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"etiology": "<p>Причины, вызывающие гангрену тканей, делятся на три группы:</p>\r\n<ol>\r\n<li>Нарушение кровоснабжения тканей. Такая гангрена называется ишемической. Это наиболее частая причина гангрены в мирное время. Поражение артериальных сосудов при атеросклерозе, диабете и болезни Бюргера часто приводит к гангрене. Бывает и венозная <a title=\"Перейти на страницу симптома Потемнение тканей\" href=\"/symptom/potemnenie_tkaney/\">гангрена</a> при тотальном глубоком венозном тромбозе</li>\r\n<li>Инфекционная гангрена. Чаще всего возникает при глубоких ножевых или огнестрельных ранениях, но иногда после незначительных ссадин у больных диабетом и при пульпите (гангрена пульпы). Вызывается анаэробными бактериями рода Clostridium (газовая <a title=\"Перейти на страницу симптома Потемнение тканей\" href=\"/symptom/potemnenie_tkaney/\">гангрена</a>); кишечными палочками (Escherichia), аэробактериями (энтеробактерии), стрептококками (Streptococcus) и бактериями рода Proteus.</li>\r\n<li>Физические и химические воздействия. В мирное время гангрена может развиваться после обморожений, ожогов III степени. Возможны любые факторы повреждения, вызывающие глубокий некроз тканей.</li>\r\n</ol>",
"pathogenesis": "",
"diagnostics": "<p>Диагноз ставится на основании:</p>\r\n<p>Данных осмотра: гангрена имеет характерный вид. Также во время осмотра определяется пульсация артерий, может ощущаться крепитация подкожных тканей.</p>\r\n<p>В общем анализе крови: значительный уровень воспаления.</p>\r\n<p>В биохимическом анализе крови определяется поражение продуктами распада внутренних органов.</p>\r\n<p>Микробиологический анализ крови: через 5 дней придет ответ, попала ли инфекция в кровь.</p>\r\n<p>Анализ отделяемого из раны на микрофлору: так определяют, чем именно вызвана (или осложнилась) <a title=\"Перейти на страницу симптома Потемнение тканей\" href=\"/symptom/potemnenie_tkaney/\">г</a>ангрена. Так можно отличить газовую гангрену от той, которая осложнилась попаданием в рану бактериальной инфекции.</p>\r\n<p>Дуплексное сканирование сосудов пораженной конечности позволяет понять причину гангрены.</p>\r\n<p>Артериография сосудов – более детальное исследование артерий пораженной конечности.</p>",
"treatment": "<p align=\"justify\">Лечение гангрены проводится в условиях стационара и включает в себя общие и местные мероприятия. При гангрене, возникшей вследствие воздействия химических и механических факторов (размозжение конечности, ожоги, отморожения и т. д.) пациента направляют к травматологам.</p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Выбор отделения при других видах гангрены зависит от локализации патологии: лечением гангрены органов брюшной полости (поджелудочной железы, аппендикса, желчного пузыря, кишечника), а также гангрены конечностей при сахарном диабете занимаются хирурги (отделение общей хирургии), лечением гангрены легкого – торакальные хирурги, лечением гангрены, обусловленной сосудистой патологией – сосудистые хирурги.</p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Пациенту с гангреной назначают постельный режим. Принимают меры для стимуляции кровообращения и улучшения питания тканей. Чтобы устранить рефлекторный спазм коллатеральных сосудов по показаниям выполняют новокаиновые блокады.</p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Проводятся общие лечебные мероприятия по улучшению функции сердечнососудистой системы, борьбе с инфекцией и интоксикацией. Производится внутривенное введение растворов, плазмы и кровезаменителей, при необходимости – переливание крови. Назначаются антибиотики и сердечные препараты.</p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">При гангрене, развившейся вследствие поражения сосудов, одной из важнейших задач является восстановление кровообращения в еще жизнеспособных тканях. При тромбозах назначают тромболитические препараты. В случае необходимости выполняют оперативные вмешательства на артериях.</p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Тактика местного лечения зависит от вида гангрены. При сухой гангрене на начальных этапах проводится консервативная терапия. После формирования демаркационного вала и мумификации некротизированного участка выполняется ампутация или некрэктомия. Уровень ампутации выбирается так, чтобы максимально сохранить функцию конечности и при этом обеспечить благоприятные условия для заживления культи. В ходе оперативного вмешательства дистальная часть культи сразу закрывается кожно-мышечным лоскутом. Заживление происходит первичным натяжением.</p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">При влажной гангрене показано немедленное иссечение некроза в пределах здоровых тканей. Некрэктомия или ампутация производятся в экстренном порядке. Конечность отсекается гильотинным способом. Формирование культи осуществляется после очищения раны.</p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">При гангрене внутренних органов проводится экстренное оперативное вмешательство для удаления некротизированного органа.</p>",
