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},
"code": "K14.0",
"name": "Глоссит",
"icd_name": "Глоссит",
"gender": 0,
"age_min": 1,
"age_max": 100,
"cause": [
"0"
],
"periodicity": 1,
"slug": "k14.0_glossit",
"lead": "воспаление слизистой оболочки языка",
"description": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Глоссит языка – это воспалительное заболевание, при котором под воздействием патогенных факторов снижаются барьерные свойства слизистой оболочки языка. В результате, нарушаются структура и функция сосочков эпителия, покрывающего его поверхность.</span></p>",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Среди причин развития глоссита специалисты выделяют две группы факторов – внешние (экзогенные) и внутренние (эндогенные).</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">К экзогенным относят:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">вирусы (герпес, ветряная оспа, мононуклеоз, ящур);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">бактерии, грибковая флора, простейшие;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">травмы слизистой языка (химическая и механическая);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">несоблюдение гигиены полости рта;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">наличие разрушенных зубов, очагов кариеса;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">пониженную вязкость слюны.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Среди причин эндогенного характера специалисты выделяют:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">аллергические реакции;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">болезни внутренних органов (заболевания желудочно-кишечного тракта, болезни крови);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">эндокринную патологию (сахарный диабет, заболевания коры надпочечников, щитовидной железы);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">нарушения обмена веществ в организме;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">аутоиммунные заболевания;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">алиментарный дефицит в организме витаминов (гиповитаминоз) и микроэлементов;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">отравление химическими соединениями и токсинами;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">гормональные перестройки в организме (половое созревание, беременность, климакс);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">состояние после лучевой и химиотерапии;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">наличие злокачественных новообразований;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">дисбактериоз.</span></li>\r\n</ul>",
"pathogenesis": "",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Диагностика глоссита включает:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">сбор жалоб;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">анамнез заболевания и жизни (сопутствующие патологии, наличие аллергии, наследственная предрасположенность, условия труда и быта, наличие вредных привычек) ;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">визуальный осмотр полости рта с использованием инструментария (зеркала и пародонтологического зонда);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">детальное изучение состояния языка и его рельефа.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для определения формы глоссита, глубины и поражения тканей языка используют дополнительные методы исследования, к которым относятся:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">бактериологический посев налета;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">цитологическое и гистологическое исследование тканей языка;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">биохимические и серологические анализы крови (позволяют определить возбудителя заболевания);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ПЦР-тест (определение ДНК возбудителя);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ИФА (иммуноферментный анализ венозной крови пациента).</span></li>\r\n</ul>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При самостоятельных глосситах и тех, которые развиваются на фоне поражений слизистой полости рта, тактику лечения определяет стоматолог.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лечением вторичных, симптоматических глосситов занимаются стоматолог и терапевт. При этом стоматолог назначает местную, симптоматическую терапию, а терапевт определяет тактику лечения основного заболевания.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Схема местного лечения глоссита включает:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">анестетики (растворы, гели, спреи) - для купирования боли;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">протеолитические ферменты - для очищения очагов поражения от налета и отмерших клеток;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">антисептики - для обеззараживания слизистой и профилактики повторного инфицирования;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">кератопластики - лекарственные средства, способствующие ускорению регенерации пораженных тканей;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">иммуномодуляторы - для повышения защитных свойств эпителия языка и организма в целом;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">иссечение очагов гиперкератоза - хирургическое вмешательство. проводимое для ускорения регенеративных процессов утолщенных участков слизистой оболочки.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Противовоспалительные, противомикробные, антибактериальные и гормональные средства назначаются с учетом показаний и степени тяжести глоссита.