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"lead": "нарушение восприятия действительности с помощью одного или нескольких органов чувств",
"description": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Агнозия — расстройство восприятия информации, которое происходит при поражении корковых структур мозга. Органы чувств, отвечающие за зрительное, слуховое и тактильное восприятие, остаются сохранны. При этом человек не видит перед собой предметы, вместо музыки слышит назойливый шум, не понимает речь и может потеряться в знакомом ему месте. </span></p>",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Гностические нарушения обусловлены патологическими изменениями вторичных проекционно-ассоциативных полей мозговой коры. Этиофакторами поражения указанных зон выступают:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Острые нарушения мозгового кровообращения. Агнозия возникает в результате гибели нейронов вторичных полей в области ишемического или геморрагического инсульта.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Хроническая ишемия мозга. Прогрессирующая недостаточность церебрального кровообращения приводит к деменции, включающей гностические расстройства.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Опухоли головного мозга. Поражение вторичных корковых полей является следствием роста опухоли, приводящего к сдавлению и разрушению окружающих нейронов.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Черепно-мозговая травма. Агнозия встречается преимущественно при ушибе головного мозга. Развивается вследствие повреждения вторичных зон коры в момент травмы и в результате посттравматических процессов (образования гематом, воспалительных изменений, микроциркуляторных нарушений).</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Энцефалит. Может иметь вирусную, бактериальную, паразитарную, поствакцинальную этиологию. Сопровождается диффузными воспалительными процессами в церебральных структурах.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Дегенеративные заболевания ЦНС: болезнь Альцгеймера, лейкоэнцефалит Шильдера, болезнь Пика, болезнь Паркинсона.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Церебральная кора имеет три основные группы ассоциативных полей, обеспечивающих разноуровневый анализ поступающей в мозг информации. Первичные поля связаны с периферическими рецепторами, принимают идущую от них афферентную импульсацию. Вторичные ассоциативные зоны коры отвечают за анализ и обобщение информации, поступающей из первичных полей. Далее информация передается в третичные поля, где осуществляется высший синтез и выработка задач поведения. Дисфункция вторичных полей приводит к нарушению указанной цепочки, что клинически проявляется утратой способности узнавать внешние раздражители, воспринимать целостные образы. При этом функция анализаторов (слухового, зрительного и т. д.) не нарушена.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Обследование направлено на выявление агнозии, поиск её причины. Определение клинической формы агнозии позволяет установить локализацию патологического процесса в головном мозге. Основными диагностическими методиками являются:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Опрос пациента и его близких. Имеет целью установление жалоб, начала заболевания, его связи с травмой, инфекцией, нарушениями церебральной гемодинамики.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Неврологический осмотр. В ходе исследования неврологического и психического статуса наряду с агнозией врач-невролог выявляет признаки интракраниальной гипертензии, очаговый неврологический дефицит (парезы, расстройства чувствительности, нарушения со стороны черепно-мозговых нервов, патологические рефлексы, изменения когнитивной сферы), характерные для основного заболевания.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Консультация психиатра. Необходима для исключения психических расстройств. Включает патопсихологическое обследование, исследование структуры личности.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Томографические исследования. КТ, МСКТ, МРТ головного мозга позволяют визуализировать дегенеративные процессы, опухоли, воспалительные очаги, зоны инсульта, травматического повреждения.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Терапия зависит от основного заболевания, может состоять из консервативных, нейрохирургических, реабилитационных методов.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Консервативное лечение:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Сосудистые и тромболитические фармпрепараты. Необходимы для нормализации церебрального кровотока. Острая и хроническая ишемия мозга является показанием к назначению средств, расширяющих церебральные сосуды (винпоцетина, циннаризина), антиагрегантов (пентоксифиллина). При интракраниальном кровоизлиянии применяют антифибринолитические препараты, при тромбозе — тромболитики.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Нейрометаболиты и антиоксиданты: глицин, гамма-аминомасляная кислота, пирацетам, пиритинол, оксиметилэтилпиридин. Улучшают обменные процессы в церебральных тканях, повышают их устойчивость к гипоксии.