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"description": "<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-7550df71-7fff-9a14-8e67-04d3aefdda03\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Миастения – это хроническое поражение периферического нейро-мышечного аппарата, что приводит к слабости и быстрой утомляемости мышц.</span></span></p>",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Миастения бывает двух форм: врожденной и приобретенной. Первая связана с мутацией гена, который отвечает за формирование синапсов – переходников, по которым проходит нервный импульс. В результате ткань просто не может получить задачу от мозга. </span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Спровоцировать развитие приобретенной миастении могут следующие факторы:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #092148; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Новообразования – добро- и злокачественные;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #092148; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Другие аутоиммунные заболевания;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #092148; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Чрезмерные физические нагрузки;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #092148; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Последствия вирусных и бактериальных инфекций;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #092148; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Перенесенные травмы;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #092148; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Длительный прием лекарств;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #092148; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Гормональные нарушения;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #092148; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Частые стрессы, переживания.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Способствовать развитию миастении могут следующие факторы: заболевания ЦНС, гиперплазия, тиреотоксикоз, склеродермия, энцефалит, частые простуды, болезни системного характера, генетическая предрасположенность, прием алкоголя и наркотиков. Люди, страдающие от них, находятся в группе повышенного риска.</span></p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Патогенез миастении до конца не выяснен. Но известно, что в развитии патологической утомляемости мышц главную роль играют аутоантитела. Они блокируют постсинаптические холинергические рецепторы нервно-мышечных соединений. В результате этой блокады развиваются структурные изменения и часть рецепторов гибнет.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Миастения относится к неврологическим заболеваниям, вот почему при появлении любых подозрительных симптомов необходимо обратиться к неврологу. Нередко специалисту достаточно взглянуть на мимику и походку пациента, чтобы заподозрить патологию. Затем проводится подробный опрос, в ходе которого уточняются:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #212529; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">основные жалобы, время и обстоятельства их возникновения;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #212529; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">особенности изменения симптоматики в течение дня;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #212529; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">перенесенные травмы и хронические заболевания;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #212529; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">наличие каких-либо патологий у родственников и т.п.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Затем врач проводит подробный осмотр с оценкой мышечного тонуса и силы, чувствительности отдельных частей тела, выраженности рефлексов. Как правило, этого хватает для постановки предварительного диагноза, который затем подтверждается объективными исследованиями:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #212529; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">функциональные тесты на утомляемость мышц: пациента просят выполнить некоторые физические упражнения, постоять с поднятыми или вытянутыми руками и оценивают силу мускулатуры до и после проверки;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #212529; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">проба с прозерином: сразу после теста на утомляемость в организм вводится вещество, замедляющее разрушение ацетилхолина в нервных синапсах; через 30 минут снова оценивается сила мышц и их выносливость; в норме усталость должна стать заметно меньше;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #212529; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">тесты на проведение импульсов по нервам и мышцам: электронейрография, электронейромиография;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #212529; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">КТ или МРТ грудной клетки, позволяющее обнаружить увеличение вилочковой железы;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #212529; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">генетические тесты при подозрении на мутации;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #212529; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">анализы крови на наличие антител к рецепторам ацетилхолина.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Диагностика дополняется стандартными тестами: общий анализ крови, общий анализ мочи, электрокардиография и т.п. При необходимости список исследований расширяется.</span></p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Терапия миастении проводится по 3 основным направлениям:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #232323; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">коррекция передачи нервного импульса на мышцу – для этого показаны препараты калия и противохолинэстеразные средства;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #232323; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">борьба с аутоиммунным процессом – используются кортикостероиды, цитостатики и плазмаферез;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #232323; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">воздействие на тимус.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В некоторых случаях медикаментозного лечения бывает недостаточно. В связи с тем, что в прогрессировании заболевания доказана роль вилочковой железы, могут возникать показания для ее удаления. </span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Тимэктомия проводится, если:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #232323; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">диагностировано новообразование вилочковой железы;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #232323; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">вовлечена в процесса мускулатура глотки и гортани;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #232323; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">миастения имеет тяжелое прогрессирующее течение.