</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Профилактика глоссита включает комплекс мероприятий, среди которых:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">соблюдение гигиены полости рта;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">антисептическую обработку полости рта;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">рациональный и сбалансированный пищевой рацион с достаточным употреблением свежих овощей и фруктов;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">отказ от вредных привычек;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">своевременное выявление и лечение хронических, системных заболеваний.</span></li>\r\n</ul>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Ведущими проявлениями глоссита являются визуальные (объективные) признаки заболевания, среди которых:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">изменение размеров, формы, структуры и цвета языка;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">нарушение целостности слизистой на различных поверхностях языка с образованием дефектов (пятно, пузырьки, афты, язвы, складки, рубцы, участки с нарушенным ороговением);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">деформация сосочков языка (образование налетов, их десквамация, атрофия, гипертрофия);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">неприятный запах изо рта;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">нарушение количества и вязкости слюны.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Также выделяют функциональные нарушения, а именно:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">расстройства чувствительности языка (снижение – гипестезия, повышение – гиперестезия);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">расстройство вкуса вследствие повреждения вкусовых рецепторов (извращение вкуса – дисгевсия, его потеря – агезия);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ограничение подвижности языка – дизартрия;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">развитие болезненных проявления в языке – боль (глоссалгия), жжение (глоссодиния).</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При тяжелых формах, а также у детей глоссит сопровождается явлениями интоксикации. К последним относят:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">повышение температуры тела;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">потерю аппетита;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">разбитость, вялость, потливость;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">головную боль;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">увеличение лимфатических узлов (подчелюстных, околоушных).</span></li>\r\n</ul>",
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"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">На сегодняшний день этиология ромбовидного глоссита остается не до конца изученной. Одни ученые считают, что в основе патологических изменений слизистой языка лежат дисэмбриогенетические нарушения, в результате которых на дорзальной поверхности органа остается непарный бугорок. Под воздействием табакокурения происходит хроническое раздражение дополнительного эпителиального слоя дорзальной поверхности языка, что приводит к его гиперплазии. Также среди специалистов в области стоматологии существует мнение, что ромбовидный глоссит является следствием хронических воспалительных процессов органов системы пищеварения.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Так как поражение языка практически в 100 % случаев сочетается с активизацией условно-патогенных дрожжевых грибков рода Кандида, некоторые специалисты относят ромбовидный глоссит к хроническим кандидозам. Уплотнение слизистой при ромбовидном глоссите происходит за счет активного деления клеток шиповатого слоя эпителия. В подслизистой основе выявляют незначительные воспалительные инфильтраты. Для бугристой и гиперпластической форм ромбовидного глоссита характерны акантоз, гиперкератоз, пролиферативные изменения фиброзной ткани.</span></p>",
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"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Постановка диагноза ромбовидный глоссит базируется на основании анализа данных анамнеза и результатов клинического обследования. Среди дополнительных методов диагностики используют бактериологическое (микологическое) и цитологическое исследования. В ходе физикального осмотра врач-стоматолог выявляет на задней трети языка вдоль срединной линии участок слизистой (чаще ромбовидной формы) с лакированной красной поверхностью, полностью лишенный нитевидных сосочков. Реже встречаются бугристая и папилломатозная формы, при которых на дистальной поверхности языка образуются разрастания розового, синюшного или опалесцирующего оттенков.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При пальпаторном обследовании патологически измененная слизистая умеренно уплотнена, безболезненна. Общее состояние у пациентов с ромбовидным глосситом не нарушено. Регионарные лимфатические узлы не пальпируются. Практически всегда при микроскопическом исследовании соскоба с пораженного участка языка обнаруживают скопления почкующихся и не почкующихся клеток грибов Кандида, тонкие ветвящиеся нити псевдомицелия, что подтверждает наличие кандидозного стоматита. Индекс Грин-Вермиллиона свидетельствует о низком уровне гигиены. У пациентов с ромбовидным глосситом выявляют наддесневые и поддесневые зубные отложения, множественные кариозные дефекты.