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},
"code": "B46",
"name": "Зигомикоз",
"icd_name": "Зигомикоз",
"gender": 0,
"age_min": 30,
"age_max": 100,
"cause": [
"0"
],
"periodicity": 1,
"slug": "b46_zigomikoz",
"lead": "глубокий микоз, вызываемый зигомицетами, развивающийся преимущественно у иммунокомпрометированных лиц",
"description": "",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Возбудителями зигомикоза являются низшие грибы из класса Zygomycetes. К факторам риска заболеваемости относится наличие сахарного диабета, длительный прием кортикостероидов, трансплантация органов и тканей в анамнезе, гемобластозы, проведение химиотерапии при онкологических заболеваниях, нейтропения, СПИД, COVID-19. У здоровых лиц к развитию зигомикоза могут привести обширные повреждения кожных покровов, глубокие ожоги, использование загрязненного медицинского инструментария. Обсуждается роль приема дефероксамина.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Основной путь заражения мукормикозом – ингаляционный. Кроме того, реализация инфекции происходит чрескожным способом при загрязнении почвой обширных ран, нанесении татуировок в антисанитарных условиях, использовании контаминированного спорами медицинского инструментария (при инъекциях у наркоманов, применении медицинских зондов), через желудочно-кишечный тракт при потреблении инфицированных продуктов, лекарств.</span></p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для патогена характерен быстрый инвазивный рост. Повреждение эндотелия кровеносных сосудов является основным звеном патогенеза заболевания. Происходит ангиоинвазия возбудителя, что способствует формированию сосудистого тромбоза с образованием некрозов тканей, а также гематогенной и лимфогенной диссеминации инфекционного агента. Предотвращению развития патологического состояния содействует деятельность мононуклеарных и полиморфноядерных фагоцитов, а также поддержание рH организма человека на определенном уровне. Таким образом, нейтропения, ацидоз при сахарном диабете, постоянный прием кортикостероидов с последующим снижением активности бронхоальвеолярных макрофагов благоприятствует распространению зигомицет.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При оседании грибов в легких формируется мукорома с неспецифическими рентгенологическими признаками в виде очагов и фокусов. Образуется зона воспаления, некроза, возможно формирование абсцессов. При тромбозе и ишемии легочной ткани не исключено присоединение вторичной инфекции.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Отсутствие специфических жалоб и клинических симптомов, а также относительная редкость заболевания не позволяет на стадии первичного осмотра выявить мукормикоз. На данном этапе важную роль играет сбор анамнеза с выяснением факторов риска. В диагностике зигомикоза используются следующие методы:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Обнаружение возбудителя. Играет ключевую роль в постановке диагноза. Производят посев и микроскопию патологического отделяемого из ран, мокроты, биопсийного материала, реже крови. Выявляют мицелий, характерный для зигомицет. Длительное хранение материала, неправильная методика посева способствуют снижению чувствительности метода. Подобные исследования обладают низкой чувствительностью, поэтому их необходимо проводить многократно.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Исследование очага инфекции. Назначается рентгенография, КТ, МРТ органов грудной клетки, придаточных пазух носа, при наличии показаний ‒ МРТ или КТ головного мозга. На рентгенограмме ОГК выявляют очаги или фокусы с центральной зоной некроза, полости с симптомом «полумесяца», редко ‒ лимфаденопатию и плеврит.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"treatment": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При выявлении заболевания необходима консультация инфекциониста, невролога, пульмонолога, гастроэнтеролога, хирурга. Лечение проводится в стационаре, при необходимости – в отделении реанимации и интенсивной терапии. Основой терапии данной нозологии является хирургическая санация очага инфекции (иссечение некротизированных тканей, резекция легких и т. д.) совместно с приемом антимикотических препаратов. Для медикаментозного лечения используется амфотерицин В, дискутируется роль интраконазола, позаконазола, равуконазола. Необходима компенсация факторов риска (кетоацидоза при лечении сахарного диабета, отмена иммуносупрессоров, глюкокортикостероидов). По показаниям проводится симптоматическая терапия (остановка кровотечения, инфузионная терапия).</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Специфическая профилактика не разработана. Неспецифическая защита направлена на устранение факторов риска: соблюдение рекомендаций врача при коррекции нарушений, вызванных сахарным диабетом, рациональное использование иммуносупрессоров под контролем общего анализа крови, назначение глюкокортикоидов в минимальных дозах, использование медицинского инструментария, прошедшего специальную обработку, или одноразовых материалов, употребление свежих продуктов питания.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Клиническая картина зависит от вида поражения. Для риноцеребральной формы на начальных стадиях характерна симптоматика бактериального синусита. Пациентов беспокоят односторонние боли в области пораженной пазухи, иногда появляется отделяемое темного цвета из носа. При дальнейшем прогрессировании инфекции боль распространяется на область глазного яблока, формируется конъюнктивит, отек мягких тканей, развивается некроз твердого и мягкого неба, снижается острота зрения. Температурная реакция развивается лишь у части больных. При вовлечении в процесс тройничного и лицевого нервов нарушается чувствительность кожи лица, возникает птоз век. За счет агрессивного инвазивного роста возможно распространение инфекции в ЦНС. Важным симптомом в данном случае является носовое кровотечение. К клинике основного заболевания присоединяются головные боли, обмороки, различные степени выраженности нарушения сознания.