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Антихолинэстеразные средства: ривастигмин, донепезил, ипидакрин. Нормализуют нейропсихологические, когнитивные функции.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Этиотропная терапия энцефалита. В соответствии с этиологией осуществляется антибактериальными, противовирусными, противопаразитарными препаратами.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Реабилитация пациентов длится не менее трёх месяцев, включает:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Психотерапию. Арт-терапия, когнитивно-поведенческая терапия направлены на восстановление психической сферы больного, адаптацию к ситуации, сложившейся в связи с заболеванием.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Занятия с логопедом. Необходимы пациентам со слуховой агнозией, дислексией, дисграфией.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Трудотерапию. Помогает больным преодолеть чувство неполноценности, отвлечься от переживаний, улучшить социальную адаптацию.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Нейрохирургическое лечение может потребоваться в случае черепно-мозговой травмы, церебральной опухоли. Проводится на фоне консервативной терапии с последующей реабилитацией.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"prevention": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Профилактика состоит в своевременной терапии сосудистой патологии, предупреждении травм головы, онкогенных воздействий, инфекционных заболеваний.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Базовый симптом состояния — невозможность узнать воспринимаемые ощущения при сохранении способности их чувствовать. Проще говоря, больной не понимает, что он видит, слышит, ощущает. Зачастую отмечается дифференцированная агнозия, обусловленная выпадением функции отдельного поражённого отдела коры. Агнозия тотального характера сопровождает патологические процессы, диффузно распространяющиеся в церебральных тканях.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Зрительная агнозия проявляется путаницей предметов, неспособностью назвать рассматриваемый предмет, срисовать его, нарисовать по памяти или начатому рисунку. Изображая предмет, пациент рисует только его части. Зрительная форма имеет много вариантов: цветовая, избирательная агнозия лиц (прозопагнозия), апперцептивная — сохранено узнавание признаков предмета (формы, цвета, размера), ассоциативная — пациент способен описать предмет целиком, но не может назвать его, симультантная — неспособность узнать сюжет из нескольких предметов при сохранении узнавания каждого предмета в отдельности, зрительно-пространственная — нарушение гнозиса взаимного расположения предметов. Расстройство распознавания букв и символов ведёт к дислексии, дисграфии, утрате способности делать арифметические вычисления.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Слуховая агнозия при поражении доминантного полушария приводит к частичному или полному непониманию речи (сенсорной афазии). Пациент воспринимает фонемы как ничего не значащий шум. Состояние сопровождается компенсаторной многоречивостью с повторениями, вставлением случайных звуков, слогов. При письме могут отмечаться пропуски, перестановки. Чтение сохранено. Поражение субдоминантного полушария может приводить к потере музыкального слуха, способности узнавать знакомые ранее звуки (шум дождя, собачий лай), понимать интонационные особенности речи.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Сенситивная агнозия характеризуется расстройством гнозиса раздражений, воспринимаемых болевыми, температурными, тактильными, проприоцептивными рецепторами. Включает астериогнозис — невозможность опознать предмет на ощупь, пространственную агнозию — нарушение ориентировки в знакомой местности, больничной палате, собственной квартире, соматогнозию — расстройство ощущения собственного тела (пропорциональности, размера, наличия отдельных его частей). Распространёнными формами соматогнозии выступают пальцевая агнозия — пациент неспособен назвать пальцы, показать указанный врачом палец, аутотопагнозия — чувство отсутствия отдельной части тела, гемисоматоагнозия — ощущение только половины своего организма, анозогнозия — неосознание наличия заболевания или отдельного симптома (пареза, тугоухости, ухудшения зрения).</span></p>",
"image": null,
"image_alt": null,
"standard_type": 0,
"danger": 20,
"published": 1,
"parent": 7212,
"block_rubric": 193,
"standards": []
},
{
"id": 14683,
"symptoms": [],
"alternative_names": [],
"complications": [],
"medicine_branches": [],
"who": [
{
"id": 14426,
"gender": 1,
"diseased": 2619,
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{