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Появление изъязвлений, вегетаций, язв с плотным основанием при бугристой или гиперпластической форме является показанием для иссечения патологически измененной ткани с последующим гистологическим исследованием полученного в ходе операции материала с целью исключения возможной малигнизации ромбовидного глоссита.</span></p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При обнаружении плоской, бугристой или папилломатозной формы ромбовидного глоссита проводят удаление зубных отложений, лечение кариеса и его осложнений. Санирующие мероприятия направлены на устранение патогенной микрофлоры, снижение вероятности травматизации слизистой острыми краями разрушенных зубов. При выявлении кандидоза назначают противогрибковые препараты для местного применения или для приема внутрь, а также антисептики, обладающие антимикотической и противовоспалительной активностью.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При гладкой форме ромбовидного глоссита хирургическое вмешательство не требуется. При бугристом или гиперпластическом ромбовидном глоссите показано иссечение патологически измененной ткани в пределах очага поражения. Удаление папилломатозных вегетаций также может проводиться методом криодеструкции при воздействии струи жидкого азота. </span></p>",
"prevention": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При врожденной патологии меры профилактики помогут только приостановить влияние провоцирующих факторов, в остальных случаях — полностью предотвратить повторное развитие болезни.</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Отказ от курения и алкоголя.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Регулярная гигиена полости рта, полоскание и использование зубной нити после каждого приема пищи. Выбор средств по уходу лучше доверить стоматологу.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Осторожность. Механические повреждения также могут повлиять на развитие глоссита — прикусывание языка, укол рыбной костью, травмы брекетами и др.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Сбалансированное питание с достаточным количеством витаминов и полезных элементов.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Профилактические осмотры. Посещать следует не только стоматолога, но и ЛОРа, гастроэнтеролога, иммунолога.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Отдельные рекомендации для детей включают естественное кормление без смесей, своевременные прививки от основных заболеваний, активные игры на свежем воздухе.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">У большинства пациентов с ромбовидным глосситом жалобы отсутствуют. Чаще всего уплотнение слизистой языка выявляют случайно во время профилактического осмотра. Иногда может присутствовать ощущение шершавости, сухости, жжения языка. Клинически на задней трети языка вдоль срединной линии определяется зона поражения красного (реже синюшного) цвета овальной, ромбовидной или округлой формы. При ороговении поверхностного слоя эпителия ромбовидный глоссит приобретает опалесцирующий оттенок. Нитевидные сосочки на поверхности отсутствуют.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При гладкой форме ромбовидного глоссита участок патологически измененной слизистой имеет блестящую ярко-красную поверхность, западает по отношению к окружающим тканям. При пальпации пораженная область уплотненная, безболезненная. При бугристой форме ромбовидного глоссита на задней поверхности языка образуются несколько бугорков, находящихся в одной плоскости и отделенных друг от друга складками слизистой. Поверхность выростов чаще приобретает синюшный оттенок. Слизистая, разделяющая бугорки, склонна к эрозированию.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Папилломатозная форма ромбовидного глоссита характеризуется появлением на дистальной трети дорсальной поверхности языка разрастаний слизистой бледно-розового цвета с широкими основаниями и плоскими вершинами. Папилломатозные выросты могут достигать до 3,5 см в диаметре, что приносит пациенту значительный дискомфорт, вызывая ощущение инородного тела в горле.</span></p>",
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},
"code": "K14.6",
"name": "Глоссодиния",
"icd_name": "Глоссодиния",
"gender": 0,
"age_min": 40,
"age_max": 100,
"cause": [
"0"
],
"periodicity": 1,
"slug": "k14.6_glossodiniya",
"lead": "заболевание ротовой полости, которое характеризуется болевыми и неприятными ощущениями в области языка при отсутствии каких-либо поражений и воспалений",
"description": "",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">На данный момент можно выделить три теории, которые могут объяснить развитие данного заболевания:</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Мультифакториальная — воздействие одного и более патологических генов и факторов внешней среды. В эту теорию включены местные факторы, которые воздействуют непосредственно на область языка. Сюда можно отнести:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">физическое и механическое воздействие на язык (частое прикусывание языка, употребление горячей и чрезмерно острой пищи);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">бактериальные, вирусные агенты и грибы (такие как Candida albicans, вирус герпеса);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">несостоятельные ортопедические и терапевтические конструкции (острые края пломб, неплотное прилегание коронок к зубам);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">нарушение жевательной функции вследствие травм или дисфункции ВНЧС.