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При легочном варианте мукормикоза пациенты жалуются на одышку, боль в грудной клетке, кашель, кровохарканье, лихорадку. При прогрессировании патологии значительная часть легочной паренхимы некротизируется. Опасность данной формы состоит в возможности вовлечения в процесс крупного сосуда с развитием массивного кровотечения. Кожный мукормикоз развивается при контаминации кожного покрова. Характерно формирование отека, гиперемии, некротических изменений с черным струпом в месте внедрения возбудителя. Поражается подкожно-жировая клетчатка, фасции, мышцы, кости. Мукормикоз ЖКТ проявляется тошнотой, рвотой, болями в брюшной полости, вздутием живота, наличием крови в стуле.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Диссеминированная форма заболевания развивается в результате распространения инфекции из первичного места внедрения возбудителя. Характерно поражение различных органов как изолированно, так и совместно. Случаи изолированного повреждения встречаются, главным образом, у наркоманов. Клиническая картина зависит от степени нарушения функции вовлеченных структур. При вторичном поражении ЦНС характерно нарастание центральной неврологической симптоматики с развитием комы.</span></p>",
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},
"code": "K57",
"name": "Дивертикулярная болезнь кишечника",
"icd_name": "Дивертикулярная болезнь кишечника",
"gender": 0,
"age_min": 40,
"age_max": 100,
"cause": [
"0"
],
"periodicity": 1,
"slug": "k57_divertikulyarnaya_bolezn_kishechnika",
"lead": "заболевание, при котором образуются множественные выпячивания стенки толстой кишки",
"description": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Дивертикулярная болезнь - это хроническое заболевание, которое возникает из-за образования в стенке кишечника мешкообразного выпячивания (дивертикула), и, как следствие, застойного процесса и развития воспаления.</span></p>",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Наиболее значимый фактор развития дивертикулярной болезни толстого кишечника – диета, бедная растительной клетчаткой. В этой связи отмечается повышенная заболеваемость дивертикулезом в развитых странах, где большинство населения употребляет богатую клетчаткой пищу в значительно меньших количествах.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Клетчатка входит в состав овощей, фруктов и злаков. Она способствует размягчению стула и более легкому транзиту химуса по кишечнику. При недостатке клетчатки в пищевом рационе развивается склонность к затруднениям опорожнения кишечника, запорам. Частые запоры способствуют повышению давления в кишечнике. В местах, где имеется ослабление кишечной стенки в результате повышения внутрикишечного давления, возникают выпячивания. Со временем, формируются постоянные выпячивания кишечной стенки, которые могут стать очагом размножения бактериальной флоры.</span></p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Когда в рационе мало растительной клетчатки, в кишечнике нарушается пассаж каловых масс и возникают запоры. Давление в просвете кишки повышается и выдавливает слабые участки стенки наружу в виде дивертикулов.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">У образовавшихся дивертикулов нет мышечного слоя, они не могут сокращаться. Поэтому попавшие каловые массы и остатки пищи задерживаются внутри дивертикула.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Со временем каловые массы твердеют и превращаются в каловый камень — копролит, или фекалит. Этот камень давит на стенку дивертикула, тем самым нарушая её кровоснабжение. В итоге развивается воспаление — острый дивертикулит.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Развитие воспаления иногда связано с особенностями кишечной флоры. Нередко у пациентов с дивертикулярной болезнью наблюдается рост протеолитических бактерий.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При продолжающемся воспалении в стенке дивертикула возникает микроперфорация. Через это отверстие бактерии распространяются и поражают ткани, окружающие кишку — развивается так называемый острый околокишечный инфильтрат. При этом другие органы (тонкая кишка, придатки матки, мочевой пузырь) фактически \"приклеиваются\" к инфильтрату, образуя плотную трудноразделимую массу.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При серьёзном повреждении стенки дивертикула развивается макроперфорация. Она способствует образованию более тяжёлых осложнений — абсцесса и перитонита.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Кишечное кровотечение при дивертикулёзе вызывают скопившиеся каловые камни. Копролиты сдавливают стенку дивертикула, запуская процесс её разрушения и повреждая мелкие сосуды, расположенные рядом.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Обследование пациента с подозрением на дивертикулярную болезнь толстого кишечника осуществляется врачом-проктологом, начинается со сбора жалоб, анамнеза и физикального осмотра. При этом, как правило, выявляются особенности диеты, склонность к запорам, при осмотре может отмечаться болезненность живота и его увеличение. Подтверждение диагноза производят с помощью инструментальных и лабораторных методов диагностики.