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},
"code": "Q30.0",
"name": "Атрезия хоан",
"icd_name": "Атрезия хоан",
"gender": 0,
"age_min": 0,
"age_max": 100,
"cause": [
"0"
],
"periodicity": 1,
"slug": "q30.0_atreziya_hoan",
"lead": "нарушение проходимости полости носа, связанное с ее полным или частичным заращением соединительной, хрящевой или костной тканью",
"description": "",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Врожденная атрезия хоан связана с нарушением эмбрионального развития в первые месяцы беременности. Она развивается в результате задержки или прерывания процесса отделения носовой полости от глотки. Первоначально разделение носа и глотки происходит образующейся между ними мезенхимальной мембраной, которая в последующем рассасывается, оставляя после себя отверстия — носовые хоаны. Сохранение мембраны или ее замещение костной тканью приводит к возникновению атрезии хоан.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">К причинам, способным вызвать внутриутробное формирование атрезии хоан, в отоларингологии относят хронические заболевания матери (хронический пиелонефрит, бронхит, сахарный диабет и пр.), перенесенные ею в период беременности инфекции (корь, краснуха, грипп, хламидиоз, токсоплазмоз, микоплазмоз), прием медикаментов с эмбриотоксическим действием (барбитураты, антибиотики и т. п.), воздействие ионизирующего излучения и других тератогенных факторов. Также прослеживается генетическая предрасположенность к возникновению атрезии хоан.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Приобретенная атрезия хоан чаще всего наблюдается после серьезных травм и ожогов носа. Она обусловлена развитием в процессе заживления тканей полости носа соединительнотканных рубцов. В некоторых случаях атрезия хоан развивается в результате рубцевания после перенесенного гнойно-воспалительного процесса в полости носа. Она может возникнуть вследствие сифилиса, дифтерии, скарлатины, кори, системной красной волчанки.</span></p>",
"pathogenesis": "",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для диагностики используют следующие методы:</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">анализ анамнеза;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">осмотр полости носа, который проводят с целью установить дифференциальный диагноз с нарушением проходимости носа вследствие попадания в отверстия хоан инородных тел и осмотра слизистой оболочки полости носа;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">зондирование носа с целью определить локализацию атрезии и её характер;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">эндоскопия полости носа используется как определяющий визуализирующий инструментальный метод диагностики атрезии хоан;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">компьютерная томография с послойными снимками для определения характера патологических изменений в полости носа;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Устранение атрезии хоан проводится хирургическим путем. Операция по восстановлению просвета хоан называется хоанотомия. При двухсторонней полной атрезии операция проводится в экстренном порядке, так как ребенок не может есть без носового дыхания. В случаях частичной и односторонней атрезии сроки операции назначаются индивидуально, в зависимости от состояния ребенка и степени нарушения носового дыхания. Обнаруженные атрезии в более старшем возрасте оперируются в плановом порядке.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Существует несколько доступов при операции хоанотомия:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #545454; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">через полость носа (применяется у новорожденных);</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #545454; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">через верхнюю челюсть (если необходимо вскрыть также и верхнечелюстную пазуху при воспалении в ней. Не используется у новорожденных и детей младшего возраста, так как могут быть повреждены зачатки зубов);</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #545454; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">через твердое небо (обеспечивает хороший доступ, по отдаленным результатам наиболее предпочтительный у детей старшего возраста).</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В послеоперационном периоде в полости носа длительно находятся дренажные трубки для формирования просвета хоан. Проводится регулярный туалет носовой полости, закапывание сосудосуживающих капель, антисептиков, удаляются корки и фибрин. Это важно для хорошего заживления. Полное формирование хоан и восстановление носового дыхания происходит за 1-2 месяца.</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Профилактические мероприятия по предотвращению врожденных патологий имеют большое значение. Прежде всего, постановка будущей мамы на учет у врача гинеколога. Проведение различных диагностических мероприятий (УЗИ, генетический скрининг и т.д.), позволяет выявить нарушения в развитии плода на самых ранних сроках беременности.