"prevention": "<p>Профилактика заболевания заключается в своевременном:</p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>обращении пациента при наличии симптомов «перемежающейся хромоты»,</li>\r\n<li>лечении заболеваний артерий (выбор метода — консервативное и/или оперативное лечение остаётся за сосудистым хирургом),</li>\r\n<li>диагностике поражения артерий нижних конечностей (ультразвуковое дуплексное ангиосканирование артерий нижних конечностей, ангиография артерий нижних конечностей).</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p>Специфическим симптомом нарушения кровоснабжения нижних конечностей является боль в мышцах нижних конечностей, которая возникает при ходьбе и исчезает после непродолжительного отдыха. Чаще всего, эта боль сосредотачивается в икроножных мышцах. С течением времени расстояние безболевой ходьбы сокращается, кожа нижних конечностей становится прохладной, может приобретать бледную или синюшно-багровую окраску, процессы заживления незначительных ран на ногах также замедляются.</p>\r\n<p>На коже пальцев, стопы, голени появляются некрозы, почернения вследствие омертвения тканей и трофические язвочки — раны не заживают и часто инфицируются. Но даже на этой стадии заболевания восстановление кровотока предупреждает развитие гангрены.</p>\r\n<p> </p>",
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},
"code": "I30",
"name": "Острый перикардит",
"icd_name": "Острый перикардит",
"gender": 0,
"age_min": 15,
"age_max": 100,
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"lead": "воспалительное заболевание тканевой оболочки сердца (перикарда)",
"description": "<p>Перикардит - <span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">это воспаление перикарда (эластичная двухслойная оболочка, покрывающая сердце), которое начинается постепенно, существует длительно и приводит к накоплению жидкости в полости перикарда или утолщению перикарда.</span></p>",
"etiology": "<ol style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: decimal; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">К инфекционным причинам относят – ревматические, туберкулезные, бактериальные, Кроме того перикардит может иметь грибковую или вирусную этиологию, например, при гриппе.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: decimal; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">К асептическим причинам можно отнести аллергию, диффузные заболевания соединительной ткани, гематологические заболевания, злокачественные процессы, травмы, радиационное облучение, гиповитаминоз.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: decimal; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Также может развиться идиопатический перикардит, причины которого установить не удается. Именно эти патологии чаще всего склонны к рецидивам.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В развитии перикардита играет большую роль изменение состава или количества перикардиальной жидкости под влиянием вышеперечисленных факторов.</span></p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Патогенез часто аллергический или аутоиммунный, при инфекционном перикардите инфекция может быть пусковым механизмом; не исключается и прямое повреждение оболочек сердца бактериальным или другими агентами.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p> </p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">анализ крови (клинический, биохимический, иммунологический) – есть ли в крови признаки воспаления;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ЭХО КГ (УЗИ сердца) - видно количество жидкости в перикардиальной полости;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ЭКГ;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">рентгенография;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">КТ грудной клетки;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">в некоторых случаях диагностическая пункция или биопсия перикарда.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При острой форме пациенту необходимо соблюдать постельный режим. В хронической форме — ограничить физическую активность и соблюдать специальную диету.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Перечень лекарственных препаратов определяется врачом, и может включать:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">противовоспалительные средства;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">анальгетики для снижения болевого синдрома;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">витаминные комплексы и калий;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">антибиотики или противовирусные препараты.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В некоторых случаях требуется дренирование перикарда.</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Профилактические меры по возникновения вторичного перикарда включают регулярное наблюдение у кардиолога, обследование сердца, своевременное лечение инфекций.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В качестве поддерживающих мер показана умеренная физическая активность, сбалансированная диета и здоровый образ жизни в целом.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Самой ранней и частой жалобой больных с острым перикардитом является боль в области сердца, локализующаяся на верхушке сердца или внизу грудины, иррадиирующая в левую руку, под левую лопатку, шею, может в эпигастрии. Боль напоминает картину инфаркта миокарда или плеврита. По характеру, как правило, она сильная, иногда ноющая, тупая.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Больные жалуются на неприятное ощущение и тяжесть в области сердца. Сердечные боли являются главным симптомом сухого перикардита. Появление экссудата и быстрое его накопление в полости перикарда вызывает выраженную одышку у больных. Больной отмечает усиление одышки в горизонтальном положении, лежа на постели, поэтому он вынужден принять положение ортопноэ (положение сидя); иногда стараются облегчить состояние, наклоняя туловище вперед. Одышка обычно сопровождается сухим кашлем.