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"code": "H52.0",
"name": "Гиперметропия",
"icd_name": "Гиперметропия",
"gender": 0,
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"lead": "дефект зрения, при котором лучше видно расположенные вдали объекты, а близко расположенные объекты видно плохо",
"description": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Гиперметропия или дальнозоркость – это нарушение зрения, выражающееся в том, что человек отчетливо видит расположенные в отдалении от него предметы и в то же время у него возникают затруднения при рассматривании близко расположенных предметов. </span></p>",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Причина дальнозоркости зависит от её вида. Врождённая гиперметропия имеет слабый единственный признак в виде неспособности младенца видеть объекты вблизи и обусловливается физиологическими особенностями строения обоих глаз. Но иногда врожденная форма дальнозоркости возникает на фоне прочих аномалий:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">микрофтальма (уменьшенных размеров глазных яблок);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">катаракты;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">колобом (комбинированных или изолированных расщеплений) сосудистых оболочек или диска зрительного нерва;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">лентиконуса – изменённой формы хрусталика, его шаровидного или конусовидного выпячивания вперёд;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">аниридии – отсутствия радужки глаза;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">предрасположенности к возникновению глаукомы;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">афакии – полного отсутствия глазного хрусталика;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">прочих пороков развития плода, таких как заячья губа, волчья пасть и прочие.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Основная причина возрастной гиперметропии (пресбиопии) – это возрастные изменения, влияющие на структуру и функционирование хрусталика и обеспечивающей аккомодацию цилиарной мышцы. Кроме того, сложный тип дальнозоркости и её высокая степень возникают при приобретённой афакии в результате экстракции катаракты либо травматических повреждений (например, вывихов природной линзы).</span></p>",
"pathogenesis": "",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Диагноз ставит офтальмолог, к которому следует обратиться при первых же признаках нарушений. Но офтальмолога стоит регулярно посещать в любом случае, даже при кажущейся нормальной остроте зрения. Иногда отклонения обнаруживаются случайно именно при плановых осмотрах.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Диагностика включает такие процедуры:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Визометрия. Этот метод диагностики предполагает проверку остроты зрения с помощью специальных таблиц. Проводится оценка обоих зрительных органов, но поочерёдно: один глаз при проверке второго левого или правого закрывается.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Рефрактометрия. Это способ компьютерной диагностики, помогающий исследовать рефракцию и точно измерять остроту в диоптриях.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">УЗИ глазного яблока. Левый, правый или сразу оба глаза подвергаются ультразвуковой диагностике с целью определения точных размеров оси.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Скиаскопия. Данная диагностика проводится с целью оценки слабой, средней или высокой рефракции при наблюдении за перемещениями теней.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Офтальмоскопия предполагает осмотр глазного дна. Используется специальная фундус-линза или прибор офтальмоскоп.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Гониоскопия назначается людям старше 35 для анализа состояния и строения передней глазной камеры.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Биомикроскопия – проведение исследования тканей под микроскопом, оборудованным щелевой лампой. Сетчатка и природная линза хрусталик патологически меняются.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Тонометрия проводится для выявления внутриглазного давления.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Периметрия назначается для определения полей зрения обоих глаз.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Методы лечения дальнозоркости объединены в консервативные (очковая или контактная коррекция), лазерные и хирургические (ленсэктомия, гиперфакия, гиперартифакия, термокератопластика и др.). Главными условиями коррекции гиперметропии являются своевременность и адекватность.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При отсутствии астенопических жалоб, остроте зрения обоих глаз не менее 1,0 и устойчивом бинокулярном зрении коррекция не показана.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Основным способом коррекции детской дальнозоркости служит подбор очков. Дети дошкольного возраста с дальнозоркостью более +3 дптр нуждаются в назначении очков для постоянного ношения. При отсутствии тенденции к развитию косоглазия и амблиопии к 6-7 годам, очковая коррекция отменяется. </span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При астенопии подбирают «плюсовые» очки или корректирующие контактные линзы с учетом индивидуальных данных и сопутствующих заболеваний. В ряде случаев, при гиперметропии до +3 дптр, используются ночные ортокератологические линзы. При высоких степенях дальнозоркости могут выписываться сложные очки или две пары очков (для работы на близком и дальнем расстоянии).</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При дальнозоркости рекомендуется курсовое аппаратное лечение (Амблиокор, Амблиотренер, Синоптофор, программно-компьютерное лечение, «Ручеек» и др.), физиотерапия (массаж шейно-воротниковой зоны, лазеротерапия, магнитотерапия и др.), курсы витаминотерапии и биодобавок. При просмотре телевизора целесообразно использовать перфорационные очки, уменьшающие напряжение аккомодации.