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Симптомы заболевания напрямую зависят от формы патологического процесса. Так односторонняя атрезия хоан часто протекает бессимптомно или симптомы неярко выражены. Такую патологию можно обнаружить не сразу. Напротив, двусторонняя или полная атрезия хоан имеет ряд весьма характерных симптомов. Среди них:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">при полной атрезии у новорождённого ребенка наблюдается отсутствие носового дыхания, и ребенок может дышать только ртом;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">при одностороннем процессе носовое дыхание затруднено;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">дыхание малыша шумное;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">полная или частичная невозможность кормления;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">нормально дышать ребенок может только когда не спит и плачет из-за несформированного рефлекса ротового дыхания;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">характерные выделения из носа.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Если носовое дыхание невозможно, то малышу показана интубация сразу после родов и немедленная операция. В противном случае, у малыша быстро развивается гипоксия (недостаточное количество кислорода как в организме в целом, так и в отдельных органах и тканях), а в некоторых особо тяжелых случаях — асфиксия (удушье). Такое состояние может стать причиной смерти новорождённого.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При односторонней атрезии симптомы могут быть обнаружены у ребенка не сразу, но ещё в младенческом возрасте у малыша наблюдаются явления затрудненного носового дыхания, гнойные или слизистые выделения из одной половины полости носа. При возникновении подозрений родителям малыша нужно срочно обратиться к отоларингологу или врачу общей практики.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Двусторонняя частичная атрезия может стать причиной хронической гипоксии. Из-за постоянного нарушения кислородного насыщения органов и тканей у ребенка может появиться ряд нарушений физического и психического развития (атипичное формирование лицевого скелета, неправильное прорезывание зубов, отставание в умственном развитии ребенка и т.д.).</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">У взрослых пациентов симптомами частичной атрезии являются затрудненное носовое дыхание, нарушение обоняния и гнойно-слизистое отделяемое из поражённого носового отверстия. У пациента образуется своеобразная пробка из слизи, которая непроизвольно изливается при наклоне головы вниз.</span></p>",
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},
"code": "H47.2",
"name": "Атрофия зрительного нерва",
"icd_name": "Атрофия зрительного нерва",
"gender": 0,
"age_min": 1,
"age_max": 100,
"cause": [
"0"
],
"periodicity": 1,
"slug": "h47.2_atrofiya_zritelnogo_nerva",
"lead": "частичная или полная деструкция нервных волокон, передающих зрительные раздражения от сетчатки в головной мозг",
"description": "<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-0424c286-7fff-1922-f5a1-3e086ab50feb\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Атрофия зрительного нерва — это воспалительное или дегенеративное поражение зрительного нерва, которое приводит к его деструкции и становится причиной снижения или утраты зрения.</span></span></p>",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Основными причинами развития заболевания являются:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">офтальмологические заболевания (глаукома, увеит, ретинит, неврит зрительного нерва, миопия, менингиома, глиома зрительного нерва, локальный орбитальный васкулит и др.)</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">заболевания центральной нервной системы (опухоли головного мозга, гнойно-воспалительные заболевания, абсцессы, менингит, рассеянный склероз и др.)</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">общие, инфекционные, аутоиммунные заболевания (гипертония, атеросклероз системная красная волчанка, болезнь Такаясу, гранулематоз Вегенера, грипп, сифилис и др.)</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">интоксикации (например, лекарственными препаратами, алкоголем, никотином)</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">механические повреждения</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">наследственность</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При развитии заболевания происходят деструктивные изменения в нервных волокнах, они замещаются глиозной и соединительной тканью.</span></p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Атрофия зрительного нерва возникает в результате патологических изменений в сетчатке и самом зрительном нерве. В зависимости от причины заболевания повреждение зрительного нерва проходит в условиях воспалительного процесса, сосудистых нарушений, интоксикации, травмы, застоя с некоторыми отличиями. Иногда причина атрофии остаётся невыявленной.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Сам механизм развития заболевания заключается в деструкции (повреждении) нервных волокон. Они замещаются соединительной и глиозной тканью. Происходит заращение капилляров, питающих зрительный нерв, в результате чего происходит его истончение.