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">К общим факторам относятся:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">гипо- и авитаминозы, дефицит макро- и микроэлементов (витамины группы В, железо);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">эндокринные заболевания, такие как сахарный диабет, гипо- и гипертиреоз, менопауза и т.д.;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">уменьшение количества слюнной жидкости;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">приём антигистаминных, химиотерапевтических, антипсихотических и других лекарственных препаратов;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">патология системы пищеварения (гастрит, язвенная болезнь желудка);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">заболевание нервной системы — нейропатия и невралгия;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">иммунные расстройства, которые связаны с аутоиммунной патологией (красная волчанка), а также иммунодефицитными состояниями (ВИЧ-инфекция).</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Психогенная — данное заболевание чаще всего возникает на фоне выраженного стресса, тревожных, депрессивных, астено-невротических, ипохондрических состояний и нарушений сна.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Идиопатическая — в данном случае глоссалгия рассматривается как самостоятельное заболевание, не связанное с какими-либо нарушениями в других системах организма.</span></p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Главная роль в патогенезе глоссалгии отводится нарушениям в центральной и периферической нервной системе, а также в системе микроциркуляции. Разнообразие проявлений заболевания объясняется анатомо-физиологическими особенностями челюстно-лицевой области и богатством иннервации (\"пронизывания\" нервными клетками) лица и тканей полости рта.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Роль нарушений высшей нервной деятельности, изменений кровоснабжения и гормонального фона в развитии глоссалгии продолжают изучать. Учёные пытаются найти взаимосвязь между клиническими проявлениями заболевания, изменениями микрофлоры полости рта, а также состоянием других систем организма.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В исследованиях была подтверждена психосоматическая природа заболевания. Основными клиническими проявлениями являются тревога, депрессия, ипохондрия. Повышенная тревожность и депрессия связаны с нарушением сопряжённой деятельности активирующих систем мозга, которое возникает в результате обширного органического поражения головного мозга.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Самыми распространёнными неврологическими заболеваниями, сопутствующими глоссалгии, являются дисциркуляторная энцефалопатия (заболевание головного мозга с нарушением кровообращения) и полинейропатия (поражение большого количества периферических нервов).</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Диагностика глоссодинии базируется на жалобах, данных клинического осмотра и вспомогательных методах исследования. Пациента обследуют стоматолог-терапевт, гастроэнтеролог, невропатолог. Диагностика включает:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Осмотр. Слизистая оболочка рта бледно-розового цвета без патологических изменений. На спинке языка незначительный налет. При пальпации языка патологических образований не обнаруживают, форма и размеры без изменений. При сжатии возникает болезненность.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Исследование слюны. Может отмечаться как гипер-, так и гипосаливация. Водородный показатель определяют с помощью индикаторных полосок, рh в пределах нормы. При глоссодинии отсутствуют гальванические токи в ходе измерения разницы потенциалов.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Электромиографию. С помощью электромиографа определяют исходную локализацию, зоны распространения, длительность парестезийной симптоматики.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Неврологическое исследование. Глоточные и занавесочные рефлексы отсутствуют, при осмотре языка диагностируют активные сокращения мышечных волокон, ритмичное дрожание. В ходе пальпации проекционных участков верхнего шейного и поднижнечелюстного вегетативных узлов присутствует болезненность.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Вспомогательные исследования. Для выявления соматической патологии назначают общий и биохимический анализ крови, электрокардиограмму, определение кислотности желудочного сока.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Фармакотерапия</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Терапия заболевания требует комплексного подхода. Местные симптоматические мероприятия неэффективны. Только полноценная междисциплинарная этиопатогенетическая терапия, направленная на снятие обострения и достижение стойкой ремиссии хронического соматического заболевания, позволяет остановить застойный поток патологических импульсов.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Этиотропная терапия. Цель ‒ нормализация работы сердечно-сосудистой, эндокринной системы, органов ЖКТ. Кроме назначения медикаментозного лечения, рекомендуют придерживаться диеты, употреблять пищу небольшими порциями с интервалами 2-3 часа. Это позволяет устранить дискинезию желчевыводящих путей, которая часто наблюдается при глоссодинии.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Патогенетическая терапия. Основная задача – воздействие на вагосимпатический отдел, разрыв цепи патологической импульсации. Для улучшения работы нервной системы назначают витамины B, PP. Так как глоссодиния сопровождается гипертензией и, как следствие, – ишемизацией органов-мишеней, пациентам показаны спазмолитики, препараты, снижающие артериальное давление и расширяющие просвет сосудов.