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При исследовании крови могут отмечаться общие признаки инфекционного воспаления (лейкоцитоз, нейтрофилия, ускорение СОЭ). При имеющем место внутреннем кровотечении может отмечаться анемия. Признаки воспаления кишечника также могут отмечаться и в копрограмме. Лабораторное подтверждение имеющегося воспалительного процесса при дивертикулярной болезни толстого кишечника может говорить о развитии дивертикулита.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Основным диагностическим методом выявления дивертикулов в толстом кишечнике является колоноскопия. Кроме того, при колоноскопии возможно выявить источник внутреннего кровотечения и исключить другие заболевания толстого кишечника. Ирригоскопия с контрастным веществом позволяет выявить выпячивания кишечной стенки.</span></p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При легком течении заболевания для облегчения клинических проявлений чаще всего достаточно соблюдения рекомендованной диеты, способствующей снижению давления в толстом кишечнике. Введение в рацион достаточного количества клетчатки обеспечивают облегчение прохождения кишечного содержимого по пищеварительному тракту. Однако, если мер по коррекции диеты недостаточно, необходимо назначение препаратов, способствующих устранению запоров (тримебутин) и обезболивающих спазмолитических средств при выраженной болезненности.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Развитие дивертикулита требует противовоспалительной и бактерицидной терапии. Для успешного лечения дивертикулита необходимо снятие нагрузки на толстый кишечник, чему способствуют меры по изменению рациона, а также назначается постельный режим. Своевременно назначенный курс антибиотикотерапии, как правило, подавляет развивающуюся инфекцию. Однако, в некоторых случаях консервативное лечение может быть безуспешным либо развитие осложнений требует немедленного хирургического вмешательства.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Абсолютными показаниями к операции являются: перфорация толстой кишки с выходом кишечного содержимого в брюшную полость, перитонит, прогрессирующий абсцесс, полная кишечная непроходимость, массивное кровотечение, высокая вероятность рака кишечника. Кроме того, показанием к оперативному вмешательству является неэффективность консервативного лечения, периодические небольшие внутренние кровотечения, выраженная анемия, свищи, частое рецидивирование дивертикулита. Как правило, производят резекцию пораженного участка кишечника с последующим восстановлением кишечника при помощи реконструктивной операции.</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Основные меры профилактики повторного появления дивертикулита:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">соблюдать высокошлаковую диету, которая должна включать не менее 25 г растительной клетчатки в день;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">контролировать качество и частоту дефекации;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">не допускать развитие запоров: пить 2-3 литра воды в день, есть продукты с растительной клетчаткой, принимать слабительные на растительной основе.</span></li>\r\n</ul>",
"clinical_picture": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Чаще всего дивертикулез длительное время протекает бессимптомно, однако у некоторых больных могут отмечаться периодические боли в животе по типу спазмов. Зачастую выявляется склонность к запорам и увеличение живота. При развитии дивертикулита возникает боль в животе, чаще всего в левой его части, болезненность при пальпации, тошнота, рвота, запор. Нередко повышается температура тела, отмечается озноб, слабость, головная боль (симптомы общей интоксикации). Тяжесть течения и выраженности клинических симптомов зависит от степени поражения кишечника и имеющихся осложнений.</span></p>",
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},
"code": "K65",
"name": "Перитонит",
"icd_name": "Перитонит",
"gender": 0,
"age_min": 15,
"age_max": 100,
"cause": [
"3"
],
"periodicity": 1,
"slug": "k65_peritonit",
"lead": "воспаление брюшины, которое может привести к нарушению разных функций организма",
"description": "<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-55be9941-7fff-462b-011e-2225c5d2f59c\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Перитонит – это воспаление листков брюшины - ткани, которая выстилает внутреннюю поверхность живота (париетальный листок брюшины) и покрывает большую часть органов брюшной полости (висцеральный листок брюшины).</span></span></p>",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Заболевание возникает при попадании патогенной микрофлоры, желчи, ферментов поджелудочной железы или содержимого кишечника в брюшную полость. Обычно инфекция проникает изнутри, при разрыве или расплавлении органа, с излитием его содержимого. Реже инфекция заносится при ранениях, операциях, травмах. Возбудителями заболевания обычно являются стафилококки, гонококки, кишечная палочка, другие патогенные микроорганизмы.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Острый перитонит вызывают:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">аппендицит;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">разрывы кишки;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">прободение язвы желудка;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">гнойные процессы в органах малого таза;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">холецистит;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">панкреатит.