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При длительном течении процесса и отсутствии своевременного лечения, которое требуется провести в ближайшие сроки, изменения в зрительном нерве становятся необратимыми. Это может привести к полной слепоте глаза.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При обследовании пациентов с атрофией зрительного нерва необходимо выяснить наличие сопутствующих заболеваний, факт приема медикаментов и контакта с химическими веществами, наличие вредных привычек, а также жалоб, свидетельствующих о возможных интракраниальных поражениях.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При физикальном обследовании офтальмолог определяет отсутствие или наличие экзофтальма, исследует подвижность глазных яблок, проверяет реакцию зрачков на свет, роговичный рефлекс. Обязательно проводится проверка остроты зрения, периметрия, исследование цветоощущения.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Основную информацию о наличии и степени атрофии зрительного нерва получают с помощью офтальмоскопии.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Электрофизиологическое исследование (ЗВП) выявляет снижение лабильности и повышение пороговой чувствительности зрительного нерва. При глаукоматозной форме атрофии зрительного нерва с помощью тонометрии определяется повышение внутриглазного давления. Патология глазницы выявляется с помощью обзорной рентгенографии орбиты. Обследование сосудов сетчатки проводится с помощью флуоресцентной ангиографии. Исследование кровотока в глазничной и надблоковой артериях, интракраниальном участке внутренней сонной артерии производится с помощью ультразвуковой допплерографии.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При атрофии зрительного нерва, обусловленной инфекционной патологией, информативны лабораторные тесты: ИФА и ПЦР-диагностика, при атрофии наследственного генеза - генодиагностика.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Поскольку атрофия зрительного нерва в большинстве случаев не является самостоятельным заболеванием, а служит следствием других патологических процессов, ее лечение необходимо начинать с устранения причины. Пациентам с интракраниальными опухолями, внутричерепной гипертензией, аневризмой сосудов головного мозга и др. показана нейрохирургическая операция.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Неспецифическое консервативное лечение атрофии зрительного нерва направлено на максимально возможное сохранение зрительной функции. С целью уменьшения воспалительной инфильтрации и отека зрительного нерва проводятся пара-, ретробульбарные инъекции р-ра дексаметазона, внутривенные вливания р-ра глюкозы и кальция хлорида, внутримышечное введение мочегонных препаратов (фуросемида).</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для улучшения кровообращения и трофики зрительного нерва показаны инъекции пентоксифиллина, ксантинола никотината, атропина (парабульбарно и ретробульбарно); внутривенное введение никотиновой кислоты, эуфиллина; витаминотерапия (В2, В6,В12), инъекции экстракта алоэ или стекловидного тела; прием циннаризина, пирацетама, рибоксина, АТФ и др. В целях поддержания низкого уровня внутриглазного давления проводятся инстилляции пилокарпина, назначаются мочегонные средства.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В случае отсутствия противопоказаний при атрофии зрительного нерва назначается иглорефлексотерапия, физиотерапия (электрофорез, ультразвук, лазеро- или электростимуляция зрительного нерва, магнитотерапия, эндоназальный электрофорез и др.).</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для предотвращения атрофии зрительного нерва необходимо своевременное лечение глазных, неврологических, ревматологических, эндокринных, инфекционных заболеваний; предупреждение интоксикаций, своевременное переливание крови при профузных кровотечениях. При первых признаках нарушения зрения необходима консультация окулиста.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Выделяют первичную и вторичную атрофию зрительного нерва.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При первичном поражении диск зрительного нерва бледнеет, при этом имеет четкие границы, происходит образование плоской экскавации, сужение артерий сетчатки, концентрическое сужение поля зрения.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Вторичное поражение зрительного нерва формируется как следствие воспалительных или застойных явлений, диск зрительного нерва бледный, с нечеткими границами, происходит расширение вен сетчатки. По мере развития заболевания клиническая картина напоминает первичное поражение зрительного нерва.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">У больного обычно снижена реакция зрачка на свет, сужено поле зрения, нарушено восприятие цвета. Пациенты жалуются на снижение остроты зрения, которое может постоянно прогрессировать либо стабилизироваться на определенном уровне. Возможна полная утрата зрения.</span></p>",
