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"lead": "угрожающее жизни состояние нарушения сознания, обусловленное повреждением особых структур головного мозга и характеризующееся полным отсутствием контакта больного с окружающим миром",
"description": "",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Основные причины подобного состояния у взрослых:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">органические факторы (инсульт, огнестрельное ранение, ушиб, излияние крови в мозг); </span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">внутренние химические соединения. Представляют собой продукты метаболизма, появляются из-за болезней органов; </span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">внешние химические соединения. Отравление ЦНС может произойти из-за передозировки наркотиками, седативными препаратами, нейротропами.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Перечисленные причины объясняют, как впадают в кому. Особо стоит выделить фактор, сочетающий в себе признаки органических и химических причин. Таким является увеличение давления внутри черепа. Подобная патология наблюдается при травмах головы, новообразованиях в нервной системе.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Факторы риска</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Основной фактор риска – употребление алкоголя, наркотиков. При передозировке этиловым спиртом или наркотическими веществами человек может впасть в кому. Также в группе риска находятся люди, страдающие заболеваниями сердца, мозга, других важных органов. К примеру, при сахарном диабете может развиться гипогликемическая кома.</span></p>",
"pathogenesis": "",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При постановке диагноза кома, невролог решает одновременно 2 задачи: 1) выяснение причины, приведшей к коматозному состоянию; 2) непосредственная диагностика комы и ее дифференциация от других похожих состояний.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Выяснить причины впадения больного в кому помогает опрос родственников пациента или случайных свидетелей. При этом уточняется, были ли у больного предшествующие жалобы, хронические заболевания сердца, сосудов, эндокринных органов. Свидетели расспрашиваются о том, пользовался ли пациент лекарствами, были ли найдены рядом с ним пустые блистеры или баночки из-под препаратов.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Важное значение имеет скорость развития симптомов и возраст больного. Кома, возникшая у молодых на фоне полного здоровья, чаще всего указывает на отравление наркотическими средствами, снотворными. А у пожилых больных с сопутствующими заболеваниями сердца и сосудов велика вероятность развития комы на фоне инсульта или инфаркта.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Осмотр помогает установить предполагаемую причину возникновения комы. Уровень артериального давления, частоты пульса, дыхательных движений, характерные кровоподтеки, запах изо рта, следы уколов, температура тела – вот те признаки, которые помогают врачу поставить верный диагноз.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Особое внимание следует обращать на положение больного. Запрокинутая голова с повышенным тонусом мышц шеи говорит о раздражении оболочек головного мозга, которая возникает при кровоизлияниях, менингитах. Судороги всего тела или отдельных мышц могут проявляться, если причиной комы явился эпилептический статус, эклампсия (у беременных женщин). Вялый паралич конечностей свидетельствует об инсульте головного мозга, а полное отсутствие рефлексов – о глубоком повреждении большой поверхности коры и спинного мозга.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Самым важным в дифференциальной диагностике комы от других состояний нарушения сознания является исследование способности больного открывать глаза на звуковое и болевое раздражение. Если реакция на звук и боль проявляется в виде произвольного открытия глаз, то это не кома. Если пациент несмотря на все усилия врачей глаза не открывает, то состояние рассматривается как коматозное.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Тщательному изучению подвергается реакция зрачков на свет. Ее особенности не только помогают установить предполагаемое месторасположение очага повреждения в головном мозге, но и косвенно указывают на причину возникновения коматозного состояния. Кроме того, зрачковый рефлекс служит достоверным прогностическим признаком.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Узкие зрачки (зрачки-точки), не реагирующие на свет, характерны для отравления алкоголем и наркотическими веществами. Разный диаметр зрачков на левом и правом глазе говорит о нарастании внутричерепного давления. Широкие зрачки – признак поражения среднего мозга. Расширение диаметра зрачков обоих глаз в совокупности с полным отсутствием их реакции на свет характерно для запредельной комы и является крайне неблагоприятным признаком, свидетельствующем о скорой смерти мозга.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Современные технологии в медицине сделали инструментальную диагностику причин коматозного состояния одной из самых первых процедур при поступлении любого больного с нарушением сознания. Выполнение компьютерной томографии (КТ головного мозга) или МРТ (магнитно-резонансной томографии) позволяет определить структурные изменения в головном мозге, наличие объемных образований, признаки повышения внутричерепного давления. На основании снимков принимается решение о методах лечения: консервативном или срочной операции.