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В начале заболевания возникает интоксикация организма. Процесс нагноения стремительно поражает организм токсинами, иммунитет резко ухудшается. Начальная стадия проявляется отеками брюшины, стойким парезом кишечника, понижением артериального давления и расстройством гемодинамики.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Ухудшение работы печени вызывает снижение качества выработки белка. Возрастает содержание а-аминоуксусной кислоты и аммония в крови. Клетки надпочечников изменяются, легкие отекают, ухудшается сердечно-сосудистая деятельность. Перестраивается работа нервной системы, возникают адинамия, гиперкалиемия, гипокалиемия и другие заболевания, связанные с пониженной концентрацией ионов калия в крови.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">На последних стадиях перитонита в канальцах почек накапливается нерастворимый белок, что приводит к развитию острой почечной недостаточности. Нарушается метаболизм, организм накапливает промежуточные продукты обмена веществ.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Врач проводит осмотр пациента, пальпацию брюшной полости, определяет характер боли. При необходимости проводится вагинальное или ректальное исследование.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Дополнительно пациентам могут быть назначены следующие анализы при перитоните:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">исследование мочи и крови;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">рентгенография;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">УЗИ органов брюшной полости;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">диагностическая лапаротомия.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Пациента с признаками заболевания немедленно госпитализируют в стационар и начинают готовить к операции. Самолечение недопустимо и может привести к смертельному исходу.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Запрещено самостоятельно пить анальгетики, принимать горячие ванны, прикладывать тепло для снятия боли, так как эти меры могут размыть симптомы, что затруднит диагностику и может стоить пациенту жизни.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лечение в данном случае только оперативное. Целью операции при перитоните является выявление и купирование источника развития заболевания (удаление аппендикса, ушивание кишечника, желудка и так далее).</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">После этого проводится многократное промывание брюшной полости антисептическими растворами для окончательного устранения инфекции. Затем необходимо обеспечить дренирование малого таза и брюшной полости. </span><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Через установленные во время операции дренажные трубки брюшную полость промывают растворами антисептиков для профилактики осложнений. До операции и после ее окончания показано проведение консервативного лечения.</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Профилактика строится на раннем выявлении и качественном лечении основного заболевания. Постоперационного перитонит предупреждается качественной санацией брюшной полости, гемостазом и тщательным проведением абдоминальных операций.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Клиническая картина зависит от фазы заболевания. </span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Первые признаки и симптомы перитонита следующие:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">боли в животе, которые усиливаются при движении и дыхании, пациенту комфортнее всего лежать на спине или в позе эмбриона;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">раздражительность, общая слабость, ухудшение состояния;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">повышение температуры тела;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">частое дыхание, тахикардия;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">тошнота, рвота.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При наступлении второй стадии заболевания состояние пациента ухудшается. Появляются признаки сильной интоксикации, боли усиливаются, возникает анемия и вздутие живота. Давление снижается, пульс по-прежнему повышен, начинается неукротимая рвота.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Во время третьей стадии внутренние резервы организма полностью истощаются. Кожа бледная, температура снижается ниже нормы, у пациента наблюдается помутнение сознания, он перестает реагировать на внешние раздражители. Для этой стадии почти неизбежен летальный исход.</span></p>",
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},
"code": "P75*",
"name": "Мекониевый илеус (E84.1+)",
"icd_name": "Мекониевый илеус (E84.1+)",
"gender": 0,
"age_min": 0,
"age_max": 1,
"cause": [
"0"
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"periodicity": 1,
"slug": "p75*_mekonievyy_ileus_e84_1",
"lead": "одна из клинических форм муковисцидоза, характеризующаяся непроходимостью подвздошной кишки на фоне ее обтурации уплотненными мекониальными массами",