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Клиническая картина и течение заболевания зависит от основного заболевания.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<ol style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: decimal; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Неспецифический перикардит чаще сопровождается частыми рецидивами. Наиболее частая причина его возникновения – осложнения после вирусных инфекций или облучения. Возникает после вирусной инфекции верхних дыхательных путей, инсоляции. Без своевременного лечения может перерасти в экссудативную или констриктивную форму.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: decimal; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При гнойном перикардите при аппаратном или пункциональномобследовании обнаруживается умеренное накопление гноя в сердечной сумке.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: decimal; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Ревматический перикардит является признаком активного ревматизма и зачастую возникает на фоневоспаления стенок сердца - ревматического кардита.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: decimal; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Метастатическим перикардит может быть первым признаком рака легких или молочной железы. Первичная опухоль перикарда, которая также вызывает перикардит –мезотелиома – встречается редко.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>",
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"name": "акушерство и гинекология",
"code": "B1",
"branch_medicine_code": "001",
"slug": "akusherstvo_i_ginekologiya",
"lead": "Область медицины, включающая в себя лечение 739 заболеваний. В 1042 клиниках России оказывается помощь по этому направлению медицины.",
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{
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"name": "кардиология, детская кардиология",
"code": "B15",
"branch_medicine_code": "015",
"slug": "kardiologiya_detskaya_kardiologiya",
"lead": "Область медицины, включающая в себя лечение 634 заболеваний. В 731 клинике России оказывается помощь по этому направлению медицины.",
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{
"id": 53,
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"name": "урология, детская урология андрология",
"code": "B53",
"branch_medicine_code": "053",
"slug": "urologiya_detskaya_urologiya_andrologiya",
"lead": "Область медицины, включающая в себя лечение 430 заболеваний. В 596 клиниках России оказывается помощь по этому направлению медицины.",
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{
"id": 57,
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"name": "хирургия, хиругия (трансплантация органов и тканей) и комбустиология",
"code": "B57",
"branch_medicine_code": "057",
"slug": "hirurgiya_hirugiya_transplantaciya_organov_i_tkaney_i_kombustiologiya",
"lead": "Область медицины, включающая в себя лечение 253 заболеваний. В 632 клиниках России оказывается помощь по этому направлению медицины.",
"image": null
},
{
"id": 16,
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"name": "клиническая лабораторная диагностика",
"code": "B16",
"branch_medicine_code": "016",
"slug": "klinicheskaya_laboratornaya_diagnostika",
"lead": "Область медицины, включающая в себя лечение 2214 заболеваний. В 886 клиниках России оказывается помощь по этому направлению медицины.",
"image": null
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{
"id": 13,
"disease_count": null,
"name": "диетология",
"code": "B13",
"branch_medicine_code": "013",
"slug": "dietologiya",
"lead": "Область медицины, включающая в себя лечение 114 заболеваний. В 600 клиниках России оказывается помощь по этому направлению медицины.",
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{
"id": 20,
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"name": "лечебная физкультура и спортивная медицина",
"code": "B20",
"branch_medicine_code": "020",
"slug": "lechebnaya_fizkultura_i_sportivnaya_medicina",
"lead": "Область медицины, включающая в себя лечение 412 заболеваний. В 579 клиниках России оказывается помощь по этому направлению медицины.",
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{
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"name": "психиатрия и судебно психологическая экспертиза",
"code": "B35",
"branch_medicine_code": "035",
"slug": "psihiatriya_i_sudebno_psihologicheskaya_ekspertiza",
"lead": "Область медицины, включающая в себя лечение 486 заболеваний. В 491 клинике России оказывается помощь по этому направлению медицины.",
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{
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"name": "эндокринология",
"code": "B58",
"branch_medicine_code": "058",
"slug": "endokrinologiya",
"lead": "Область медицины, включающая в себя лечение 730 заболеваний. В 623 клиниках России оказывается помощь по этому направлению медицины.",
"image": null
},
{
"id": 5,
"disease_count": null,
"name": "гематология",
"code": "B5",
"branch_medicine_code": "005",
"slug": "gematologiya",