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">С возраста 18 лет возможно проведение лазерной коррекции дальнозоркости до +6 дптр. Наиболее популярными лазерными методиками являются LASIK, LASEK, intraLASIK, Super LASIK, EPI-LASIK, фоторефракционная кератэктомия (ФРК). Каждый из методов лазерной коррекции дальнозоркости имеет свои показания, однако суть их одинакова - формирование роговичной поверхности с индивидуальными параметрами. Эксимер-лазерная коррекция дальнозоркости нетравматична, что исключает осложнения со стороны роговицы и минимизирует вероятность развития астигматизма.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В хирургии дальнозоркости применяется метод рефракционной замены хрусталика: в этом случае производится удаление собственного хрусталика глаза (ленсэктомия) и его замена на интраокулярную линзу требуемой оптической силы (гиперартифакия). Рефракционная замена хрусталика используется, в том числе, и при возрастной дальнозоркости.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Хирургическое лечение дальнозоркости также может заключаться в проведении гиперфакии (имплантации положительной факичной линзы), термокератокоагуляции, лазерной термокератопластики, кератопластики (пластики роговицы).</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Профилактики врожденной дальнозоркости не существует. У пожилых людей время наступления дальнозоркости можно отодвинуть или не дать зрительной патологии развиться. Для этого необходимо беречь глаза от солнца, делать гимнастику для глаз, рационально питаться, работать при правильном освещении рабочего места, регулярно проверять зрение у врача.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Слабые степени дальнозоркости в молодом возрасте протекают без каких-либо симптомов: за счет напряжения аккомодации сохраняется хорошее зрение как вблизи, так и вдаль. При дальнозоркости средней степени дальнее зрение практически не нарушено, однако во время работы на близком расстоянии отмечается быстрая утомляемость глаз, боль в глазных яблоках, в области надбровья, лба, переносицы, зрительный дискомфорт, ощущение расплывчатости или слияния строчек и букв, потребность в отдалении рассматриваемого объекта от глаз и более ярком освещении рабочего места. </span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Высокие степени дальнозоркости сопровождаются выраженным снижением зрения вблизи и вдаль, астенопическими симптомами (чувством распирания и «песка» в глазах, головной болью, быстрой зрительной утомляемостью). При дальнозоркости средней и высокой степеней выявляются изменения глазного дна – гиперемия и нечеткие границы ДЗН.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">У детей с врожденной некорригированной дальнозоркостью свыше +3 дптр высока вероятность развития содружественного (сходящегося) косоглазия. Этому способствует необходимость постоянного напряжения глазодвигательных мышц и сведение глаз к носу для того, чтобы добиться большей отчетливости зрения. По мере прогрессирования дальнозоркости и косоглазия возможно развитие амблиопии.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При дальнозоркости нередко возникают рецидивирующие блефариты, конъюнктивиты, ячмень, халязион, поскольку пациенты невольно трут глаза, тем самым занося инфекцию. У людей старшего возраста дальнозоркость является одним из факторов, способствующих развитию глаукомы.</span></p>",
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},
"code": "H52.2",
"name": "Астигматизм",
"icd_name": "Астигматизм",
"gender": 0,
"age_min": 1,
"age_max": 100,
"cause": [
"0"
],
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"slug": "h52.2_astigmatizm",
"lead": "неправильная фокусировка зрения",
"description": "<p> <span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Астигматизм – это нарушение зрения, вызванное измененной формой роговицы глаза. Из-за этого глаз воспринимает получаемое изображение в искаженном виде.</span></p>",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Специалисты делят астигматизм на врожденный и приобретенный.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Врожденный астигматизм встречается у большинства детей и сам по себе не является патологией. Как правило, его величина не превышает 0,5 диоптрий и не влияет на остроту зрения. Однако у ребенка до года может быть выявлен астигматизм выше 1 диоптрии. Его могут вызывать осложнения при беременности, повлиявшие на состояние роговицы или хрусталика, либо генетическая предрасположенность. В большинстве случаев врожденный дефект касается обоих глаз.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Приобретенный астигматизм может быть вызван многими причинами, среди которых:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">травматические повреждения, которые привели к появлению рубцов на роговице;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">последствия операций на глазах, например, удаление катаракты;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">воспалительные процессы на роговой оболочке глаза – это, в частности, такие заболевания, как кератит и кератоконъюнктивит;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">дистрофия роговицы.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Приобретенный дефект может поразить не оба глаза, а только один из них.</span></p>",
"pathogenesis": "",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Диагностика астигматизма включает ряд исследований, важнейшее из которых – теневая проба. Другие названия – скиаскопия, ретиноскопия, кератоскопия.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Дополнительно могут выполняться такие исследования:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">визиметрия – определение четкости зрения;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">проверка остроты зрения;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">УЗИ глаза;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">офтальмометрия – определение кривизны роговицы;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">проверка внутриглазного давления;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">осмотр глазного дна;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">компьютерная томография глаза – получение трехмерного изображения роговицы.