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"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Причины появления афонии бывают разными, например:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Воспалительные процессы, затрагивающие гортань (острый или хронический ларингит, ларинготрахеит). Воспалительная реакция приводит к появлению отека, который подавляет функцию голосовых связок.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Интоксикации химическими веществами вызывают повреждения тканей и отек по типу поствоспалительной аллергической реакции.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Опухолевые процессы в области гортани по типу фиброза или папилломатоза, а также гортанного рака, а также окологортанная онкология – например, опухоли трахеи или пищевода.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Травматические повреждения гортанной области и голосовых складок – в частности, травмы от попадания инородных предметов, либо в результате хирургических или реанимационных манипуляций (пример: трахеотомия и интубация).</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Периферический паралич, поражение возвратного нерва во время операции по поводу опухолевых процессов или дисфункции щитовидной железы.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Центральный паралич, свойственный инсультам, черепно-мозговым травмам, онкологическим заболеваниям, микробным инфекциям, интоксикациям. </span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Миопатии и прочие мышечные нарушения, затрагивающие голосовые связки.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Истерически обусловленный гортанный паралич, вызванный состояниями гипо или гипертонуса при неврозах, психозах, истерии, неврастении.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Избыточное напряжение голосовых связок, отсутствие лечения дисфонии.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Профессиональные вредности: токсические дымовые, паровые и газовые воздействия.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Психогенные факторы: сильный испуг, нервный стресс, конфликтная ситуация в сопровождении сильного эмоционального потрясения, а также другие состояния, способствующие выходу в кровь большого объема адреналина с расширением зоны возбуждения в мозговой коре.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Непосредственной причиной афонии специалисты называют отсутствующее или недостаточное смыкание голосовых связок. Такое нарушение провоцируется функциональными или органическими факторами.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Факторы риска</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Провоцирующими факторами, способными привести к развитию афонии, могут стать:</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">слабость, лабильность нервной системы, склонность болезненно переживать стрессы, ссоры, обиды;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">вынужденные частые перепады голосовой активности (от громкой речи и крика до полного продолжительного молчания);</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">частые ларингиты, ангины;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">продолжительный прием анаболических стероидов;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">работа в условиях постоянного шума, либо пребывание в задымленных горячих цехах, запыленных помещениях с плохой вентиляцией;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">работа, связанная с регулярным пребыванием на улице (в том числе в холодное время года);</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">детский и пожилой возраст;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">вредные привычки (по большей части курение и употребление алкоголя);</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">заболевания пищеварительного тракта или щитовидки;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">врожденные дефекты развития гортани.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>",
"pathogenesis": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Голос возникает в процессе смыкания и колебания голосовых складок под воздействием выдыхаемого воздушного потока. Для голосообразования необходима хорошая эластичность истинных связок, возможность их полного смыкания, нормальный тонус мышц гортани, достаточная по силе воздушная струя. Если во время фонации голосовые складки не соприкасаются друг с другом, струя воздуха, выходящая через голосовую щель, производит шум, который воспринимается человеческим ухом как шепот. Возникает дисфония или афония.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При функциональной афонии отмечается атония истинных голосовых связок, которой нередко сопутствует гипертонус ложных складок. При органических нарушениях в результате воспалительного отека, опухолевого поражения подвижность складок ограничивается, просвет между ними уменьшается. Параличи и парезы внутренних мышц гортани приводят к невозможности сужения и расширения голосовой щели при фонации, несмыканию связок и потере фонаторной способности.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Диагностикой афонии у пациентов занимаются отоларингологи, фониатры и логопеды. Если имеет место психогенная форма, то к работе подключается психотерапевт, ведь в данном случае основным является устранение психотравмирующего фактора.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Проводится общий осмотр и изучение анамнеза пациента. Для обнаружения инфекции берется мазок со слизистой ротоглотки. Для исключения опухоли назначается МРТ, КТ, рентген и другие инструментальные исследования.