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При отсутствии возможности выполнить КТ или МРТ больному должны быть проведены рентгенография черепа и позвоночного столба в нескольких проекциях.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Подтвердить или опровергнуть метаболический (сбой в обмене веществ) характер коматозного состояния помогает биохимический анализ крови. В срочном порядке проводится определение уровня глюкозы, мочевины, аммиака крови. А также определяется соотношение газов крови и основных электролитов (ионов калия, натрия, хлора).</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Если результаты КТ и МРТ указывают на то, что со стороны ЦНС нет причин, способных ввести больного в кому, выполняется исследование крови на гормоны (инсулин, гормоны надпочечников, щитовидной железы), токсические вещества (наркотики, снотворные, антидепрессанты), бактериальный посев крови. Важнейшим исследованием, которое помогает дифференцировать виды ком, является электроэнцефалография (ЭЭГ). При ее проведении производится регистрация электрических потенциалов мозга, оценка которых позволяет отличить коматозное состояние, вызванное опухолью мозга, кровоизлиянием, либо отравлением.</span></p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лечение комы должно вестись по 2 направлениям: </span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">поддержание жизненных функций больного и предотвращение гибели мозга; </span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">борьба с основной причиной, вызвавшей развитие этого состояния.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Поддержание жизненных функций начинается уже в машине скорой помощи по дороге в больницу и проводится всем пациентам в коме еще до получения результатов обследования. Она включает в себя поддержание проходимости дыхательных путей (выправление запавшего языка, очищение полости рта и носовой полости от рвотных масс, кислородная маска, вставление дыхательной трубки), нормального кровообращения (введение антиаритмических средств, препаратов нормализующих давление, закрытый массаж сердца). В палате реанимации при необходимости производится подключение больного к аппарату искусственной вентиляции легких.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Производится введение противосудорожных препаратов при наличии судорог, обязательное внутривенное вливание глюкозы, нормализация температуры тела больного (укрывание и обкладывание грелками при гипотермии или борьба с жаром), промывание желудка при подозрении на отравление лекарствами.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Второй этап лечения проводится уже после подробного обследования, и дальнейшая врачебная тактика зависит от основной причины, вызвавшей кому. Если это травма, опухоль мозга, внутричерепная гематома, то проводится срочное оперативное вмешательство. При выявлении диабетической комы берется под контроль уровень сахара и инсулина. Если причиной стала почечная недостаточность, то назначается гемодиализ.</span></p>\r\n<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-70886590-7fff-d444-ce72-bdc9aa7f1d96\"> </span></p>",
"prevention": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Профилактические меры направлены на оперативное лечение заболеваний, которые способны привести к возникновению коматозного состояния. Если человек перенес инсульт, ему необходимо периодически посещать врача, чтобы тот контролировал состояние организма пациента и мог вовремя обнаружить признаки комы.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Также нужно отказаться от употребления алкоголя, наркотиков. В группе риска находятся страдающие алкоголизмом и наркоманией люди. Они неспособны контролировать количество принимаемых этилового спирта и наркотических средств, потому рискуют получить передозировку и впасть в коматозное состояние.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Основные симптомы комы – отсутствие какой-либо психической деятельности пациента. Прочие симптомы комы зависят от причины, которая вызвала поражение мозговых структур.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Температурные показатели тела. Кома, которая вызвана перегревом, сопровождается повышенной температурой тела (до 43 градусов), сухостью кожного покрова. Интоксикация алкогольными напитками и седативными средствами сопряжена с гипотермией (температура до 34 градусов). Частота вдоха/выдоха. Замедленное дыхание является признаком комы гипотиреозного типа (недостаток гормонов щитовидки). Глубокое дыхание присуще больным воспалением легких, раком мозга, почечной недостаточностью. Давление, биение сердца. Уменьшение количества сокращений сердца указывает на то, что человек впал в кому из-за острого заболевания сердечной мышцы. Артериальная гипертензия наблюдается у пациентов, которые впали в коматозное состояние из-за инсульта. Пониженное давление свидетельствует о диабетической коме, интоксикации седативными средствами, инфаркте. Цвет кожи. Кожный покров приобретает вишневый цвет, если человек отравился угарным газом. Синюшные концы пальцев свидетельствуют о пониженной концентрации кислорода в кровяной плазме. Бледность кожи характерна для пациентов, которые потеряли много крови. Контакт с окружением. При легкой коме пациент может издавать разные звуки, что позволяет говорить о благоприятном прогнозе. По мере усиления комы способность издавать звуки пропадает.</span></p>",