"lead": "Область медицины, включающая в себя лечение 984 заболеваний. В 69 клиниках России оказывается помощь по этому направлению медицины.",
"image": null
}
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"lead": "патологическое состояние, при котором нарушается акт глотания",
"description": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Дисфагия – это клинический симптом нарушения функции глотания, при котором отмечаются трудности проглатывания пищи или дискомфорт при продвижении пищевого комка от ротовой полости до желудка.</span></p>",
"etiology": "<p> </p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 9.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #333333; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Механическое сдавливание глотки или пищевода. Причиной дисфагии может стать тонзиллит, увеличение щитовидной железы, лимфатических узлов, развитие шейных остеофитов, перстневидно-глоточных спаек. Сужение также наблюдается при раковых опухолях ротовой полости, гортани, при фиброзе мышц и после хирургического вмешательства.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 9.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #333333; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Нервно-мышечное расстройство. Акт глотания нарушается практически у каждого второго пациента, перенесшего мозговой инсульт. Выраженность дисфагии зависит от распространенности процесса. Жалобы на затрудненное проглатывание пищи также наблюдаются при болезни Паркинсона, рассеянном склерозе, псевдопаралитической миастении, ахалазии кардии (хроническом спазме пищевода).</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 9.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #333333; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Эзофагеальные патологии. Причиной сужения пищевода в острой форме может стать отек Квинке, попадание инородного тела в глотку, хроническое заболевание пищеварительной системы или средостения. Нарушением глотания сопровождается ахалазия, системная склеродермия, сахарный диабет. Возможно развитие дисфагии вследствие приема эстрогенов и нитратсодержащих веществ и препаратов.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>",
"pathogenesis": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Существует два ключевых механизма развития дисфагии — обструктивный и дизрегуляторный, которые при некоторых патологических состояниях могут сочетаться. При обструктивных расстройствах глотания прохождение пищи нарушается из-за существования механического препятствия — воспалительных, гранулематозных процессов, рубцовых изменений, объемных образований, выступающих в просвет пищеварительных органов или сжимающих их извне. В ряде случаев ситуация усугубляется болевым синдромом, особенно выраженным при воспалении.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Основу патогенеза дизрегуляторной дисфагии составляют расстройства иннервации вследствие поражения глотательного центра продолговатого мозга, энтеральной нервной системы, патологические изменения на уровне эзофагеального мускульного слоя. В результате сокращения мышц мягкого неба, глотки становятся дискоординированными, нарушается пищеводный перистальтический рефлекс, что приводит к изменению процесса естественного пассажа пищи.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Выявление нарушений глотания обычно не представляет затруднений вследствие типичной клинической картины патологического состояния. Однако ключевой задачей диагностического поиска при дисфагии является диагностика заболеваний, которые могли стать причиной расстройства. Обследование пациента проводится комплексно и включает следующие методы:</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Осмотр глотки. В ходе фарингоскопии обнаруживаются причины ротоглоточной дисфагии: тонзиллиты, глосситы, новообразования, инородные тела. Метод дополняют проведением непрямой ларингоскопии, позволяющей диагностировать патологию надгортанника.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Эзофагография. Рентгенография пищевода с пероральным приемом контрастного вещества выявляет характерные для дисфагии нарушения непроизвольной фазы глотания и изменения эзофагеальной моторики. Рентгенологически также можно определить наличие дивертикулов.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Эзофагогастроскопия. При ЭГДС хорошо визуализируется слизистая пищевода, кардии желудка, что помогает обнаружить макроскопические изменения в эпителии, служащие причиной дисфагии. Одновременно производится биопсия ткани для гистологического исследования.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Определение водородного показателя. Суточная рН-метрия является наиболее точным исследованием для диагностики рефлюкс-эзофагита с целью подтверждения органической природы дисфагии. Дополнительно может выполняться манометрия пищевода для выявления нарушений работы нижнего гастроэзофагеального сфинктера.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Изменения в клиническом анализе крови при дисфагии неспецифичны и соответствуют основному заболеванию. Может определяться анемия, умеренный лейкоцитоз, повышение СОЭ. В биохимическом анализе крови обнаруживается снижение уровня общего белка, диспротеинемия, возможно повышение содержания печеночных ферментов. Для оценки состояния пищеварительного тракта осуществляют УЗИ брюшной полости. С целью исключения патологии нервной системы проводят комплексное неврологическое обследование, по показаниям назначают МРТ головы, КТ головного мозга, ЭЭГ. Для исключения возможной пульмонологической и кардиологической патологии рекомендована рентгенография грудной клетки, эхокардиография, ЭКГ.