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Симптоматическое лечение. Устранение парастетического симптомокомплекса достигается за счет приема седативных препаратов, нейролептиков. Для снятия неприятных ощущений со слизистой оболочки, кожи, языка выполняют блокады, назначают препараты на основе железа.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Стоматологический этап</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Пациентам проводят профессиональную гигиену полости рта, лечение кариеса и его осложнений. Чтобы не допустить травмирования слизистой, острые края пломб сглаживают. При наличии дефектов зубного ряда показано протезирование с использованием однородных металлов. Пластмассовые коронки возможны только как временные конструкции.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Физиотерапия</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При глоссодинии широко применяется озонотерапия. Благодаря выраженному воздействию озона на обменные процессы вместе с насыщением тканей кислородом происходит утилизация продуктов метаболизма. Использование лазеротерапии снижает парестетическую симптоматику, способствует выработке местных факторов иммунитета, купирует воспалительный процесс.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"prevention": "<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-701ffabb-7fff-840e-53c5-53ae7f0d108c\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Схемы первичной профилактики глоссодинии не разработано. Вторичные превентивные мероприятия заключаются в своевременном выявлении и лечении общесоматической патологии, поддержании здорового образа жизни. Также важно избегать стрессовых ситуаций.</span></span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При глоссалгиях пациенты, как правило, жалуются на чувство жжения, пощипывания и покалывания в области языка.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Неприятные ощущения могут возникать как периодическое явление, так и иметь постоянный характер. В некоторых случаях неприятные ощущения пациенты сравнивают с ощущениями, как от приёма острой пищи. Из-за этого часть больных отмечает невозможность долгих разговоров, так как развивается повышенная утомляемость.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Большое количество пациентов предъявляют жалобы на чрезмерную сухость в полости рта и небольшое количество слюны.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Во время стрессовых ситуаций, различного рода волнений, а также при сильной утомляемости симптомы глоссалгии прогрессируют. Жжение и болевые ощущения усиливаются, а следовательно психологическое состояние таких больных ухудшается. Они становятся очень раздражительными и плаксивыми. Во время приёма пищи пациенты чувствуют облегчение, неприятные ощущения пропадают или становятся менее выраженными.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Ощущения жжения и покалывания наиболее выражены на боковых поверхностях и на кончике языка, в редких случаях глоссалгии появляются на спинке и корне языка. Болезненность имеет разлитой характер. Если отсутствует лечение, то симптомы глоссалгии могут исчезать, а потом появляться, но уже в другой области языка. Также у этого заболевания есть тенденция к полному самостоятельному исчезновению.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Каких-либо видимых изменений слизистой оболочки языка, а также полости рта при глоссалгии не наблюдается. У некоторых пациентов можно отметить небольшую отёчность языка в связи с увеличением некоторых сосочков, а также налёт, как правило, белого цвета, иногда жёлтого, который возникает из-за недостаточного выделения слюны. В пожилом возрасте могут отмечаться варикозные расширения вен языка, что проявляется незначительным увеличением языка и его синюшностью.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Как правило, неврологический статус таких пациентов нарушен. Могут присутствовать признаки депрессии, апатии и усталости. В противовес этому пациенты могут быть чрезмерно активны, возбуждены, встревожены и очень мнительны.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Большая часть таких пациентов страдают нозофобией — тревожным фобическим расстройством, проявляющимся иррациональным страхом развития угрожающих жизни заболеваний. Во время беседы становится явным, что помимо глоссалгий у пациента присутствуют другие невротические состояния — нарушения сна, быстрая утомляемость, нарушения стула.</span></p>",
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"lead": "отсутствие расслабления или недостаточное расслабление нижнего отдела пищевода нейрогенной этиологии",
"description": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Ахалазия – это недостаточное или полное отсутствие ослабления дистального отдела пищевода нейрогенного происхождения. Ахалазия пищевода проявляется нарушением глотания, забросом остатков пищи в полость рта, болями в эпигастральной области. </span></p>",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Причины, вызывающие данное заболевания до сегодняшнего дня достоверно не изучены, поэтому нет единого мнения о том, что вызывает болезнь. На протяжении длительного периода времени главным фактором считался возбудитель вирусной природы.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Другими факторами можно считать: генетическую предрасположенность, осложнение других заболеваний, быстрое заглатывание пищи и нарушение моторики органа. Современная наука высказывает мнение о том, что главной причиной может быть нарушение работы нервных клеток пищевода.