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"description": "",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Даже при наследственной предрасположенности, для развития аутоиммунного тиреоидита необходимы дополнительные неблагоприятные провоцирующие факторы:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">перенесенные острые респираторные вирусные заболевания;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">очаги хронической инфекции (на небных миндалинах, в пазухах носа, кариозных зубах);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">экология, избыток соединений йода, хлора и фтора в окружающей среде, пище и воде (влияет на активность лимфоцитов);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">длительное бесконтрольное применение лекарств (йодсодержащих препаратов, гормональных средств);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">радиационное излучение, долгое пребывание на солнце;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">психотравмирующие ситуации (болезнь или смерть близких людей, потеря работы, обиды и разочарования).</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Внутренний критерий наследования аутоиммунных заболеваний взаимосвязан с клонами Т-лимфоцитов. </span><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Чтобы произошло развитие хронического заболевания с учетом имеющейся наследственной предрасположенности, нужно влияние экзогенных факторов (вирусных и любых других инфекций, фармпрепаратов), которые способствуют активации Т-лимфоцитов, те впоследствии активируют В-лимфоциты, запуская цепную реакцию. </span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Далее Т-клетки, кооперируясь с антитиреоидными антителами, воздействуют на эпителиальные клетки фолликулов, содействуя их деструкции, вследствие чего снижается численность правильно функционирующих структурных единиц щитовидной железы.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Количество антитиреоидных антител при этом заболевании непосредственно отражает выраженность аутоиммунного процесса и иногда имеет склонность уменьшаться по мере увеличения продолжительности заболевания. Только присутствия антитиреоидных антител недостаточно, чтобы травмировать структурные элементы щитовидной железы.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для реализации токсических свойств имеющимся антителам необходимо вступить во взаимодействие с Т-лимфоцитами, которые чувствительны к антигенам щитовидной железы при ХАИТ, чего не бывает при наличии обычного зоба или если патология щитовидной железы не выявлена.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В норме все клетки имеют иммунологическую нечувствительность к другим клеткам собственного организма, которая приобретается во время внутриутробного развития (еще до рождения), во время взаимодействия зрелых лимфоцитов со своими антигенами. Любые нарушения в данном взаимодействии и синтез особых клонов Т-лимфоцитов, которые вступают во взаимодействие со своими же антигенами, и могут стать той причиной, которая приводит к нарушению иммунологической нечувствительности и впоследствии привести к формированию любых аутоиммунных патологий, включая и ХАИТ.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Заболевание не имеет характерных симптомов, поэтому для дифференциальной диагностики пациент должен пройти комплексное обследование. В первую очередь прием эндокринолога. Врач собирает анамнез, осматривает пациента, определяет наличие или отсутствие пальпируемых изменений в структуре щитовидной железы.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лабораторные анализы крови при аутоиммунном тиреоидите:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">антитела к тиреопероксидазе (АТ-ТПО);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">антитела к рецепторам тиреотропного гормона (АТ-рТТГ);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">уровень ТТГ, Т3, Т4.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Первичный гипотиреоз при аутоиммунном тиреоидите проявляется повышением ТТГ при нормальном или сниженном уровне тиреоидных гормонов. Титры АТ-ТПО повышены.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Инструментальные методы диагностики:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Ультразвуковое исследование. Обнаруживают снижение эхосигнала от железистой ткани;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Сцинтиграфия. Процедура назначается для дифференциальной диагностики аутоиммунного тиреоидита, сопровождающегося тиреотоксикозом, от других заболеваний со схожими симптомами. Пораженная щитовидная железа не накапливает контраст или удерживает его в малых количествах;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Тонкоигольная биопсия (ТАБ). Морфологическое исследование материала выявляет плазмоциты и лимфоциты в тканях. Характерными для аутоиммунных тиреоидитов являются клетки Гюртле-Ашкенази.</span></li>\r\n</ul>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Специфическая терапия аутоиммунного тиреоидита не разработана. Не смотря на современные достижения медицины, эндокринология пока не имеет эффективных и безопасных методов коррекции аутоиммунной патологии щитовидной железы, при которых процесс не прогрессировал бы до гипотиреоза.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В случае тиреотоксической фазы аутоиммунного тиреоидита назначение препаратов, подавляющих функцию щитовидной железы - тиростатиков (тиамазол, карбимазол, пропилтиоурацил) не рекомендовано, так как при данном процессе отсутствует гиперфункция щитовидной железы. При выраженных симптомах сердечно-сосудистых нарушений применяют бета-адреноблокаторы.