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Терапию назначают с учетом причин патологии и степени выраженности симптома.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лечение дисфагии острой формы, которая обычно возникает при механической обструкции, заключается в извлечении инородного тела или в снятии отека Квинке. Длительно существующий синдром расстройства глотания требует тщательного выбора препаратов.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Врач может назначить:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лекарства для улучшения нервной регуляции. Больным с паркинсонизмом назначают предшественники и агонисты дофамина, специфические препараты. При инсульте требуется комплексная терапия нейропротекторами и мембранными стабилизаторами. При миастении назначают антихолинэстеразные препараты.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Блокаторы кальциевых каналов. Группа лекарств снижает концентрацию ионов в мышечных волокнах. В результаты уменьшается спастика мышц пищевода, улучшается его проходимость.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Антисекреторные препараты. Средства используют в случаях, когда дисфагия сопровождается эозинофильным эзофагитом. Назначение местных стероидных препаратов или ингибиторов протонной помпы уменьшает раздражение на слизистой, способствует ее заживлению.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Антибактериальные или противовирусные средства. Показаны при подтвержденной инфекционной природе дисфагии.</span></li>\r\n</ul>",
"prevention": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Профилактика дисфагии включает в себя своевременное лечение заболеваний пищеварительного тракта (язвенной болезни, ГЭРБ), отказ от употребления очень горячей, жареной пищи, алкоголя, прекращение курения, тщательный присмотр за детьми, исключающий проглатывание ребенком мелких предметов, игрушек.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В начальной стадии пациенты жалуются на дискомфорт в горле и в области пищевода. На слабо выраженные симптомы дисфагии редко обращают внимание, что приводит к прогрессированию болезни.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Постепенно развивается чувство распирания в грудной клетке, усиливается слюноотделение. К жалобам на дисфагию добавляется сухой кашель, изменение голоса, першение в горле. При длительном нарушении пациент теряет вес, ослабевает, возможны проблемы с пищеварением.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Если своевременно не начать лечение основной болезни, дисфагия может спровоцировать перерождение эпителия слизистой с образованием опухоли. У многих пациентов развивается аспирационная пневмония – следствие попадания частиц пищи в дыхательные пути. При дисфагии, вызванной сдавливанием глотки опухолью, может развиваться острое нарушение дыхания, которое требует неотложной медицинской помощи.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"image": "http://api.symptomd.ru/storage/4675f180840df8b272b49428852226c0_hE72EKj.png",
"image_alt": "Пищевод",
"standard_type": 1,
"danger": 16,
"published": 1,
"parent": null,
"block_rubric": 188,
"standards": []
},
{
"id": 7182,
"symptoms": [
{
"id": 3170,
"synonyms": [
{
"name": "Болит левый бок"
},
{
"name": "Тянущая боль в левом боку"
},
{
"name": "Колики в левом боку"
},
{
"name": "Дискомфорт в левом боку"
},
{
"name": "Боль в боку при ходьбе "
}
],
"body_points": [
{
"x": 678,
"y": 4095,
"r": 491
}
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"lead": "симптом, при котором человек теряет способность контролировать отхождение газов, твердых и жидких каловых масс",
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"etiology": "<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Повреждение мышц. Повреждение анального сфинктера делает невозможным удерживать кал в прямой кишке. Повреждение анального сфинктера чаще всего случается во время сложных родов, особенно если применялась эпизиотомия или наложение акушерских щипцов. </span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Повреждение нервов. Повреждение нервов, которые отвечают за чувствительность прямой кишки, может привести к недержанию кала. Причиной также могут стать неврологические заболевания — инсульт, травмы, грыжа дисков позвоночного столба, рассеянный склероз, болезнь Паркинсона, а также сахарный диабет. </span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Запор. </span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Диарея.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Потеря накопительной способности прямой кишки. В норме прямая кишка растягивается в соответствии с массой кала. Если стенки прямой кишки повреждены из-за лучевой терапии или воспалительных заболеваний, они теряют свою эластичность и не могут растягиваться должным образом. В результате стул может сам бесконтрольно вытекать из прямой кишки.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Хирургия. Хирургическое лечение в области анального канала и на прямой кишке может стать причиной повреждения мышц и нервов, отвечающих за удержание стула.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Опущение стенок влагалища у женщин — ректоцеле. Это состояние, при котором прямая кишка опущена во влагалище.