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">К другим методам диагностики относятся:</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #1e2022; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Ларингоскопия. Данная методика позволяет провести визуальный осмотр голосовых связок и слизистых оболочек. Позволяет определить отечность голосовых складок, наличие инородных тел, новообразований. </span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #1e2022; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Видеостробоскопия. Используется для отслеживания колебаний голосовых связок. В случае данного расстройства колыбельные движения отсутствуют.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #1e2022; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Логопедическое обследование. Проводится общий осмотр периферического отдела речевого аппарата и комплексное обследование речи. Специалист анализирует изменения голоса при шепоте, смехе, кашле. Изучаются особенности фонационного дыхания.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #1e2022; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Психологическое обследование. Оно проводится в случае подозрения на психогенную афонию. Проводится тестирование для определения психологического типа пациента, а также выявления возможных проблем и ситуаций, которые могли спровоцировать нарушение.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Во многих случаях первым шагом на пути восстановления голоса является медицинский этап. При ларингитах, аллергическом отеке гортани проводится медикаментозное лечение: эндоларингеальные вливания, ингаляции, антибактериальная, антигистаминная, гомеопатическая терапия. Удаление инородных тел гортани осуществляется под эндоскопическим контролем.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лечение параличей гортани зависит от их этиологии. Может потребовать назначения ноотропных, нейропротекторных, витаминных и других препаратов. Эффективны методы физиотерапии: электростимуляция, лекарственный электрофорез, иглорефлексотерапия. При выраженных эксикозах показана инфузионная терапия.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Опухолевые процессы гортани требуют проведения эндохирургического вмешательства: удаления папилломатоза, коагуляции и деструкции новообразований, хордэктомии. При рубцовом стенозе осуществляется бужирование гортани с последующим эндопротезированием или ларингопластикой.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Фонопедическая коррекция</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Логопедическую работу при афонии начинают с назначения полного голосового покоя. На этом фоне проводится артикуляционная и дыхательная гимнастика, вибрационный массаж. Затем переходят к формированию мягкой голосоподачи с помощью фонационных упражнений. Силу звука повышают постепенно. Параллельно работают над развитием диапазона, высоты, тембра голоса. На фонопедических занятиях используют современные технические средства: усилители голоса, компьютерные тренажеры.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Психотерапевтическое лечение</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Пациентам с психогенной афонией показаны сеансы психоанализа, суггестотерапии. Большую роль играют аутогенные тренировки. В тяжелых случаях прибегают к гипнотерапии. Также требуется лечение других расстройств, способных спровоцировать афонию. Большое значение имеет вера в успешность восстановления голоса.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"prevention": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Профилактическая работа должна быть направлена на своевременную и адекватную терапию причинных заболеваний. Необходимо бережно относиться к своему голосу, минимизировать действие факторов, способных вызвать афонию (стрессогенных условий, перенапряжения голоса, курения и пр.).</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Пациенту с афонией органического происхождения доступна только шепотная речь. Голос беззвучный даже при кашлевом рефлексе, в состоянии эмоциональных реакций. В зависимости от основного заболевания может присутствовать боль в горле, затруднение дыхания, поперхивание, нарушение глотания.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Психогенная форма афонии развивается внезапно сразу после психотравмирующего события либо на следующий день после него. Голос отсутствует, при этом сохраняется способность звучно кашлять, смеяться, плакать, иногда – громко кричать. Больные дополнительно жалуются на ощущение «песка», «комка», «скопления слизи» в горле. Возможны общая слабость, кардиалгии, дрожь в теле. Пациенты не доверяют врачам, преувеличивают тяжесть своего заболевания. Голос может появиться столь же внезапно, как и исчез.</span></p>",
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"lead": "крайняя степень проявления острой сердечной недостаточности, характеризующаяся критическим снижением сократительной способности миокарда",
