и лимбико-ретикулярного комплекса, регулирующих висцеро-соматические реакции и эмоции.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Ларингоспазм является неотложным состоянием, нередко диагностируется ретроспективно по характерной клинической картине и анамнезу. К диагностике первичной патологии подключаются врачи-отоларингологи, педиатры, гастроэнтерологи, психотерапевты. Специальные исследования:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Ларингоскопия. Если осмотр гортани проводится во время эпизода ларингоспазма, удается увидеть плотно сомкнутые, находящие одна на другую голосовые складки, перекрывающие друг друга отростки черпаловидного хряща. В межприступном периоде эндоскопические находки могут включать гиперемию и отек слизистой, инородные тела, папилломы, аномалии развития гортани.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Обследование нижних дыхательных путей. Для оценки проходимости респираторного тракта на всем протяжении осуществляется фибробронхоскопия. Дополнительно может потребоваться спирометрия, пульсоксиметрия.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Обследование ЖКТ. Для исключения гастроэзофагеального рефлюкса как причины ларингоспазма назначается гастроскопия. Также проводится рентген желудка, pH-метрия пищевода. Большую роль играют анамнестические данные: наличие отрыжки, жжения за грудиной, возникновение приступов в ночное время.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лабораторные анализы. Изучается электролитный состав крови, содержание ионизированного кальция, витамина D, паратиреоидного гормона. При подозрении на аллергический генез ларингоспазма необходимо исследование индивидуальных аллергенов, аллергологических панелей, постановка аллергопроб.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Консультация психотерапевта. В случае психогенной природы ларингоспазмов требуется изучение структуры личности, позволяющее выявить повышенную тревожность, мнительность, ипохондрические черты.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Внезапно возникший ларингоспазм требует вызова бригады неотложной помощи. До приезда «скорой» следует попытаться снять спастический приступ следующими способами:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">брызнуть на лицо пациента холодной водой,</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">растереть ушные раковины,</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">постучать по межлопаточной области,</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">дать понюхать нашатырный спирт;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">попытаться вызвать чихание (ввести турунду в носовой ход) или рвотный рефлекс (надавить шпателем/ложкой на корень языка).</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Следует обеспечить доступ свежего воздуха. Отвлекающим действием обладают горячие ножные ванны, горчичники. При неэффективности данных мер врачебная помощь заключается во введении бензодиазепинов, м-холинолитиков, спазмолитиков, кальция глюконата, проведении ингаляций кислорода. При стойком некупируемом ларингоспазме в качестве экстренной меры выполняется коникотомия либо трахеостомия, проводится искусственное дыхание, непрямой массаж сердца.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Плановая терапия</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Дальнейшее лечение зависит от причин повторяющегося ларингоспазма. С учетом этиологии может быть рекомендовано:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Диетотерапия. Если спастические приступы связаны с ГЭРБ, рекомендуется исключить раздражающие продукты: специи, приправы, газированные напитки, кондитерские изделия, жирную пищу. Следует избегать перееданий, не принимать пищу на ночь. При избыточной массе тела требуется избавиться от лишних килограммов.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Фармакотерапия. При ГЭРБ показан прием Н2-гистаминоблокаторов, антацидов, ингибиторов протонного насоса. При ларингоневрозах назначают седативные препараты, антидепрессанты, миорелаксанты. Для восполнения дефицита микронутриентов рекомендуются поливитамины, витамин Д, препараты кальция. С целью устранения аллергического компонента используют антигистаминные ЛС.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Физиотерапия. С учетом этиофакторов применяются лекарственные ингаляции, УФО, галотерапия. Для выработки управляемого дыхания полезны занятия йогой, освоение специальных дыхательных техник. Эффективны морские и фитованны, закаливание, массаж.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Психотерапия. Психотерапевтическая помощь показана взрослым с истерическими ларингоспазмами. Заключается в проведении сеансов когнитивно-поведенческой или экзистенциальной психотерапии, аутогенных тренировок, обучении навыкам саморегуляции.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>",
"prevention": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Профилактика данного состояния заключается в своевременной коррекции сопутствующих заболеваний, нетравматичном выполнении эндоларингеальных манипуляций, рациональном выборе метода анестезии, исключении контакта с аллергенами и аэрополлютантами. Большую роль играет сохранение и укрепление психического здоровья.</span></p>\r\n<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-b4154e81-7fff-8812-8b11-324cbd8190b8\"> </span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Основные симптомы ларингоспазма:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Развитие асфиксии – удушье, кислородное голодание;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Изменение голоса – появляется хрипота;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Проблемы с дыханием – тяжесть и прерывание.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Помимо очевидных симптомов ларингоспазма, проявляются особые признаки:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Человек дышит преимущественно широко открытым ртом;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Слабый, едва ощутимый пульс;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Повышенное потоотделение;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Судороги;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Обмороки.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">У взрослых людей при ларингоспазме может бледнеть и синеть кожа. У детей, при типичном случае, ларингоспазм чаще возникает ночью, так как многие вышеописанные причины могут спровоцировать усиление отека гортани в горизонтальном положении, что, в свою очередь, приводит к рефлекторному ларингоспазму.</span></p>\r\n<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-ccdbd0f1-7fff-985c-7411-65cb24725a61\"> </span></p>",