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Кишечное содержимое удерживает постоянное бессознательное напряжение внутреннего анального сфинктера. В этом процессе также участвуют контролируемые сокращения части мышечных волокон наружного анального сфинктера и лобково-прямокишечной мышцы, которая в виде полукольца охватывают прямую кишку. Дефекация происходит при их расслаблении и одновременном сокращении мышцы, которая поднимает задний проход и раскрывает анальный канал до ширины просвета прямой кишки.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Через этот канал волна перистальтики выталкивает кишечное содержимое из прямой кишки наружу. При этом важна плотность кала и чувствительность прямой кишки: жидкий стул заполняет её быстрее, а при сниженной чувствительности не успевают включиться резервные механизмы удержания (сокращение ягодичных мышц, изменение положения тела и т. д.).</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Если мышцы заднего прохода, тазового дна и прямой кишки повреждены или ослаблены (например, после операции или травмы), они не могут удерживать задний проход закрытым, из-за чего содержимое кишечника вытекает.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При хроническом запоре, который сопровождает, например, болезнь Гиршпрунга и деменцию, спрессованный кал скапливается в прямой кишке и образуется каловый камень. Он препятствует нормальной дефекации и растягивает сфинктеры, при этом вытекает жидкая часть кала.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Если недержание возникло из-за выпадения прямой кишки, то мышцы анального канала растягиваются постепенно, в запущенных случаях нарушение становится необратимым.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При тяжёлых стадиях рака прямой кишки и анального канала опухоль поражает мышцы малого таза, поэтому удерживать кал не удаётся. Также опухоль и сопутствующее воспаление слизистой стимулирует рецепторы, вызывая рефлекторное расслабление сфинктеров.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Чтобы определить причину недержания кала используют тесты:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Пальцевое ректальное исследование. Во время этого исследования врач оценивает степень сократимости анального сфинктера, а также оценивает функциональное состояние мышц тазового дна.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Тест экспульсии баллона. Небольшой баллон помещается в прямую кишку и наполняется водой. Затем пациента просят изгнать баллон из прямой кишки. При этом регистрируется время, за которое пациент осуществляет эту процедуру. Если тест длится одну минуту и больше — диагностируют наличие расстройств дефекации. </span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Анальная манометрия. Гибкая трубочка с баллоном на конце помещается в прямую кишку. Баллон растягивается. При помощи специальной компьютерной программы оценивается работа и чувствительность прямой кишки.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Аноректальное ультразвуковое исследование. </span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Проктография. Это рентгенологический метод исследования эвакуаторный функции кишечника. Тест позволяет оценить, какой объем стула может удержать кишечник и насколько хорошо кишечник опорожняется.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Ректороманоскопия. Осмотр кишечника на глубине 30 см при помощи оптического прибора. Цель исследования — исключить наличие воспаления, опухолей, склеротических изменений, которые могут быть причиной недержания стула.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Колоноскопия. </span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Анальная электромиография. Осуществляется при помощи накожных электродов, расположенных вокруг анального отверстия.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Магнитно-резонансная томография (МРТ). Позволяет детально оценить целостность анального сфинктера, мышц тазового дна, также дает возможность сделать снимки во время акта дефекации. </span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Тактика лечения выбирается в зависимости от первопричины, возраста больного и степени развития патологии.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Хирургическое лечение</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Применяется при травмах и дефектах волокон сфинктера. Основываясь на степени поражения, врач может выбрать один из четырех видов операции: сфинктеропластика, операция Тирша, сфинктероглютеопластика, метод Фаермана. Хирургическое вмешательство пластический характер.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Медикаментозное лечение</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Назначается при нарушениях функций ЖКТ. Для терапии применяются две группы медикаментов. Первая направлена на нормализацию функций систем пищеварения и выделения. Вторая приводит в тонус мышцы ануса. В ряде случаев для снижения возбудимости больного дополнительно назначаются транквилизаторы.