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"lead": "Конфабуля́ции (лат. confābulārī — болтать, рассказывать) — ложные воспоминания, в которых факты, бывшие в действительности либо видоизменённые, переносятся в иное (часто в ближайшее) время и могут сочетаться с абсолютно вымышленными событиями[1].\r\n\r\nВ классическом понимании, введённом в психиатрию в 1866 году К. Л. Кальбаумом, конфабуляции являются видом парамнезий, заключающихся в том, что больной сообщает о вымышленных событиях, никогда не имевших места в его жизни[2][3]. Этим конфабуляции отличаются от псевдореминисценций — другого вида парамнезий, при которых происходит смещение в памяти событий, действительно происходивших, но в другое время[4][5]. Конфабуляции иногда образно называют «галлюцинациями воспоминания» (в отличие от псевдореминисценций — «иллюзий воспоминания»). Однако в современной психиатрии существует тенденция объединять конфабуляции и псевдореминисценции под общим термином «конфабуляции»[6].\r\n\r\nТаким образом, под конфабуляциями принято понимать расстройства памяти, нередко сопровождающие прогрессирующую амнезию: события, действительно имевшие место, амнезируются («забываются»), а возникающие пробелы в памяти восполняются вымыслами[1]. Конфабуляции могут заполнять пробелы памяти больного, тем не менее наличие пробелов памяти для формирования конфабуляций совсем не обязательно: они могут формироваться при отсутствии амнезии и гипомнезии. Содержание конфабуляций часто фантастическое, но это не всегда обязательно. Кроме того, возможен и наплыв конфабуляций, сопровождающийся дезориентировкой (конфабуляционная спутанность)[1].",
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"description": "",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Центральная аносмия проявляется при поражении участков головного мозга. Спровоцировать эту патологию могут новообразования мозга (опухоли), а также нарушение кровообращения в мозгу, которое сопровождается кровоизлияниями.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Центральная аносмия может быть симптомом рассеянного склероза, сирингобульбии (редкое заболевание, при котором в головном мозге образуются полости, заполненные жидкостью).</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Как правило, патология проявляется с той стороны, где располагается очаг поражения.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Эссенциальная аносмия возникает в результате атрофии слизистой оболочки носовой полости. Причиной потери нюха при этом типе заболевания может стать травма, химический ожог или проведённая операция.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Респираторная форма появляется в случае, если проход воздуха по носовым ходам затруднён. Связано это может быть с наличием таких патологий, как: искривлённая носовая перегородка, полипы, опухоли, аномальное увеличение носовых раковин. Если поражаются нервные окончания, респираторная форма может перерасти в эссенциальную.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Функциональная аносмия носит преходящий характер и связана с невротическими расстройствами.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Старческая аносмия развивается у лиц пожилого возраста и связана с атрофией слизистой оболочки носовой полости.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Также к факторам, вызывающим проблемы с обонянием, можно отнести следующие предпосылки:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">потеря обоняния при насморке (ринитах), потеря обоняния при гайморите и других синуситах, потеря обоняния после простуды — то есть все часто происходящие хронические или острые воспалительные процессы в полости носа приводят к периферической аносмии;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">травмы и переломы носа, черепа (особенно в области центрального анализатора);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">опухоли, развивающиеся в полости носа; часто человек не сразу замечает развитие аносмии, поскольку новообразования растут медленно;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">болезни головного мозга: болезнь Альцгеймера, болезнь Паркинсона, менингит и другие;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">употребление токсичных веществ, наркотических средств и запрещённых препаратов, которые постепенно убивают нейроны, приводя к нарушению обоняния;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">курение — дым пагубно влияет на состояние слизистой оболочки носа, что приводит курильщика к снижению обоняния;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">приём некоторых лекарственных препаратов;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">снижение функции щитовидной железы;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">болезни печени и почек.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