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"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Основные причины спазма анального сфинктера</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">сильные физические перегрузки;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">хронический запор;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">опухолевые образования и геморроидальные узлы в прямой кишке;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">невралгии, возникшие в кишечнике по причине травм, оперативного вмешательства, родовой деятельности;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">местные воспалительные процессы;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">повреждения слизистой ректальной зоны;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">анальные трещины;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">наличие варикоза в районе заднего прохода.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В задней стенке прямой кишки расположено большое количество нервных окончаний и кровеносных сосудов. Нарушения нормальной работы этого участка кишечника сопровождаются возникновением множества нервных импульсов, которые вызывают рефлекторное сокращение гладких мышц, окружающих наружный и внутренний сфинктеры заднего прохода. При интенсивной стимуляции данной рефлексогенной зоны отдельные сокращения могут переходить в спазмы анального сфинктера различной продолжительности. Такие спазмы, в свою очередь, влекут за собой нарушение кровоснабжения прямой кишки и окружающих тканей, вызывают еще большее раздражение нервных окончаний и усугубляют сокращение мышц</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При диагностике спазма анального сфинктера большое значение имеет тщательный сбор жалоб, выяснение истории жизни и заболевания. При сборе жалоб специалист-проктолог обращает внимание на характер болевого синдрома, его связь с актом дефекации и временем суток. При выяснении анамнеза жизни больных с подозрением на спазм анального сфинктера акцентируются на наличии хронической патологии толстой кишки и зоны заднего прохода, предшествующих операциях и травмах данной анатомической области, вегето-сосудистой дистонии, невротических расстройствах и эмоциональной лабильности.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">План обследования при подозрении на спазм анального сфинктера включает в себя ректальное исследование и ректороманоскопию. При подозрении на наличие патологических изменений в верхних отделах толстого кишечника назначают ирригоскопию и колоноскопию. При выраженных психоэмоциональных нарушениях больных направляют на консультацию к психологу либо психотерапевту.</span></p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лечение может включать в себя диету, медикаментозную терапию, физиопроцедуры и хирургическое вмешательство. Лечебную тактику определяют индивидуально с учетом причины развития, тяжести и длительности заболевания, соматического и психологического состояния пациента. Больному рекомендуют отказаться от жирной и острой пищи, оказывающей раздражающее действие на стенку кишечника, советуют тщательно соблюдать правила личной гигиены и избегать травмирования перианальной зоны грубой туалетной бумагой.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При необходимости проводят антибактериальную терапию. Назначают спазмолитики и анальгетики (преимущественно – в виде свечей, кремов и микроклизм). При запорах прописывают слабительные препараты. Для устранения спазма анального сфинктера используют тепловые процедуры, электросон, УВЧ, дарсонвализацию и другие физиотерапевтические методики. При неэффективности консервативной терапии осуществляют сфинктеротомию с частичным иссечением гладких мышц, окружающих анальное отверстие.</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-c41bdb0f-7fff-5dd7-29e5-9d68a3181501\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для профилактики нужно правильно питаться, следить за состоянием кишечника и избегать запоров. Необходимо регулярно заниматься физкультурой, избегать слишком больших физических нагрузок, регулярно посещать проктолога и своевременно лечить появившиеся геморроидальные трещины.</span></span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Характерными проявлениями спазма анального сфинктера являются боли различной длительности и интенсивности, иррадиирующие в копчик, промежность, тазобедренные суставы либо нижнюю часть живота. Боли при спазме приступообразные, могут появляться во время дефекации либо возникать без видимой связи с состоянием прямой кишки (опорожненная или не опорожненная) и другими обстоятельствами. Отмечается низкая эффективность анальгетиков, при этом болевой синдром нередко исчезает либо ослабевает после завершения дефекации либо принятия теплой ванны.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Спазм анального сфинктера может провоцироваться не только актом дефекации, но и хроническими стрессами, острым эмоциональным и психологическим напряжением, переутомлением, тяжелыми физическими нагрузками и некоторыми неврологическими заболеваниями. Вместе с тем, спазм анального сфинктера нередко сам становится толчком для возникновения длительных стрессов, повышения эмоциональной неустойчивости и развития психических расстройств невротического уровня.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В зависимости от вида болевого синдрома выделяют две формы спазма анального сфинктера: с продолжительной и кратковременной прокталгией. При кратковременной прокталгии боли сильные, тянущие либо колющие. Из-за высокой интенсивности болевого синдрома и его иррадиации в соседние анатомические области пациенты, страдающие спазмом анального сфинктера, нередко затрудняются определить локализацию болей и могут расценивать данный симптом, как проявление болезней половой либо мочевыводящей системы. При длительной прокталгии боли обычно менее интенсивные, плохо купируются анальгетиками.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При вторичном спазме анального сфинктера, возникшего на фоне геморроя, анальной трещины и других заболеваний, как правило, прослеживается четкая связь между прокталгией и актом дефекации. Боль появляется при позывах на стул, усиливается при натуживании и сохраняется несколько часов (иногда – до суток и более) после окончания дефекации. Постоянные боли негативно влияют на качество жизни пациентов, страдающих спазмом анального сфинктера, и могут вызывать страх перед актом дефекации, из-за которого больные «откладывают» посещение туалета. Это еще больше усугубляет возникшие нарушения.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При первичном спазме анального сфинктера связь с актом дефекации прослеживается менее четко. Боли нередко появляются ночью либо по утрам. У пациентов развивается бессонница. Беспричинность появления болевого синдрома, нарушения сна, изначальная эмоциональная неустойчивость и предрасположенность к невротическим расстройствам создают психоэмоциональный настрой, способствующий возникновению канцерофобии и нарушений ипохондрического спектра.</span></p>",
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