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Операция проводится при отсутствии серьезных соматических патологий и после стихания острой фазы миастении.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"prevention": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Специфической профилактики возникновения заболевания не существуют. Основные профилактические меры рассчитаны, в первую очередь, на людей, у которых уже имеется миастения, и направлены на предотвращение ухудшения. Необходимо следовать следующим правилам:</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #212529; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">обеспечить полноценное и сбалансированное питание;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #212529; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">не допускать тяжелой физической нагрузки в быту или на работе;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #212529; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">исключить все вредные привычки: курение, употребление спиртных напитков;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #212529; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">не допускать воздействия ультрафиолета: избегать длительного пребывания на открытом солнце, пользоваться кремами с высоким фильтром SPF, носить закрытую одежду, не посещать солярии;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #212529; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">максимально устранить стрессы и умственное перенапряжение;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #212529; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">обеспечить себе полноценный сон не менее 8 часов в сутки;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #212529; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">своевременно обращаться к врачу при любых заболеваниях, в том числе инфекционных;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #212529; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">категорически исключить препараты, содержащие магний.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Симптоматика заболевания может быть разной. Поэтому выделяют 3 основные формы:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #232323; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Глазная. Из-за поражения черепных нервов нарушается иннервация век. Сначала опускается одно, а затем другое. Вследствие механического препятствия перед глазами появляется двоение предметов. Затрудняется поворот глаз в ту или иную сторону.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #232323; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Бульбарная. Вовлекаются жевательные и глотательные мышцы. Голос становится тихим, приобретает носовой оттенок, нарушается произношение некоторых звуков.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #232323; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Генерализованная. Первым делом страдают глазные мышцы, позже аутоиммунный процесс спускается вниз – поражает мышцы шеи, верхних, а затем нижних конечностей.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">На первом этапе появляющиеся симптомы присутствуют непродолжительное время, а затем самостоятельно регрессируют. </span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Заподозрить заболевание помогают следующие проявления:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #232323; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">эпизоды внезапной слабости и быстрой мышечной утомляемости, например, подъем по лестнице, расчесывание и т.д.;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #232323; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">невозможность удержать голову, нижнюю конечность;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #232323; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">двоение в глазах;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #232323; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">опущение века;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #232323; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">чрезмерная легкость при глотании;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #232323; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">«затухание» голоса, осиплость и появление «французского пронанса»;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #232323; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">нечеткость речи;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #232323; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">сложности при жевании твердой пищи и т.д.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Заболевание является прогрессирующим. Поэтому в некоторых случаях (под воздействием факторов агрессоров – стресс, травма, инфекция, хирургическое вмешательство) может развиться миастенический криз. Состояние это развивается спонтанно, а симптоматика быстро нарастает. В начале больной отмечает двоение в глазах, после чего развивается сильная мышечная слабость. Но наибольшая опасность кроется в том, что парализуются мышцы гортани. На этом фоне резко прекращается приток кислорода в легкие, что может привести к удушью. Более «благоприятный» вариант гортанного паралича – нарушение глотания и голосообразования. Пациенту требуется экстренная помощь.</span></p>",
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"code": "G72.1",
"name": "Алкогольная миопатия",
"icd_name": "Алкогольная миопатия",
"gender": 0,
"age_min": 40,
"age_max": 100,
"cause": [
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"periodicity": 3,
"slug": "g72.1_alkogolnaya_miopatiya",
"lead": "группа приобретенных заболеваний скелетной и гладкой мускулатуры, возникающих вследствие длительной алкогольной интоксикации",
"description": "",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Основной причиной повреждения мускулатуры является длительное (дольше 5-10 лет) злоупотребление большими дозами спиртного. Наивысшая вероятность формирования симптомов патологии у людей, которые ежедневно принимают более 100 мл в пересчете на чистый этанол. К предрасполагающим факторам относятся следующие:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Нутритивная недостаточность. Отрицательный азотистый баланс, сниженное поступление протеиногенных аминокислот, дефицит витаминов и микроэлементов – типичные для хронического алкоголизма проблемы, которые выступают предпосылками мышечных патологий.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Сопутствующие вредные привычки. Вероятность появления симптомов болезни значительно возрастает, когда алкогольная зависимость сочетается с длительным курением, употреблением психоактивных или наркотических веществ.</span></li>\r\n<li><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-aa5f00ac-7fff-245c-252a-298fbd9495d3\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Поражения почек. При длительном злоупотреблении спиртным снижается функциональная способность почечного фильтра, вследствие чего продукты распада этанола задерживаются в крови, оказывают токсическое влияние на весь организм, в том числе на скелетную мускулатуру.