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При проявлениях гипотиреоза индивидуально назначают заместительную терапию тироидными препаратами гормонов щитовидной железы - левотироксином (L-тироксином). Она проводится под контролем клинической картины и содержания ТТГ в сыворотке крови.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Глюкокортикоиды (преднизолон) показаны только при одновременном течении аутоиммунного тиреоидита с подострым тиреоидитом, что нередко наблюдается в осенне-зимний период. Для снижения титра аутоантител применяются нестероидные противовоспалительные средства: индометацин, диклофенак. Используют также препараты для коррекции иммунитета, витамины, адаптогены. При гипертрофии щитовидной железы и выраженном сдавливании ею органов средостения проводят оперативное лечение.</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При выявленном аутоиммунном тиреоидите без нарушения функции щитовидной железы необходимо наблюдение пациента, чтобы как можно раньше обнаружить и своевременно компенсировать проявления гипотиреоза.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Женщины - носительницы АТ-ТПО без изменения функции щитовидной железы, находятся в группе риска развития гипотиреоза в случае наступления беременности. Поэтому необходимо контролировать состояние и функцию щитовидной железы как на ранних сроках беременности, так и после родов.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Симптомы аутоиммунного тиреоидита щитовидной железы связаны с нарушением функций органа: усилением или недостаточностью выработки гормонов.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Признаки снижения уровня Т3 и Т4:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">подавленное состояние, депрессия;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">увеличение массы тела;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">отечность лица, век;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">непереносимость холода;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">запоры;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">сухость волос и кожи;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">снижение либидо;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">брадикардия;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">повышение артериального давления;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">нарушение менструального цикла, выкидыши, снижение фертильности (характерные симптомы аутоиммунного тиреоидита щитовидной железы у женщин).</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Деструктивные формы заболевания начинаются с проявлений тиреотоксикоза:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">потеря веса;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">повышение потливости;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">нервозность, агрессия;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">нарушения стула;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">тахикардия.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Уровень гормонов постепенно снижается, появляются симптомы гипотиреоза.</span></p>",
"image": null,
"image_alt": null,
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"code": "H27.0",
"name": "Афакия",
"icd_name": "Афакия",
"gender": 0,
"age_min": 1,
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"cause": [
"0"
],
"periodicity": 1,
"slug": "h27.0_afakiya",
"lead": "патологическое состояние глаза, которое характеризуется отсутствием хрусталика",
"description": "",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Афакия хрусталика бывает врожденной и приобретенной. Для первой формы заболевания характерно первоначальное отсутствие хрусталиковой линзы. На это могут влиять следующие причины:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">генетические нарушения, не позволяющие обособиться тканям хрусталика;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">внешние и внутренние причины, которые вызывают рассасывание образованного хрусталика у плода. Когда зарождается контакт роговицы и хрусталика, появляется задержка развития структур глазного яблока. Это приводит к образованию первичной формы врожденной афакии. Для развития вторичной формы характерно спонтанное рассасывание хрусталика. </span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Врожденные формы встречаются достаточно редко в отличие от приобретенных. В зависимости от локализации заболевания афакия делится на монокулярную и бинокулярную: при развитии первой страдает один глаз, во втором случае наступает афакия обоих глаз.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В случае приобретенной патологии могут возникать различные причины потери хрусталика:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">глубокая травма или контузия глазного яблока;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">хирургическое удаление катаракты. </span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Риск появления афакии в результате травмы существует в любом возрасте.</span></p>",
"pathogenesis": "",