</span></p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Фактическая денервация верхних отделов ЖКТ вызывает снижение перистальтики и тонуса пищевода, невозможность физиологического расслабления кардиального отверстия во время акта глотания, мышечную атонию. При таких нарушениях пища поступает в желудок только благодаря механическому раскрытию кардиального отверстия, происходящего под гидростатическим давлением жидких пищевых масс, скопившихся в пищеводе. Длительный застой пищевого комка приводит к расширению пищевода – мегаэзофагусу.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Морфологические изменения в стенке пищевода зависят от длительности существования ахалазии кардии. В стадии клинических проявлений отмечается сужение кардии и расширение просвета пищевода, его удлинение и S-образная деформация, огрубление слизистой оболочки и сглаживание складчатости пищевода. Микроскопические изменения при ахалазии кардии представлены гипертрофией гладкомышечных волокон, разрастанием в пищеводной стенке соединительной ткани, выраженными изменениями в межмышечных нервных сплетениях.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При появлении первых симптомов заболевания нужно обратиться к гастроэнтерологу и пройти обследование. Врач проведет опрос и осмотр пациента, после чего назначит необходимые обследования. Симптомы ахалазии пищевода сходны с некоторыми психосоматическими расстройствами, грыжей пищевода, что может несколько затруднить диагностику.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Пациенту могут быть назначены следующие инструментальные методы обследования:</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #232323; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Рентгенография с использованием контрастного вещества. Суть исследования состоит в том, что пациент выпивает раствор сульфата бария, который покрывает пищевод тонким слоем. Благодаря этому удается получить четкое изображение структуры органа и выявить возможные патологические изменения.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #232323; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Эндоскопическое исследование. Проводится при помощи специального прибора – эндоскопа, который представляет собой камеру, расположенную на тонкой трубке. Эту трубку продвигают по пищеварительному тракту, и врач в режиме реального времени видит патологические изменения в пищеводе или желудке. Во время проведения эндоскопии также может быть проведена биопсия (при наличии показаний).</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #232323; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Манометрия пищевода. При помощи данной процедуры измеряют мышечное давление. Специальное устройство (манометр) измеряет сокращения мышц в разных частях пищевода, что позволяет специалисту определить, насколько хорошо функционирует кардиальный сфинктер пищевода.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Терапия направлена на купирование спазма нижнего сфинктера пищевода. Для достижения этой цели могут быть использованы консервативные либо оперативные методы лечения ахалазии кардии.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">К консервативным методикам относят пневмокардиодилатацию. Это поэтапное расширение нижнего сфинктера пищевода, которое проводят при помощи специальных баллонов разного диаметра, постепенно увеличивая давление.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В результате сфинктер перерастягивается, что приводит к снижению его тонуса и восстановлению нормальной работы. К возможным осложнениям данной процедуры относят трещины и разрывы пищевода, образование на сфинктере рубцов, развитие рефлюкс-эзофагита.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Стойкого результата при ахалазии можно достичь путем хирургического вмешательства, когда хирург производит рассечение сфинктера с последующей пластикой. Операция при ахалазии пищевода показана, если заболевание сочетается с грыжей пищеводного отверстия диафрагмы, раком желудка, дивертикулами и разрывами пищевода, а также если пневмокардиодилатация не дала нужного результата.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Медикаментозное лечение при ахалазии используют в качестве вспомогательного и назначают для продления периода ремиссии. С этой целью пациенту могут быть назначены транквилизаторы, спазмолитики, нитраты, антагонисты кальция, антидофаминергические препараты. В последние годы широкое распространение получила методика лечения ахалазии путем введения ботулотоксина.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Пациенту назначают специальную щадящую диету, рекомендуется исключить сильные физические нагрузки, избегать эмоционального перенапряжения.</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Специфической профилактики заболевания не существует. Профилактические меры сводятся к предотвращению осложнений.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Пациенту рекомендуют:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">нормализовать режим питания – принимать пищу нужно часто (5-6 раз в день), но небольшими порциями;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">соблюдать специальную диету – отказаться от употребления фастфуда, острой, соленой, жирной, жареной пищи;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">тщательно пережевывать пищу, прежде чем глотать;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">отказаться от вредных привычек (злоупотребление алкоголем, табакокурение);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">заниматься физкультурой;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">больше гулять на свежем воздухе;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">соблюдать режим труда и отдыха;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">избегать физического и эмоционального перенапряжения.