</span></span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-fa6ed2ac-7fff-5f7d-38e1-f67740104262\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При употреблении алкоголя в мышцах замедляется синтез белка вследствие снижения содержания факторов инициации и трансляции. Кроме того, этанол нейтрализует анаболический эффект некоторых факторов роста, нарушает функционирование внутриклеточных сигнальных путей в скелетной мускулатуре. У некоторых больных, страдающих алкогольной зависимостью, повреждение мышц обусловлено формированием нечувствительности клеточных рецепторов к ростовым гормонам.</span></span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Обследование пациентов с жалобами на мышечную слабость проводится врачом-неврологом, к оценке симптомов могут подключаться нарколог, психиатр, кардиолог. При клиническом осмотре выявляется снижение силы и тонуса мышц, асимметрия рефлексов, возможны сенсорные расстройства. Чтобы подтвердить диагноз алкогольной миопатии требуются следующие диагностические методы:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Электрофизиологические исследования. С помощью игольчатой миографии оценивается длительность и амплитуда ПДДЕ, наличие фибрилляций. Для хронического варианта характерен неспецифический миопатический ЭМГ-паттерн, который идентичен другим видам первично-мускульных патологий.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Биопсия мышц. Является «золотым стандартом» при диагностике хронической формы заболевания. Биоматериал исследуется иммуногистохимическими, морфометрическими методами для типирования различных изоформ миозиновых цепей, оценки площади поперечного сечения миофибрилл. При острой форме болезни присутствуют патоморфологические симптомы некроза, воспаления.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Обследование сердца. Для подтверждения или исключения сопутствующей алкогольной кардиомиопатии, выполняется ЭхоКГ для визуализации структуры сердечных камер и клапанов, ЭКГ для исследования электрической активности органа. По показаниям назначаются нагрузочные тесты, холтеровское мониторирование.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Анализы. При биохимическом исследовании крови определяются типичные лабораторные симптомы — резкое увеличение показателя креатинкиназы и/или снижение показателя калия до 1,4-2,1 ммоль/л. На сопутствующее поражение почек указывает рост уровня мочевины, креатинина, электролитные нарушения. При исследовании мочи выявляется миоглобинурия.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Основу лечения любой формы миопатии составляет отказ больного от приема алкоголя, а также выведение остатков этанола и его токсинов из организма. Это позволяет предупредить прогрессирование расстройств. Дальнейшее лечение подбирается невропатологом дифференцированно, учитывая симптомы, клиническую форму, степень тяжести заболевания. Стандартные схемы терапии:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При острой некротической миопатии – коррекция водно-электролитного обмена, контроль мочевыделения, прием витаминов группы В, а при симптомах тяжелого поражения почек показан гемодиализ.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При гипокалиемической миопатии – внутривенные инфузии хлорида калия до нормализации параметров гомеостаза, после чего обеспечивается переход на пероральный прием калиевых препаратов под регулярным лабораторным контролем крови и мочи.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При хронической миопатии – специфическое лечение не разработано, применяются витаминно-минеральные комплексы, сбалансированное питание с повышенным содержанием белков, адаптогены, метаболические препараты.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Когда исчезают острые симптомы патологии, решается вопрос о способе коррекции алкогольной зависимости, лечение которой необходимо для предупреждения осложнений. Пациентам требуется длительная работа с психиатрами-наркологами, психологами, аддиктологами. Терапия проводится на территории закрытых наркологических центров либо в амбулаторных условиях.</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Превентивные меры сводятся к профилактике алкоголизма.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В зависимости от скорости прогрессирования болезни, выделяют две основные формы алкогольной миопатии: острую и хроническую. Некоторые авторы выделяют еще и асимптомную (не имеющую клинических проявлений) форму болезни.з</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Острая миопатия развивается довольно стремительно – ее симптомы появляются сразу же после запоя, во время абстинентного синдрома или с похмелья. Разгар болезни наблюдается уже спустя 5-7 дней после манифестации – вот почему ее так легко диагностировать. Для развития же хронической алкогольной миопатии требуются недели, а то и месяцы. В этом случае мышцы болят совсем немного, так что заметить это сложно.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При асимптомной алкогольной миопатии у человека отсутствуют какие-либо жалобы. Он не ощущает болей или тремора. Однако в ходе лабораторных исследований у таких людей определяется повышенный уровень КФК в крови. Этот фермент является маркером некроза мышечной ткани, то есть указывает на повреждение миоцитов.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Острая алкогольная миопатия</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Болезнь возникает после запоя, реже – с похмелья, после употребления большого количества алкогольных напитков накануне. Как правило, поражаются проксимальные (дальние) группы мышц верхних и нижних конечностей. Довольно часто болезнь осложняется почечной недостаточностью.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Характерные признаки острой алкогольной миопатии:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">болезненность мышц голени, рук, бедер, ягодиц, мимических мышц;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">отечность в области пораженных мышц;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">выраженная мышечная слабость, снижение мышечной силы.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Хроническая алкогольная миопатия</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Болезнь развивается на протяжении многих месяцев. Для нее более характерны ноющие боли и мышечная слабость. Помимо этого, у человека наблюдается гипотрофия мышц – они уменьшаются в размере, становятся дряблыми и слабыми. Больные люди не могут выполнять привычную работу, поскольку она кажется им слишком тяжелой.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Хроническая миопатия приводит к сильному снижению мышечной массы (до 30% и более). К сожалению, даже длительное лечение не помогает восстановить мышцы.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
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"standard_type": 0,
"danger": 30,
"published": 1,
"parent": 6417,
"block_rubric": 72,
"standards": []
}
]
}