</span></li>\r\n</ul>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">До 18 лет, пока глаз еще растет, применяют только консервативные методы:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #232323; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ношение специальных астигматических очков с цилиндрами – прекрасный способ постепенного изменения кривизны роговицы, но на первой неделе вызывает головную боль и ограничивает боковое зрение, из-за чего некоторые дети отказываются;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #232323; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ортокератология – надевание твердых линз на ночь, когда форма роговицы исправляется дозированным механическим давлением, подходит только при слабой степени (до полутора диоптрий). Усовершенствованный вариант – торические контактные линзы, которые можно носить и днем, они одновременно корректируют все прочие дефекты рефракции.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">После того, как глаз полностью сформировался, наиболее эффективным методом лечения считается лазерный. Самая прогрессивная технология называет ЛАСИК. По этой технологии вначале микрохирургическим способом выкраивается лоскут верхней роговичной ткани, а коррекция формы проводится лазером на внутреннем слое. Идеальная форма роговицы подбирается индивидуально для каждого пациента. После окончания коррекции лоскут возвращается на место и «приваривается», швов нет, воспаление не развивается. Восстановление полноценного зрения происходит в течение нескольких часов.</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Рефракционного дефекта можно избежать при соблюдении следующих рекомендаций:</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">избегать напряжения зрительных органов;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">сбалансированно питаться;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">работать с бумагами при хорошем освещении;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">регулярно выполнять упражнения для глаз;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">вести активный образ жизни;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">беречь роговицу от повреждений;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">грамотно распределять нагрузку на органы зрения;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">проходить профилактические осмотры;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">своевременно обращаться к офтальмологу при появлении первых симптомов.</span></li>\r\n</ul>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Основной симптом астигматизма – восприятие объектов окружающего мира размытыми: контуры могут двоиться, искажаться, причем, в отличие от близорукости или дальнозоркости, нет разницы в том, на каком расстоянии от вас эти объекты находятся. Человек с астигматизмом воспринимает размытым и то, что рядом с ним, и то, что находится довольно далеко.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Симптомы могут быть теми же, что и при других расстройствах зрения. Это, как правило:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.5pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ухудшение зрения;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.5pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">быстрая утомляемость, особенно при использовании компьютера, ноутбука или мобильных устройств;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.5pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">резь, жжение в глазах;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.5pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">покраснение;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.5pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">головная боль как результат повышенной зрительной нагрузки;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.5pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">необходимость прищуриваться, чтобы четче рассмотреть объект;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.5pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ошибки в восприятии – например, вы путаете похожие друг на друга буквы и цифры;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.5pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">двоение в глазах;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.5pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">невозможность сфокусироваться на каком-либо предмете.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>",
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"code": "H53.2",
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"lead": "одновременное представление двух изображений одного объекта, которые могут быть смещены по горизонтали, вертикали, диагонали (то есть по вертикали и горизонтали одновременно) или повёрнуты относительно друг друга",
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"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Двоение в глазах может быть вызвано следующими причинами:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">патологиями центральной нервной системы, в том числе такими заболеваниями как инсульт, рассеянный склероз, менингит, опухоли;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">поражением глазодвигательных мышц или глазодвигательных нервов;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">травмой глаза или окружающих его тканей; новообразованиями глазницы. В этом случае двоение возникает за счет смещения глазного яблока;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">интоксикацией (например, при ботулизме, отравлении нитратами, алкоголем). Также при лихорадочных состояниях, вызванных вирусной инфекций, тоже может наблюдаться двоение в глазах, что объясняется также интоксикацией организма;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">катарактой (катаракта может также быть причиной монокулярной диплопии).</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Глазные операции также могут быть причиной двоения. Природный глаз имеет идеальные формы, а операция неизбежно их нарушает в той или иной степени, что может приводить к появлению диплопии.</span></p>",