</span></li>\r\n</ul>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Самым характерным симптомом заболевания, который наблюдается практически у всех пациентов, является нарушение глотания. Кроме этого, при ахалазии происходит заброс остатков пищи обратно в ротовую полость из-за застоя в пищеводе, вызванного неправильной работой кардиального сфинктера.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">На начальной стадии нарушение глотания (дисфагия) возникает только при приеме твердой пищи, по мере прогрессирования заболевания дисфагия наблюдается и при приеме жидкой пищи.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Пациенты часто просыпаются по ночам из-за ощущения удушья или сильного кашля, которые возникают после заброса пищи. Срыгиваемая жидкость представляет собой пенообразную белую массу.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Также при ахалазии могут возникать такие симптомы, как изжога и боли в груди. Болевые ощущения сконцентрированы за грудиной, носят сжимающий или сдавливающий характер, могут отдавать в спину, нижнюю челюсть, шею.</span></p>",
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},
"code": "K22.2",
"name": "Непроходимость пищевода",
"icd_name": "Непроходимость пищевода",
"gender": 0,
"age_min": 1,
"age_max": 100,
"cause": [
"0"
],
"periodicity": 1,
"slug": "k22.2_neprohodimost_pischevoda",
"lead": "состояние, при котором нарушается проходимость пищевода из-за появления препятствия, которое значительно сужает или полностью перекрывает просвет пищевода, вызывая нарушение продвижения пищи по нему",
"description": "",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Причины непроходимости пищевода:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Прием агрессивных химических жидкостей (вызывающих химический ожог и, как следствие, стеноз (сужение) пищевода), кислот, щелочей, горячей пищи, напитков.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Язвы (глубокие дефекты в слизистой оболочке) пищевода.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Доброкачественные опухоли пищевода (опухоли, тип клеток которых не отличается от типа клеток органа, из которого они произошли).</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Злокачественные опухоли пищевода (опухоли, тип клеток которых отличается от типа клеток органа, из которого они произошли).</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Кардиоспазм (заболевание, проявляющееся сужением пищевода в месте его впадения в желудок).</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Дивертикулы пищевода (мешковидные выпячивания стенки пищевода в просвет пищевода).</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Попадание в пищевод инородных тел (например, игрушек, пуговиц, гвоздей, рыбных костей, зубных протезов).</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Гастроэзофагеальная рефлюксная болезнь (заболевание, характеризующееся забросом содержимого желудка в пищевод) с язвенным эзофагитом (воспалением слизистой оболочки пищевода и развитием на ней глубоких дефектов).</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Механические травмы (проглатывание инородных тел (например, гвоздей, ножей, вилок), ранения шеи, грудной клетки и др.).</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Последствия инфекций (туберкулеза (заболевания, вызываемого палочкой Коха), микозов (грибковых заболеваний) и др.).</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Системные заболевания соединительной ткани (болезни, связанные с повреждением соединительной ткани в кровеносных сосудах, различных органах и тканях). Проявляются разрастанием фиброзной (волокнистой) ткани, вследствие чего уменьшается просвет пищевода.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
"pathogenesis": "",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Консультация гастроэнтеролога требуется для проведения первичной диагностики непроходимости пищевода. После установления окончательного диагноза пациент направляется в отделение хирургии. Выявление рубцовых изменений, стриктур и стенозов производится с помощью рентгенографии пищевода с контрастированием. Консультация врача-эндоскописта нужна для назначения и проведения эзофагоскопии, выявления и верификации непосредственных причин непроходимости пищевода (опухолей, специфических заболеваний, инородных тел и др.). Также для диагностирования опухоли пищевода большое значение имеют компьютерная томография ОГК с контрастированием, эндосонография пищевода.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При подозрении на рак пищевода может потребоваться эндоскопическая биопсия, хромоскопия пищевода и желудка. При системных заболеваниях, подозрении на ахалазию кардии показана эзофагеальная манометрия. При наличии у больного специфических заболеваний (сифилис, туберкулез, склеродермия) план обследования соответствует выявленной патологии.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лабораторные анализы при непроходимости пищевода отражают патологические изменения, вызванные основным заболеванием. В биохимическом анализе крови может отмечаться анемия, снижение уровня общего белка и нарушение соотношения белковых фракций, гиповитаминоз, признаки гиперкатаболизма.</span></p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лечение пациентов с доброкачественной непроходимостью пищевода осуществляется в отделении хирургии, при наличии рака пищевода пациент может находиться в отделении гастроэнтерологии или онкологии. Схема лечения непроходимости пищевода зависит от причины данной патологии.