"description": "",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Задержка отхождения мекония свыше 24 часов после рождения указывает на патологию пищеварительного тракта и представляет опасность для жизни ребёнка. Основные причины: </span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Врождённые дефекты кишечника с нарушением проходимости – атрезия участка тонкой или толстой кишки, ануса, кольцевидная поджелудочная железа, мембрана в двенадцатиперстной кишке. Дефекты пищеварительного тракта часто возникает на фоне хромосомных аномалий и сочетается с пороками развития других органов. </span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Муковисцидоз – тяжёлое полиорганное заболевание с аутосомно-рецессивным типом наследования. Секрет поджелудочной железы становится вязким, уменьшается продукция ферментов, усиливается всасывание жидкости из просвета кишечника. Изменяется консистенция мекония, нарушается его отхождение. </span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Функциональная незрелость органов пищеварения – снижение секреции и перистальтики у недоношенных младенцев приводит к застою кала. </span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Синдром мекониевой пробки – скопление мекония в толстой кишке из-за нарушения моторики. Патология встречается у детей, рождённых от женщин с сахарным диабетом и гипермагниемией. </span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Болезнь Гиршпрунга – врождённое недоразвитие или отсутствие нервных сплетений кишечника, регулирующих моторику. В результате возникает обструкция поражённого участка. Отделы кишечника, расположенные выше, переполняются каловыми массами и расширяются.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
"pathogenesis": "",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для подтверждения диагноза и выявления причины патологии назначают следующие исследования: </span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Обзорная рентгенограмма живота – на снимке видны раздутые кишечные петли. Наличие газа и плотного мекония даёт характерную рентгенологическую картину: симптом матового стекла и мыльного пузыря. </span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Ирригография – в прямую кишку с помощью клизмы вводят гастрографин (контрастное вещество) и выполняют рентгенограмму. При мекониевом илеусе толстая кишка пустая, узкая (микроколон), в дистальном отделе подвздошной кишки видны дефекты наполнения – плотные комочки мекония. С помощью исследования определяют место закупорки кишечника. </span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Компьютерная томография – метод диагностики причины кишечной непроходимости, проводят рентгеновское исследование с разных ракурсов, затем получают трёхмерное изображение на компьютере. </span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">УЗИ – показывает структурные изменения органов брюшной полости, псевдокисты, кальцинаты в брюшной полости. Потовая проба – определение содержания хлоридов в секрете потовых желёз. Это основной лабораторный метод диагностики муковисцидоза. Тест проводят всем детям с мекониевой непроходимостью.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Тактика лечения мекониального илеуса зависит от тяжести состояния ребенка, наличия или отсутствия осложнений. При неосложненном варианте заболевания проводится промывание кишечника гиперосмолярным раствором (цистографином). Высокое осмотическое давление раствора позволяет «стягивать» в просвет кишечника жидкость из окружающих тканей, тем самым разжижая густые мекониальные массы и способствуя их отхождению. Промывание осуществляется не более 2-3 раз.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При тяжелом общем состоянии ребенка, развитии осложнений или отсутствии эффекта от промывания кишечника гипертоническим раствором выполняют хирургическое вмешательство путем срединной лапаротомии. После вскрытия брюшной полости для упрощения манипуляций уплотненным меконием в просвет подвздошной кишки шприцем вводят цистографин. Далее при помощи эластического катетера, введенного в аппендикс, осуществляют эвакуацию размягченного секрета через анальное отверстие. При неэффективности данной манипуляции показано раскрытие просвета кишки и механическое удаление мекониальных масс с последующим восстановлением целостности пищеварительного тракта. В некоторых случаях формируют проксимальную стому, выводя кишку на переднюю брюшную стенку. При необходимости проводят симптоматическое лечение.</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Специфической профилактики мекониального илеуса и муковисцидоза не разработано. Неспецифические превентивные меры включают в себя медико-генетическое консультирование семейных пар, планирование беременности, регулярное посещение женской консультации, прохождение всех необходимых исследований в период гестации, обследование больных с подозрением на муковисцидоз.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Клиническая картина мекониального илеуса развивается в первые 24-48 часов после родов. В норме у новорожденного первородные каловые массы отходят на первые, редко – на вторые сутки. При данной форме муковисцидоза отхождения кала не происходит. Примерно через 1-2 дня ухудшается общее состояние ребенка – он становится беспокойным, нарушаются сон и аппетит, возникает необоснованный плач. На 2 день (иногда – с момента рождения) появляется срыгивание, частая рвота желудочным содержимым, нередко – с примесью желчи или фекальных масс. Спустя некоторое время возникают бледность и снижение тургора кожных покровов, расширение вен передней брюшной стенки и вздутие живота. Ребенок постепенно становится апатичным и малоподвижным. Присоединяются синдромы интоксикации и дегидратации: повышение температуры тела, выраженная жажда, сухость кожи, снижение АД, повышение ЧД и ЧСС и т. д. Часто присоединяются интеркуррентные заболевания – пневмонии, бронхиты и другие.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Примерно в 50% случаев мекониальный илеус является причиной атрезии, перфорации или незавершенного поворота кишечника. Это обусловлено заворотом растянутых и ослабленных петель, формированием псевдоклапана и нарушением кровоснабжения стенок пищеварительного канала. При длительной ишемии возникает инфаркт кишечника с последующим заращением просвета (атрезией) или перфорацией кишки, развитием мекониевого перитонита или псевдокисты.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>",