"diagnostics": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Кроме общего осмотра глаз, диагностика афакии требует проведения целого ряда специальных исследований органа зрения: биомикроскопии глаза, визометрии, гониоскопии, рефрактометрии, офтальмоскопии и УЗИ.Визометрия показан всем пациентам, она выявляет степень ухудшения остроты зрения, что необходимо перед проведением коррекции. Проведение гониоскопии выявляет увеличение глубины передней камеры глаза. Офтальмоскопия позволяет обнаружить сопутствующие патологии и выбрать тактику дальнейшего лечения. </span></p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Коррекция афакии проводится при помощи очков, контактных и интраокулярных линз. Показанием к очковой коррекции зрения является двухсторонняя форма заболевания. При односторонней афакии очки рекомендованы только при непереносимости контактных методов коррекции. Выбор стекла для эмметропичного глаза затруднен, т. к. даже стекло в +10 диоптрий не сопоставимо с преломляющей силой хрусталика, которая равняется 19 диоптриям. Это обусловлено тем, что коэффициент преломления жидкости, которая окружает хрусталик, выше, чем воздушной среды, окружающей стекло.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Оптическая сила стеклянной линзы зависит от рефракции пациента. При гиперметропии необходимо подобрать очки с более сильной оптикой, чем при миопии. Нет необходимости в назначении методов коррекции зрения пациентам с высокой степенью миопии до удаления хрусталика. В связи с отсутствием способности к аккомодации пациенту следует назначить очки для работы на близком расстоянии на 3,0 диоптрий сильнее, чем для дальнего видения.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Контактная или интраокулярная коррекция зрения показаны пациентам с монокулярной афакией. Назначение очков пациентам с данной формой заболевания будет усугублять анизейконию. В ходе оперативного вмешательства (интраокулярной коррекции) проводится имплантация искусственной линзы с индивидуально подобранной оптической силой. Наиболее предпочтительным вариантом лечения является использование заднекамерных линз, т. к. локализируясь в месте расположения естественной линзы, они обеспечивают высокое качество зрения. Врожденную афакию при помощи данной методики можно корректировать только после достижения ребенком двухлетнего возраста.</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Специфические меры, способные предотвратить врожденную афакию, в офтальмологической практике отсутствуют. С целью предотвращения случаев приобретенной афакии следует ежегодно проходить офтальмологический осмотр, которые поможет своевременно диагностировать сложные заболевания приводящие к вынужденному хирургическому удалению хрусталика. Лицам, имеющим высокий риск получения травм глаза из-за особенностей профессиональной деятельности, обязательно использовать в работе средства защиты – маски и очки.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Специфическим симптомом афакии является иридодонез (дрожание радужки), который развивается при движении глаз. При обследовании у пациентов отмечается снижение остроты зрения и способности к аккомодации. В прогностическом плане наиболее неблагоприятной является односторонняя форма заболевания, так как клиническая картина осложняется анизейконией. Индуцированная органической патологией аномалия сопровождается различием в размере изображения на сетчатке глаз, вследствие чего резко ухудшается бинокулярное зрение.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Врожденная форма патологии характеризуется прогрессирующим снижением остроты зрения при относительной стабильности остальных клинических проявлений. Отсутствие своевременного лечения может стать причиной слепоты. Для послеоперационной формы афакии свойственна стадийность течения основного заболевания, которое послужило причиной проведения оперативного вмешательства по удалению хрусталика. Клиническая картина травматической афакии характеризуется прогрессирующим нарастанием симптоматики, ранними проявлениями которой являются интенсивный болевой синдром с нарастанием местного отека и прогредиентное снижение остроты зрения.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Из астенопических жалоб у пациентов с афакией отмечается появление тумана перед глазами, низкая способность к фиксации и двоение изображения. Неспецифическими проявлениями заболевания являются головная боль, общая слабость, повышенная раздражительность.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Врожденная форма афакии или удаление хрусталика в детском возрасте осложняется микрофтальмией. При полном отсутствии капсулы хрусталика стекловидное тело ограничено только пограничной мембраной. Это служит причиной формирования грыжи стекловидного тела. В случае разрыва пограничной мембраны содержимое стекловидного тела выходит в переднюю камеру глаза. В то же время контактная коррекция является провоцирующим фактором развития кератита, образования рубцов на роговице, в роговично-склеральной области и лимбе.</span></p>",
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"image_alt": null,
"standard_type": 0,
"danger": 40,
"published": 1,
"parent": 6453,
"block_rubric": 78,
"standards": []
},
{
"id": 14686,
"symptoms": [
{
"id": 2731,