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При доброкачественной непроходимости пищевода предпочтительно использовать эндоскопическое расширение стеноза пищевода, эндоскопическое бужирование стенозированного участка. В последние годы широко применяются такие методики, как эндоскопическое рассечение рубцовой стриктуры пищевода, а при тяжелых формах непроходимости - эндопротезирование (стентирование) пищевода. Для восстановления проходимости пищевода может потребоваться извлечение инородного тела, оперативное удаление опухоли, кисты пищевода. Также проводится консервативное либо оперативное лечение заболевания, которое привело к сдавлению пищевода извне.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Злокачественные формы непроходимости пищевода требуют проведения патогенетического лечения: лучевой либо химиотерапии, хирургического удаления опухоли с последующей эзофагопластикой. Консервативные мероприятия включают в себя нормализацию уровня основных нутриентов в крови, электролитов. При необходимости корректируется питание, назначаются препараты для лечения анемии.</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Специфической профилактики непроходимости пищевода не существует. Для предотвращения данного состояния следует избегать этиологических и патогенетических факторов непроходимости пищевода.</span></p>",
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"code": "K22.4",
"name": "Дискинезия пищевода",
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"lead": "расстройство продвижения пищевого комка из глотки в желудок, не связанное с органическим поражением пищеводной стенки",
"description": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Дискинезии пищевода - это нарушения его моторной (двигательной) функции, заключающиеся в изменении продвижения пищи из полости глотки в желудок при отсутствии органических поражений пищевода.</span></p>",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Дискинезия пищевода может развиться первично (при отсутствии другой патологических процессов) либо вторично - на фоне заболеваний пищевода (эзофагиты, грыжа пищеводного отверстия диафрагмы, дивертикулы и рак пищевода) и других органов (системные заболевания соединительной ткани, сахарный диабет, тяжелая патология нервной системы, язвенная болезнь желудка, хронический холецистит), приема некоторых лекарственных препаратов.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Нарушение моторики и формирование первичной дискинезии пищевода происходит в результате воздействия стрессов, сбоев в развитии мышечной оболочки и нервного аппарата пищевода. В результате этих причин возникает дискоординация нервной и гуморальной регуляции сокращения стенки пищевода, развивается двигательная дисфункция.</span></p>",
"pathogenesis": "",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Консультация врача-гастроэнтеролога и эндоскописта требуется всем пациентам с подозрением на дискинезию пищевода. Наиболее информативным методом диагностики является рентгеноскопия пищевода. На гипермоторную дискинезию во время исследования указывают зубчатые контуры пищеводной стенки, задержка прохождения контраста более 5 сек., локальные деформации, неперистальтические сокращения пищевода при глотании; на другие виды дискинезии - спазм сфинктеров, отсутствие газового пузыря желудка (при ахалазии кардии).</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Эзофагеальная манометрия выявляет спастические сократительные волны в пищеводе с повышением давления более 30 мм. рт. ст., неполную релаксацию нижнего сфинктера, эпизоды нормальной перистальтики (дифференцируют спазм пищевода и ахалазию кардии). Эзофагоскопия, анализ кала на скрытую кровь используются для выявления осложнений дискинезии пищевода и сопутствующих заболеваний. Эндоскопическое исследование может провоцировать усиление болей за грудиной, не несет большой информационной нагрузки.</span></p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для лечения широко используется диета – частое дробное питание небольшими порциями. Пища должна быть термически, механически и химически щадящей, исключаются продукты с высоким содержанием клетчатки. Следует избегать физических нагрузок, нагибания, переедания.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Из медикаментов, нормализующих моторику пищевода и обладающих спазмолитическим действием, назначают блокаторы кальциевых каналов, антихолинолитики, нитраты. Широкое применение нашли и седативные средства. Проводится лечение осложнений дискинезии (ГЭРБ, эзофагитов). Хирургическое вмешательство показано только при неэффективности консервативного и тяжелых формах заболевания.</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Профилактика заключается в регулярном прохождении медосмотров, своевременной терапии заболеваний, которые могут привести к дискинезии пищевода.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Наиболее распространёнными симптомами, сопровождающими спазм пищевода, являются:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">острая загрудинная боль, напоминающая приступ стенокардии;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">дисфагия (затруднённое глотание);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">одинофагия (болезненное глотание);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">жжение за грудиной;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">регургитация (возврат содержимого желудка в полость рта);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">болезненная обструкция с ощущением застревания.</span></li>\r\n</ul>",
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