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"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При первичном обследовании врача-офтальмолога в первую очередь устанавливается вид диплопии. Если при закрывании одного глаза симптоматика исчезает, то речь идет о бинокулярной форме. При монокулярном варианте двоение сохраняется при закрытии второго глаза. Для установления этиологии диплопии выполняются специфические методы обследования:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Визометрия. Остроту зрения измеряют вдаль и на рабочем расстоянии пациента с коррекцией и без. При этом необходимо выяснить, на какой дистанции возникает двоение и меняются ли его характеристики в очках или при наклоне головы.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Компьютерная авторефрактометрия. Изучается субъективная рефракция с подбором пробной коррекции. После инстилляции циклоплегиков исследование повторяют, чтобы получить показатели объективной рефракции.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Биомикроскопия глаза. Нужно детально осмотреть передний сегмент глаза и оценить состояние преломляющих сред глазного яблока. При артифакии следует определить положение интраокулярной линзы.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Офтальмоскопия. Осмотр глазного дна позволяет выявить признаки внутричерепной гипертензии (застой диска зрительного нерва, расширенные извитые вены, суженные артерии). После витреоретинальных вмешательств возможно искажение поверхности сетчатки.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">МРТ орбит и зрительных нервов. Методика дает возможность визуализировать утолщения глазодвигательных мышц, что наблюдается при орбитальном миозите и тиреоидной офтальмопатии. При сопутствующем проптозе важно исключить патологические изменения клетчатки.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Рентгенография орбиты. Выполняется в прямой и боковой проекции при наличии клиники перелома костных стенок глазницы. При затруднениях в диагностике рекомендовано проведение компьютерной томографии.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лабораторные исследования. При подозрении на тиреоидную офтальмопатию показано измерение ТТГ, Т3, свободного Т4 и уровня антител к тиреотропиновым рецепторам. При миастении нужно оценить уровень аутоантител к мышечному ацетилхолиновому рецептору.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Фармакологические пробы. Суть тестов сводится к подкожному введению антихолинэстеразного препарата при клинической картине миастении. Пробу считают положительной при полной или неполной компенсации клинических признаков.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>",
"treatment": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Устранение диплопии требует лечения основного заболевания, которое вызвало нарушение зрения. С устранением инфекционных и медикаментозных причин симптом двоения исчезает. При опухолевом процессе необходимо хирургическое вмешательство, как и при наличии гематомы. Если диплопия носит первичный характер, что может подтвердить только офтальмолог, рекомендуются упражнения для глаз (при легкой форме патологии), ношение специальных очков, корректирующих изображение (наложение призм Френеля на линзы очков). Иногда проводят окклюзионную коррекцию: одно из глазных яблок прикрывают контактной линзой или специальной лентой на линзе очков. В последнее время практикуют инъекции ботулотоксина в пораженную глазодвигательную мышцу. В особо тяжелых случаях проводят хирургическое перемещение мышцы и подшивание пересеченного сухожилия к склере или укорочение одной мышцы для компенсации функций другой.</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Диплопия непредсказуема, состояние может быть вызвано разными обстоятельствами. Поэтому конкретных профилактических мер профилактики двоения в глазах нет, но есть несколько общих рекомендаций, которые снижают риск проблем со зрением:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Позаботьтесь о хорошей освещенности в помещении, где вы работаете или читаете;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Не трогайте глаза немытыми руками;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При контакте с опасными веществами надевайте защитные очки;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Не читайте лежа или за рулем;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При длительной работе за компьютером сделайте часовой перерыв и сделайте зарядку для глаз;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Откажитесь от вредных привычек.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Помогут предотвратить проблемы со зрением регулярные медицинские осмотры. Важно понимать, что двоение в глазах — это не только офтальмологическая проблема. Такой симптом может сопровождать неврологические патологии, онкологические заболевания, гормональные нарушения, поэтому наблюдаться нужно у врачей разного профиля.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Ощущение раздваивания всех рассматриваемых предметов: это ощущение может возникать при центральном положении глаза, а также при взгляде в одну из сторон (вправо, влево, вверх, вниз), или оно может возникать в одном глазу.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Косоглазие: отчетливо видимое или едва заметное отклонение глаза от нормального положения (в норме глаза поворачиваются синхронно и симметрично). Например, при попытке взгляда влево правый глаз поворачивается к носу, а левый глаз остается неподвижным. Визуально отмечается сведение глаз к носу, субъективно – ощущение раздваивания предметов по горизонтали.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Характерная позиция головы, улучшающая зрение: у пациентов с диплопией существуют приспособительные реакции в виде поворота головы в какую-либо сторону, что улучшает четкость зрения (например, при слабости мышцы, отводящей правый глаз к виску, он постоянно повернут к носу). Пациент старается ходить с повернутой вправо головой и смотреть влево, так как при взгляде влево диплопия отсутствует.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Головокружение.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Нарушение ориентации в пространстве.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
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