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"standard_type": 0,
"danger": 40,
"published": 1,
"parent": null,
"block_rubric": 173,
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},
{
"id": 7923,
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{
"id": 2624,
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{
"name": "спазм кишечника"
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{
"name": "Изменения в деятельности кишечника"
},
{
"name": "отсутствие дефикации"
},
{
"name": "задержка дефикации"
}
],
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"lead": "злокачественное опухолевое поражение отделов тонкого кишечника: двенадцатиперстной, тощей или подвздошной кишки.",
"description": "",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Точные причины возникновения онкологических образований в тонком отделе кишечника до сих пор не выяснены. Однако достоверными данными подтверждено, что это заболевание у большинства пациентов развивается на фоне хронических патологий органов желудочно-кишечного тракта, а также при воспалительных процессах, протекающих в различных отделах кишечника. Специалисты предполагают, что возникнуть рак тонкого кишечника может вследствие следующих недугов:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">дуоденит;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">колит;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">энтерит;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">язвенная болезнь;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">болезнь Крона;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">целиакия;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">синдром Пейтца-Егерса;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">доброкачественные образования в кишечнике;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">генетические патологии;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">злокачественные новообразования других внутренних органов.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Риск получить диагноз возрастает при наличии вредных привычек, неправильном питании (при употреблении в пищу красного мяса, острых, жирных и копченых блюд и отсутствии в меню достаточного количества овощей и фруктов – источников пищевых волокон). Спровоцировать преобразование клеток в раковые может и радиоактивное излучение.</span></p>",
"pathogenesis": "",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Диагностика с применением специального оборудования помогает достоверно установить местонахождение злокачественного образования, определить его тип и строение, степень развития и многое другое.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Наиболее информативными методами являются:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">скрининг тест на рак кишечника (кал на скрытую кровь - иммунохимический тест Colon View) помогает обнаружить онкологию на ранней стадии, так как при раке тонкого кишечника явно выраженная кровь в кале появляется только при сильном кровотечении, но чаще всего кровотечения бывают в небольшом количестве, невидимые глазом, поэтому анализ на скрытую кровь в кале, позволяет заподозрить заболевание;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">фиброгастродуоденоскопия;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">контрастная рентгеноскопия;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ирригоскопия;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">колоноскопия;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">гистологическое исследование образцов опухоли;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">УЗИ брюшной полости;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">МКТ брюшной полости и другие (лучше написать просто КТ брюшной полости)</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Также проводят ряд дополнительных лабораторных исследований крови и мочи для определения в организме специфических антигенов, индикана и онкомаркеров.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При операбельности рака тонкого кишечника наиболее эффективно проведение широкой резекции пораженного участка кишки и лимфоузлов, иссечение брыжейки. Протяженность тонкого кишечника позволяет выполнять радикальное удаление опухоли в границах здоровых тканей. Целостность ЖКТ восстанавливается путем наложения энтероэнтероанастомоза (тонкой кишки в тонкую) или энтероколоанастомоза (тонкой кишки в толстую).</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При раке 12-перстной кишки показана дуоденэктомия, иногда с дистальной резекцией желудка или резекцией поджелудочной железы (панкреатодуоденальная резекция). При запущенном раке тонкого кишечника, не позволяющем осуществить радикальную резекцию, производится наложение обходного анастомоза между непораженными петлями кишки. Хирургический этап лечения рака тонкого кишечника дополняется химиотерапией; этот же метод может являться единственным способом лечения неоперабельных опухолей.</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Снизить до абсолютного минимума риск возникновения рака тонкого кишечника невозможно, однако существует ряд профилактических мер, которые помогают избежать формирования опухолей в кишечнике:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Регулярно проходить профилактические осмотры в профильной клинике.