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Немедикаментозное лечение</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Применяется на начальных стадиях при отсутствии дефектов сфинктера и патологий ЖКТ. Для лечения применяются различные методики:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Физические упражнения Кегеля и Духанова. Врач смазывает вазелином особую трубку. Затем аккуратно вводит ее в прямую кишку пациента. Больной начинает напрягать и расслаблять анус. Один подход занимает до 15 минут. В день необходимо совершить 5 процедур. Курс лечения составляет в среднем 5 недель. Дополнительно могут быть назначены упражнения для укрепления брюшных и ягодичных мышц.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Биофидбек. В анус вводится эластичный баллон. Больному необходимо сжимать его. Данные о процессе поступают на компьютер.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Электростимуляция. На нервные окончания сфинктера воздействуют током. Таким образом мышцы буквально приучают сокращаться и контролировать дефекацию.</span><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Психотерапевтические методы. Эффективны только при психологических причинах недержания. Основаны на выработке рефлексов на акты дефекации в конкретном месте и времени.</span></li>\r\n</ul>",
"prevention": "<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-94a96fb2-7fff-856b-99d2-b38a4df6ea68\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Заболевание приносит немалый дискомфорт в жизнь человека. Если замечены его первые симптомы, надо особое внимание уделять питанию и образу жизни. Исключив из рациона запрещенные продукты, отказавшись от алкоголя и курения, больной значительно улучшает свои прогнозы на выздоровление. При устойчивой симптоматике не нужно вести активный образ жизни, на время стоит отказаться от спорта и посещения бассейна. Перед выходом из дома необходимо посещать туалет. С собой нужно всегда брать влажные салфетки и сменное белье. </span></span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Симптомы обычно настолько характерные, что для постановки диагноза достаточно жалоб пациента. Недержание может проявляться как едва заметными следами на нижнем белье и невозможностью удержать газы, так и полной потерей контроля над содержимым кишечника.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Недержание, вызванное деменцией, выпадением прямой кишки и рассеянным склерозом, обычно развивается медленно. Как правило, в начале болезни пациент не может удержать газы, позже присоединяется недержание кала.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При острой форме недержания, например после родовой травмы, сразу не удаётся удерживать и газы, и кал.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При поражении нервов анального сфинктера нарушается не только сократимость мышц, но и чувствительность анального канала. Пациент не ощущает, что прямая кишка наполнена, поэтому не старается удержать её содержимое — так развивается пассивное анальное недержание. Если же повреждены мышцы, то больной ощущает, что кишка наполнена, но не может перекрыть просвет анального канала. В первом случае человек обычно упускает кишечное содержимое незаметно для себя, во втором — не успевая попасть в туалетную комнату.</span></p>",
"image": null,
"image_alt": null,
"standard_type": 0,
"danger": 11,
"published": 1,
"parent": null,
"block_rubric": 188,
"standards": []
},
{
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"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-size: 7pt;\">Среди главных причин появления асцита брюшной полости можно выделить следующие:</span></span></p>\r\n<ol style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: decimal; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #3a3a3a; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Цирроз печени – это основная причина, примерно в 75% случаев.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: decimal; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #3a3a3a; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Раковые новообразования – приводят к скоплению жидкости примерно в десяти процентах.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: decimal; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #3a3a3a; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Сердечная недостаточность – причина заболевания в пяти процентах случаев.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Иногда данную патологию могут вызывать и иные причины. К ним относится:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">тромбоз печёночной вены;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">болезни почек;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">плохое питание;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">туберкулёз;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">нарушения в репродуктивной системе;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">эндокринные заболевания;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">болезни желудочно-кишечного тракта;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">нарушения в лимфатических сосудах.</span></li>\r\n</ul>",