"description": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Кардиогенный шок – это состояние, при котором резко снижается эффективность работы сердца, приводящее к неадекватному кровоснабжению органов и тканей. Кардиогенный шок чаще всего вызван обширным инфарктом миокарда.</span></p>",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Причины кардиогенного шока возникают внутри сердца или в окружающих сосудах и оболочках.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">К внутренним причинам относятся:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Острый инфаркт миокарда левого желудочка, который сопровождается длительно некупированным болевым синдромом, развитием резкой слабости мышцы сердца в связи с обширным участком некроза. Распространение зоны ишемии на правый желудочек значительно усугубляет шок.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Пароксизмальные виды аритмий с высокой частотой импульсов при мерцании и фибрилляции желудочков.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Полная блокада сердца в связи с невозможностью проведения импульсов от синусового узла к желудочкам.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Внешними причинами считаются:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Различные воспалительные или травматические повреждения перикардиальной сумки (полости, в которой лежит сердце). В результате возникает скопление крови (гемоперикард) или воспалительного экссудата, сдавливающих снаружи мышцу сердца. В таких условиях сокращения становятся невозможными.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">К аналогичному сдавлению приводит пневмоторакс (воздух в плевральной полости вследствие разрыва легкого).</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Развитие тромбоэмболии крупного ствола легочной артерии нарушает кровообращение через малый круг, блокирует работу правого желудочка, приводит к тканевой кислородной недостаточности.</span></li>\r\n</ul>",
"pathogenesis": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Патогенез обусловлен критическим падением артериального давления и последующим ослаблением кровотока в тканях. Определяющим фактором выступает не гипотония как таковая, а уменьшение объема крови, проходящей по сосудам за определенное время. Ухудшение перфузии становится причиной развития компенсаторно-приспособительных реакций. Резервы организма направляются на обеспечение кровью жизненно-важных органов: сердца и головного мозга. Остальные структуры (кожа, конечности, скелетная мускулатура) испытывают кислородное голодание. Развивается спазм периферических артерий и капилляров.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Кардиогенный шок, неотложная помощь при котором требуется уже в первые минуты после приступа, диагностируется в отделении реанимации или интенсивной терапии. Врачам необходимо быстро выяснить причину возникновения патологии, клиническую картину и тяжесть состояния пациента. На этапе доврачебной помощи шоковое состояние выявляется по симптомам и объективным признакам, включая данные аускультации, низкое кровяное давление, ослабленный пульс и нарушение сознания. В больнице для подтверждения диагноза и выявления этиологии болезни потребуются инструментальные и лабораторные исследования.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Специальные методы диагностики:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Электрокардиография – регистрация биоэлектрической активности сердца. Для этого на тело пациента помещают специальные электроды, соединенные с устройством записи кардиограммы. По результатам теста можно судить о наличии структурной патологии, препятствующей нормальному распространению импульса в миокарде.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Эхокардиография – основной метод визуализации в кардиологии. Используется ультразвуковая технология для направления высокочастотных звуковых волн в область сердца и формирования изображения. Наблюдение работы сердца на мониторе в режиме реального времени позволяет обнаружить патологическую область и оценить степень нарушений насосной функции.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Рентгенография сосудов – визуализация кровеносных сосудов сердца. Как правило, такой метод используется для поиска первопричины развития шокового состояния. Перед получением изображения врач внутривенно вводит контрастное вещество для улучшения точности исследования. По результатам коронарной ангиографии можно судить о причине и степени сужения сосуда.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Анализ крови на инфекционное заболевание, токсикологию и ферменты, указывающие на повреждение мышечной оболочки сердца.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Компьютерная и магнитно-резонансная томография – методы получения изображения сердца и сосудов в высоком разрешении. Это наиболее эффективный метод обнаружения области поражения в сердце.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Терапевтические назначения:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Подключение пациента к системе искусственной вентиляции легких для насыщения организма кислородом.