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Придерживаться принципов здорового образа жизни и питания.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Вовремя и до конца лечить заболевания желудочно-кишечного тракта.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Ежегодный анализ кала на срытую кровь (тест Colon View, с помощью которого можно достоверно определить скрытую кровь в кале и выявить рак кишечника на ранней стадии).</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Обращаться к врачу при появлении любых тревожных симптомов со стороны системы пищеварения.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Распознать рак тонкого кишечника, симптомы которого меняются в зависимости от стадии заболевания, поначалу очень нелегко, ведь эта разновидность заболевания отличается полным отсутствием симптоматики на начальных этапах развития патологического процесса. Заметные признаки появляются лишь тогда, когда опухоль приводит к появлению язв или сужает просвет кишки.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Симптомы ранней стадии рака:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">тошнота и отрыжка;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">диарея или запор;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">тяжесть в желудке;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">вздутие живота;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">боли в животе спастического характера.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">По мере роста опухоли клиническая картина расширяется, и к озвученным симптомам добавляются сложности с опорожнением из-за ложных позывов к дефекации и/или частичной или полной непроходимостью кишечника, кишечные кровотечения и сильные боли в животе.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Наряду с этим у больных возникает ряд общих симптомов:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">нарастающая слабость;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">утомляемость и общие недомогания;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">потеря аппетита или появление отвращения к пище;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">резкая потеря в весе;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">анемия и возникшая вследствие нее бледность кожных покровов и слизистых;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">головокружение;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">стойкое повышение температуры тела до субфебрильных значений.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
"image": null,
"image_alt": null,
"standard_type": 0,
"danger": 68,
"published": 1,
"parent": null,
"block_rubric": 22,
"standards": []
},
{
"id": 8072,
"symptoms": [
{
"id": 2624,
"synonyms": [
{
"name": "спазм кишечника"
},
{
"name": "Изменения в деятельности кишечника"
},
{
"name": "отсутствие дефикации"
},
{
"name": "задержка дефикации"
}
],
"body_points": [
{
"x": 464,
"y": 4439,
"r": 547
}
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"code": "A05.1",
"name": "Ботулизм",
"icd_name": "Ботулизм",
"gender": 0,
"age_min": 1,
"age_max": 100,
"cause": [
"2",
"7"
],
"periodicity": 1,
"slug": "a05.1_botulizm",
"lead": "острое инфекционное заболевание, вызываемое токсином Clostridium botulini, который поражает нервную систему организма, нарушая нервно-мышечную передачу",
"description": "<p>Ботулизм - <span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">острая инфекционная болезнь преимущественно с фекально-оральным механизмом передачи, развивающаяся в результате употребления пищевых продуктов, в которых произошло накопление токсина возбудителя, блокирующего передачу нервных импульсов.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Главная причина кроется в попадании токсина в человеческий организм вместе с пищей.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Так как возбудитель предпочитает бескислородную среду, то консервы с грибами, мясом, овощами или рыбой, произведенные с нарушением термической обработки, – основные источники ботулинического токсина.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Ядовитые продукты не отличаются по вкусу и запаху. Заподозрить присутствие микроорганизма можно при вздутии крышки у банок или консервов.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Основные продукты питания, которые могут вызвать ботулизм:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: 36pt;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">грибная консервация;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: 36pt;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">консервы с бобовыми;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: 36pt;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">вяленая или копченая рыба;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: 36pt;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">мясная или колбасная продукция;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: 36pt;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">домашние консервы;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Также палочка ботулизма может попасть в организм через органы дыхания или через большие раневые поверхности. Во втором случае размножение анаэробов происходит в омертвевших тканях.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Сначала ботулотоксин попадает в желудок и кишечник, затем всасывается в кровь, а далее поражает отделы нервной системы.</span></p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Входные ворота инфекции — слизистая выстилка желудочно-кишечного тракта и повреждённые кожные покровы.