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"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Причины появления афонии бывают разными, например:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Воспалительные процессы, затрагивающие гортань (острый или хронический ларингит, ларинготрахеит). Воспалительная реакция приводит к появлению отека, который подавляет функцию голосовых связок.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Интоксикации химическими веществами вызывают повреждения тканей и отек по типу поствоспалительной аллергической реакции.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Опухолевые процессы в области гортани по типу фиброза или папилломатоза, а также гортанного рака, а также окологортанная онкология – например, опухоли трахеи или пищевода.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Травматические повреждения гортанной области и голосовых складок – в частности, травмы от попадания инородных предметов, либо в результате хирургических или реанимационных манипуляций (пример: трахеотомия и интубация).</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Периферический паралич, поражение возвратного нерва во время операции по поводу опухолевых процессов или дисфункции щитовидной железы.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Центральный паралич, свойственный инсультам, черепно-мозговым травмам, онкологическим заболеваниям, микробным инфекциям, интоксикациям. </span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Миопатии и прочие мышечные нарушения, затрагивающие голосовые связки.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Истерически обусловленный гортанный паралич, вызванный состояниями гипо или гипертонуса при неврозах, психозах, истерии, неврастении.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Избыточное напряжение голосовых связок, отсутствие лечения дисфонии.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Профессиональные вредности: токсические дымовые, паровые и газовые воздействия.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Психогенные факторы: сильный испуг, нервный стресс, конфликтная ситуация в сопровождении сильного эмоционального потрясения, а также другие состояния, способствующие выходу в кровь большого объема адреналина с расширением зоны возбуждения в мозговой коре.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Непосредственной причиной афонии специалисты называют отсутствующее или недостаточное смыкание голосовых связок. Такое нарушение провоцируется функциональными или органическими факторами.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Факторы риска</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Провоцирующими факторами, способными привести к развитию афонии, могут стать:</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">слабость, лабильность нервной системы, склонность болезненно переживать стрессы, ссоры, обиды;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">вынужденные частые перепады голосовой активности (от громкой речи и крика до полного продолжительного молчания);</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">частые ларингиты, ангины;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">продолжительный прием анаболических стероидов;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">работа в условиях постоянного шума, либо пребывание в задымленных горячих цехах, запыленных помещениях с плохой вентиляцией;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">работа, связанная с регулярным пребыванием на улице (в том числе в холодное время года);</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">детский и пожилой возраст;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">вредные привычки (по большей части курение и употребление алкоголя);</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">заболевания пищеварительного тракта или щитовидки;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">врожденные дефекты развития гортани.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>",
"pathogenesis": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Голос возникает в процессе смыкания и колебания голосовых складок под воздействием выдыхаемого воздушного потока. Для голосообразования необходима хорошая эластичность истинных связок, возможность их полного смыкания, нормальный тонус мышц гортани, достаточная по силе воздушная струя. Если во время фонации голосовые складки не соприкасаются друг с другом, струя воздуха, выходящая через голосовую щель, производит шум, который воспринимается человеческим ухом как шепот. Возникает дисфония или афония.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При функциональной афонии отмечается атония истинных голосовых связок, которой нередко сопутствует гипертонус ложных складок. При органических нарушениях в результате воспалительного отека, опухолевого поражения подвижность складок ограничивается, просвет между ними уменьшается. Параличи и парезы внутренних мышц гортани приводят к невозможности сужения и расширения голосовой щели при фонации, несмыканию связок и потере фонаторной способности.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Диагностикой афонии у пациентов занимаются отоларингологи, фониатры и логопеды. Если имеет место психогенная форма, то к работе подключается психотерапевт, ведь в данном случае основным является устранение психотравмирующего фактора.