"pathogenesis": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В норме серозный покров брюшной полости – брюшина продуцирует незначительное количество жидкости, необходимое для свободного движения петель кишечника и предупреждения склеивания органов. Этот экссудат всасывается обратно самой же брюшиной. При целом ряде заболеваний секреторная, резорбтивная и барьерная функции брюшины нарушаются, что приводит к возникновению асцита.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Таким образом, в основе патогенеза асцита может лежать сложный комплекс воспалительных, гемодинамических, гидростатических, водно-электролитных, метаболических нарушений, вследствие чего происходит пропотевание интерстициальной жидкости и ее скопление в брюшной полости.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Характерная симптоматика даёт возможность определить асцит при циррозе печени ещё на начальной стадии. Установить точный диагноз можно при помощи ультразвукового исследования. Даже самое малое количество свободной жидкости можно выявить этим диагностическим методом. Также УЗИ даёт возможность оценки состояния внутренних органов, брюшной стенки, сосудов и лимфатической системы.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Более детальный осмотр венозной системы и кровотока проводят при помощи доплер исследования. Доплерометрия способна показать уровень проходимости сосудов, давление крови внутри них и скорость кровотока. Если у пациента поставлен диагноз асцит брюшной полости, то эти показатели кардинально отличаются от нормальных.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Но самым распространённым и широко применяемым методом диагностики является пункция живота с целью забора жидкости. Это исследование показывает количество свободного инфильтрата, находящегося в брюшной полости, а также такие показатели, как: эритроциты, лейкоциты, белки, раковые или вирусные клетки и ферменты.</span></p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лечение направлено на основное заболевание. Для уменьшения асцита применяют мочегонные средства, антагонисты альдостерона, проводят мероприятия по коррекции нарушений водно-солевого обмена и уменьшению портальной гипертензии. </span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В случае неэффективности медикаментозной терапии жидкость может быть удалена путем пункции брюшной полости — лапароцентеза (парацентез абдоминальный), который проводят после предварительного опорожнения мочевого пузыря в сидячем положении больного (тяжелобольных укладывают на бок) с соблюдением правил асептики и антисептики, что лучше всего достигается при проведении лапароцентеза в стационаре. Прокол троакаром после местной анестезии проводят по средней линии живота между лобком и пупком либо по линии, соединяющей пупок с гребнем подвздошной кости. Жидкость нужно выпускать медленно (из-за опасности коллапса) и обычно не более 5—6 л за одну пункцию. Повторные пункции могут привести к воспалению брюшины и сращению кишок или сальника с передней стенкой живота, что создает угрозу тяжелых осложнений при последующих пункциях.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Хирургическое лечение асцита применяют, в основном, при значительной портальной гипертензии с целью ее уменьшения (наложение различных портокавальных органоанастомозов) и создания условий всасывания асцитической жидкости прилежащими тканями. Одна из эффективных хирургических операций — оментогепатофренопексия — заключается в подшивании сальника к предварительно скарифицированным участкам поверхности печени и диафрагмы.</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Профилактика асцита заключается в профилактики заболеваний, его вызывающих. То есть, нужно своевременно лечить инфекционные заболевания, не злоупотреблять спиртными напитками, заниматься спортом и правильно питаться.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При проблемах с сердцем, почками или печенью нужно регулярно проходить осмотр специалистов и тщательно выполнять их предписания.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Из-за определённых факторов здоровые клетки печени начинают отмирать, замещаясь соединительной тканью. Сосуды начинают зарастать, а поражённая железа больше не способна полноценно функционировать. Это приводит к тому, что в организме человека начинают скапливаться токсические вещества, кровь не очищается и нарушается обмен питательных веществ.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Проблемы с кровообращением становятся причиной того, что часть жидкости проникает сквозь изменённые сосуды и попадает в полость живота.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Признаки болезни довольно легко распознать на той стадии, когда в области живота накапливается более одного литра воды. Наиболее характерными симптомами асцита являются:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">кровотечения в желудочно-кишечном тракте;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">изжога или боль в области желудка;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">постоянная тошнота;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">наличие кровянистых вкраплений в каловых массах;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">набор веса;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ухудшение памяти и концентрации внимания;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">отёк ног.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Выраженная стадия асцита имеет и внешние признаки:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">значительное увеличение объёмов живота;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">выпирающие вены;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">вышедший наружу пупок;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">возникновение пупочной грыжи.</span></li>\r\n</ul>",
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}
]
}