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Внутривенное вливание физиологического раствора, плазмы или крови для ликвидации гиповолемического шока.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Введение инотропных препаратов для улучшения насосной деятельности миокарда. Это может быть норадреналин или дофамин.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Аспирин для уменьшения свертывания крови. При шоковом состоянии возникает риск закупорки сосудов.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Тромболитические средства, необходимые для растворения сгустков крови, блокирующих кровоток в органах. Чем раньше пациент с инфарктом получит такой препарат, тем лучше прогноз.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Антитромбоцитарные препараты, действие которых направлено на предотвращения возникновения новых сгустков крови.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Также кардиогенный шок, клиника которого связана с гипоксией мышечных клеток сердца, требует назначения специальных медицинских процедур для восстановления кровотока. Применяются следующие методы:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Ангиопластика и стентирование – уничтожение закупорки или сужения коронарных артерий.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Экстракорпоральная мембранная оксигенация – механическая поддержка кровообращения и насыщения органов кислородом.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Хирургические методы лечения:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Шунтирование коронарной артерии с целью создания обходного кровотока, минующего область сужения или закупорки.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Операция, направленная на восстановление сердца и сосудов после травмы.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Имплантация вспомогательных устройств, улучшающих насосную функцию.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Пересадка сердца в случае, если другие методы не помогают.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
"prevention": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Профилактика заключается в недопущении развития ИМ, тромбоэмболий, тяжелых аритмий, миокардитов и травм сердца. С этой целью важно проходить профилактические курсы лечения, вести здоровый и активный образ жизни, избегать стрессов, соблюдать принципы здорового питания.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">На начальных стадиях выражен кардиогенный болевой синдром. Локализация и характер ощущений сходны с инфарктом. Пациент жалуется на сжимающую боль за грудиной («как будто сердце сжимают в ладони»), распространяющуюся на левую лопатку, руку, бок, челюсть. Иррадиации по правой стороне тела не отмечается.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Дыхательная недостаточность проявляется полной или частичной утратой способности к самостоятельному дыханию (цианоз, частота дыхания менее 12-15 в минуту, беспокойство, страх смерти, включение в процесс дыхания вспомогательной мускулатуры, втягивание крыльев носа). При развитии альвеолярного отека легких изо рта больного выделяется белая или розоватая пена. Человек занимает вынужденное положение сидя, с наклоном вперед и упором руками в стул.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Отмечается снижение систолического АД ниже 80-90 мм рт. ст., пульсового - до 20-25 мм рт. ст. Пульс нитевидный, слабого наполнения и напряжения, тахикардия до 100-110 ударов/минуту. Иногда ЧСС падает до 40-50 уд/мин. Кожа пациента бледная, холодная и влажная на ощупь. Выражена общая слабость. Диурез снижен или полностью отсутствует. На фоне шока происходит нарушение сознания, развивается сопор или кома.</span></p>",
"image": null,
"image_alt": null,
"standard_type": 0,
"danger": 80,
"published": 1,
"parent": 7221,
"block_rubric": 194,
"standards": [
5163
]
},
{
"id": 14699,
"symptoms": [
{
"id": 2561,
"synonyms": [
{
"name": "Учащенный пульс"
},
{
"name": "Сердце колотится"
}
],
"body_points": [
{
"x": 630,
"y": 2915,
"r": 422
}
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"lead": "патологическое состояние, возникающее в результате быстрого уменьшения объема циркулирующей в организме крови",
"description": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Гиповолемический шок — неотложное патологическое состояние, обусловленное быстрым уменьшением объёма циркулирующей крови в результате быстрой потери воды и электролитов при неукротимой рвоте или профузной диарее вследствие осложнения некоторых инфекционных болезней.</span></p>",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Причины гиповолемического шока:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.5pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">острая кровопотеря;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.5pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ожоговая болезнь;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.5pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">обезвоживание организма (неукратимая рвота, профузная диарея);</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.5pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">гестозы;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.5pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">полиурия;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.5pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">нарушения эндокринного характера;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.5pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">неконтролируемый прием некоторых лекарственных препаратов.