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Проводится общий осмотр и изучение анамнеза пациента. Для обнаружения инфекции берется мазок со слизистой ротоглотки. Для исключения опухоли назначается МРТ, КТ, рентген и другие инструментальные исследования.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">К другим методам диагностики относятся:</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #1e2022; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Ларингоскопия. Данная методика позволяет провести визуальный осмотр голосовых связок и слизистых оболочек. Позволяет определить отечность голосовых складок, наличие инородных тел, новообразований. </span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #1e2022; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Видеостробоскопия. Используется для отслеживания колебаний голосовых связок. В случае данного расстройства колыбельные движения отсутствуют.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #1e2022; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Логопедическое обследование. Проводится общий осмотр периферического отдела речевого аппарата и комплексное обследование речи. Специалист анализирует изменения голоса при шепоте, смехе, кашле. Изучаются особенности фонационного дыхания.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #1e2022; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Психологическое обследование. Оно проводится в случае подозрения на психогенную афонию. Проводится тестирование для определения психологического типа пациента, а также выявления возможных проблем и ситуаций, которые могли спровоцировать нарушение.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Во многих случаях первым шагом на пути восстановления голоса является медицинский этап. При ларингитах, аллергическом отеке гортани проводится медикаментозное лечение: эндоларингеальные вливания, ингаляции, антибактериальная, антигистаминная, гомеопатическая терапия. Удаление инородных тел гортани осуществляется под эндоскопическим контролем.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лечение параличей гортани зависит от их этиологии. Может потребовать назначения ноотропных, нейропротекторных, витаминных и других препаратов. Эффективны методы физиотерапии: электростимуляция, лекарственный электрофорез, иглорефлексотерапия. При выраженных эксикозах показана инфузионная терапия.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Опухолевые процессы гортани требуют проведения эндохирургического вмешательства: удаления папилломатоза, коагуляции и деструкции новообразований, хордэктомии. При рубцовом стенозе осуществляется бужирование гортани с последующим эндопротезированием или ларингопластикой.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Фонопедическая коррекция</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Логопедическую работу при афонии начинают с назначения полного голосового покоя. На этом фоне проводится артикуляционная и дыхательная гимнастика, вибрационный массаж. Затем переходят к формированию мягкой голосоподачи с помощью фонационных упражнений. Силу звука повышают постепенно. Параллельно работают над развитием диапазона, высоты, тембра голоса. На фонопедических занятиях используют современные технические средства: усилители голоса, компьютерные тренажеры.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Психотерапевтическое лечение</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Пациентам с психогенной афонией показаны сеансы психоанализа, суггестотерапии. Большую роль играют аутогенные тренировки. В тяжелых случаях прибегают к гипнотерапии. Также требуется лечение других расстройств, способных спровоцировать афонию. Большое значение имеет вера в успешность восстановления голоса.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"prevention": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Профилактическая работа должна быть направлена на своевременную и адекватную терапию причинных заболеваний. Необходимо бережно относиться к своему голосу, минимизировать действие факторов, способных вызвать афонию (стрессогенных условий, перенапряжения голоса, курения и пр.).</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Пациенту с афонией органического происхождения доступна только шепотная речь. Голос беззвучный даже при кашлевом рефлексе, в состоянии эмоциональных реакций. В зависимости от основного заболевания может присутствовать боль в горле, затруднение дыхания, поперхивание, нарушение глотания.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Психогенная форма афонии развивается внезапно сразу после психотравмирующего события либо на следующий день после него. Голос отсутствует, при этом сохраняется способность звучно кашлять, смеяться, плакать, иногда – громко кричать. Больные дополнительно жалуются на ощущение «песка», «комка», «скопления слизи» в горле. Возможны общая слабость, кардиалгии, дрожь в теле. Пациенты не доверяют врачам, преувеличивают тяжесть своего заболевания. Голос может появиться столь же внезапно, как и исчез.</span></p>",
"image": null,
"image_alt": null,
"standard_type": 0,
"danger": 1,
"published": 1,
"parent": 7213,
"block_rubric": 193,
"standards": []
}
]
}