"pathogenesis": "",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Пациенты с жалобами на потерю обоняния чаще обращаются к врачу-отоларингологу. Поскольку аносмия может быть связана как с поражением верхних отделов дыхательных путей, так и с патологией головного мозга, проводится комплексная диагностика. План обследования включает функциональные пробы, инструментальные и лабораторные исследования, которые направлены на выяснение степени снижения обонятельной чувствительности и выявления первопричины симптома. В диагностическом плане наиболее информативны:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Ольфактометрия. Качественную оценку способности различать ароматы проводят при помощи специального прибора — ольфактометра. Использование пробирок с различными сильными ароматами в сочетании с выполнением проб поочередно для обоих носовых ходов позволяет обнаружить одно- или двухстороннее снижение восприятия запахов. Большое диагностическое значение имеет потеря обоняния с одной стороны.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ЛОР-осмотр. Обследование придаточных пазух и верхних дыхательных путей проводится для исключения риногенной природы расстройств обоняния. В ходе риноскопии детально изучается слизистая оболочка полости носа. При выявлении гнойного отделяемого, его собирают для дальнейшего исследования. «Адреналиновую пробу» делают для дифференцировки катарального и гипертрофического ринита.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Инструментальный осмотр. Стандартным методом является рентгенография костей черепа, которая назначается при подозрении на травматические повреждения нервных структур. Для исключения синуситов показаны рентгенологические снимки придаточных пазух. При неврологических болезнях более точным методом является компьютерная томография, в некоторых случаях назначают МРТ головного мозга.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лабораторное обследование. Неспецифические признаки воспалительных процессов обнаруживают при помощи общего и биохимических анализов крови. При наличии выделений из носа выполняют бактериологический посев. Специфические высокочувствительные анализы крови на токсины и наркотические вещества помогают исключить отравления как причину потери восприятия запахов.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">После исключения органических предпосылок аносмии и физиологических возрастных изменений рецепторного аппарата по показаниям назначают дополнительные методы обследования — аллергопробы, ангиографию мозговых сосудов. При возможных функциональных расстройствах обоняния, обусловленных нарушениями эмоциональной сферы, необходима консультация невропатолога или психиатра.</span></p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Симптоматическое лечение аносмии на сегодняшний день не проводится: лекарства для восстановления обоняния отсутствуют. Так что терапевтическому воздействию подлежат заболевания, в симптоматике которых отмечается потеря обоняния.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">То есть, если ощущение запаха утрачивается из-за насморка, то в его лечении применяются: различные по составу капли от насморка, удобные в применении спреи от заложенности носа. Практикуется назначение топических глюкокортикоидов (кортикостероидов) как средства против отечности слизистой, к примеру, Назонекс при потере обоняния применяют в случаях аллергического ринита или острого синусита – читайте Назонекс синус (инструкция по применению).</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Но использование интраназальных средств не гарантирует восстановления обоняния, более того, механизм их фармакологического действия и не учитывает повреждения обонятельного эпителия полости носа. Точно так же ингаляции при потере обоняния направлены на устранение заложенности носовых проходов, и они, безусловно, приносят облегчение при насморке. </span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Применяются витамины группы В, препараты цинка – витамины с цинком, а также липоевая кислота (Протоген, Тиоактацид), способствующая улучшению обоняния при риновирусных заболеваниях; рекомендуют принимать по 0,5-0,6 г в сутки (в течение одного-двух месяцев). Липоевую кстлоту противопоказано использовать при гастрите с повышенной кислотность и язве желудка и двенадцатиперстной кишки.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Антибактериальная терапия необходима при гайморите и синуситах бактериальной этиологии, при менингитах, а пациентам с полипами в носу и опухолями проводится хирургическое лечение.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При повреждении обонятельной периферии разрушается популяция обонятельных сенсорных нейронов, но обонятельные рецепторные клетки служат, в среднем, два месяца. Подобно вкусовым сосочкам языка, обонятельные нейрорецепторы периодически обновляются, и это происходит благодаря выработке базальными клетками первичного обонятельного эпителия основного фактора роста фибробластов (bFGF), что позволяем им дифференцироваться в сенсорные нейроны, восполняя утраты и регенерируя повреждения.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"prevention": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Предупредить аносмию, а главным образом – причинное заболевание, нередко можно с помощью следующих мероприятий:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Своевременное лечение вирусных и бактериальных инфекций.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Проведение оперативного корригирующего лечения врожденных дефектов.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Купирование аллергических реакций современными эффективными препаратами.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Нормализация питания и режима дня.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Отказ от вредных привычек.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Закаливание.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>",
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