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В развитии гиповолемического шока выделяют три фазы: дефицит ОЦК (объем циркулирующей крови), стимуляция симпатоадреналовой системы, шок.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Кровь в организме человека находится в двух функциональных «состояниях». Первое – циркулирующая кровь (80-90% от всего объема), доставляющая кислород и питательные вещества к тканям. Второе – своеобразный запас, не участвующий в общем кровотоке. Эта часть крови находится в костях, печени и селезенке. Ее функция – поддержание необходимого объема крови в экстремальных ситуациях, связанных с внезапной потерей значительной части ОЦК. При уменьшении объема крови происходит раздражение барорецепторов, и депонированная кровь «выбрасывается» в общий кровоток. Если этого оказывается недостаточно, срабатывает механизм, призванный защитить и сохранить головной мозг, сердце и легкие. Периферические сосуды (сосуды, снабжающие кровью конечности и «менее важные» органы) сужаются, и кровь продолжает активно циркулировать только в жизненно важных органах.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Если недостаток кровообращения не удается скомпенсировать, централизация еще больше усиливается, спазм периферических сосудов нарастает. В последующем из-за истощения этого механизма спазм сменяется параличом сосудистой стенки и резкой дилатацией (расширением) сосудов. В результате значительная часть циркулирующей крови перемещается в периферические отделы, что ведет к усугублению недостаточности кровоснабжения жизненно важных органов. Эти процессы сопровождаются грубыми нарушениями всех видов тканевого обмена.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Диагноз и степень гиповолемического шока определяются на основании клинических признаков. Объем и перечень дополнительных исследований зависит от основной патологии. В обязательном порядке берутся анализы мочи и крови, определяется группа крови. При подозрении на переломы выполняется рентгенография соответствующих сегментов, при подозрении на повреждение органов брюшной полости назначается лапароскопия и т. д. До выхода из шокового состояния проводятся только жизненно важные исследования, позволяющие выявить и устранить причину гиповолемического шока, поскольку перекладывания, манипуляции и пр. могут негативно повлиять на состояние пациента.</span></p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Основная задача на начальном этапе терапии – обеспечить достаточное кровоснабжение жизненно важных органов, устранить дыхательную и циркуляторную гипоксию. Выполняют катетеризацию центральной вены (при значительном уменьшении ОЦК проводят катетеризацию двух или трех вен). Пациенту с гиповолемическим шоком вводят декстрозу, кристаллоидные и полиионные растворы. Скорость введения должна обеспечить максимально быструю стабилизацию АД и его поддержание на уровне не ниже 70 мм рт. ст. При отсутствии эффекта от перечисленных препаратов проводят инфузию декстрана, желатина, гидроксиэтилкрахмала и других синтетических плазмозаменителей.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Если гемодинамические показатели не стабилизируются, производят внутривенное введение симпатомиметиков (норэпинефрина, фенилэфрина, допамина). Одновременно выполняют ингаляции воздушно-кислородной смесью. По показаниям проводят ИВЛ. После определения причины снижения ОЦК выполняют хирургический гемостаз и другие мероприятия, направленные на предотвращение дальнейшего уменьшения объема крови. Корректируют гемическую гипоксию, производя инфузии компонентов крови и натуральных коллоидных растворов (протеина, альбумина).</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Основная профилактика состоит в своевременном обеспечении помощи пострадавшим при разного рода травмах, ожогах и т. д., а также в своевременном лечении болезней, которые могут спровоцировать быстрое уменьшение объема циркулирующей крови.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Клиническая картина шокового состояния зависит от объема и скорости кровопотери и компенсаторных возможностей организма, которые определяются рядом факторов, в том числе возрастом пациента, его конституцией, а также наличием тяжелой соматической патологии, в особенности заболеваний легких и сердца. Основными признаками гиповолемического шока являются прогрессирующие учащение пульса (тахикардия), снижение АД (артериальная гипотония), бледность кожи, тошнота, головокружения и нарушения сознания.</span></p>",
"image": null,
"image_alt": null,
"standard_type": 0,
"danger": 70,
"published": 1,
"parent": 7221,
"block_rubric": 194,
"standards": [
5170
]
}
]
}