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Главенствующая роль в патогенезе принадлежит ботулотоксину. При алиментарном заражении (через пищу) ботулотоксин совместно с активной формой бактерии попадает в организм человека. Ботулотоксин активно всасывается сначала через слизистую оболочку полости рта, затем через слизистую ЖКТ. После его поступления из желудка и тонкой кишки он проникает в лимфатическую и кровеносную систему и далее с током лимфы и крови попадает во все органы и ткани.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Ботулотоксин обладает способностью крепко объединяться с рецепторами нервных клеток, блокируя высвобождение ацетилхолина (нейромедиатора нервной системы) в щель синапса (места соединения с нейроном). Из-за этого нарушается нервно-мышечная передача в холинергических нервных волокнах, в результате чего возникают парезы и параличи.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Нарушение вентиляции усугубляет парез мышц глотки и гортани, скопление вязкой слизи в над- и подсвязочном пространстве, вдыхание рвотных масс, пищи и воды. Влияние ботулотоксина обратимо, так как органы при этом не повреждаются, поэтому со временем (при устранении токсина) двигательная активность полностью восстанавливается.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Из-за функционального нарушения вегетативной иннервации пищеварительные железы выделяют недостаточно слюны и желудочного сока, развивается выраженный парез желудочно-кишечной системы, на фоне сниженной выработки слюны воспаляется слизистая оболочка полости рта (гнойный паротит). Активные формы бактерии ботулизма, поступившие в организм человека с едой, продолжают вырабатывать токсин, и его постоянное поступление в кровь усугубляет токсический эффект.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для диагностики ботулизма выполняются следующие исследования:</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: 36pt;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Анализ газового состава крови, т. е. определение процентного содержания кислорода и углекислого газа, а также исследование pH крови. Для выполнения анализа берут артериальную кровь.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: 36pt;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Обнаружение ботулотоксина в сыворотке крови больного с помощью реакции нейтрализации антитоксическими сыворотками путём биопробы на белых мышах.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: 36pt;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Бактериальный посев содержимого желудка, рвотных масс, испражнений, раневого отделяемого, продуктов на анаэробные питательные среды (Китта-Тароцци, бульон Хоттингера, казеиново-грибную).</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: 36pt;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Серологические реакции — реакция непрямой гемагглютинации (РНГА). Исследование позволяет обнаружить антитела в сыворотке крови.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: 36pt;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Общий анализ мочи и клинический анализ крови неинформативны (изменения только при осложнениях)</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Терапия заболевания включает в себя следующие действия:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: 36pt;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">промывание желудка при помощи специального зонда, чтобы удалить остатки зараженной пищи;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: 36pt;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">кишечный диализ при помощи специального раствора;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: 36pt;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">введение антитоксической сыворотки в соответствии с типом обнаруженных бактерий (А, С или Е);</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: 36pt;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">введение препаратов для инфузионной терапии для ускорения дезинтоксикации, восстановления водно-электролитного баланса, устранения белковых нарушений;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: 36pt;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">введение антибактериальных препаратов;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: 36pt;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">меры по устранению гипоксии и ее последствий;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: 36pt;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">лечение осложнений ботулизма.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В зависимости от тяжести отравления и общего состояния здоровья лечение ботулизма занимает от нескольких дней до месяца. 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},
"code": "A07.1",
"name": "Жиардиаз [лямблиоз]",
"icd_name": "Жиардиаз [лямблиоз]",
"gender": 0,
"age_min": 1,
"age_max": 100,
"cause": [
"2",
"7"
],
"periodicity": 1,
"slug": "a07.1_zhiardiaz_lyamblioz",
"lead": "заболевание, вызываемое простейшими - лямблиями, паразитирующими в тонкой кишке человека",
"description": "<p>Лямблиоз - это <span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">инфекция тонкого кишечника, вызываемая одноклеточным простейшим паразитом лямблией.</span></p>",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Заражение человека происходит оральным путем. Лямблии попадают в организм, преимущественно, при несоблюдении правил гигиены – грязные руки, употребление некипяченой воды, немытых овощей и фруктов в пищу. Переносчиками лямблий являются мухи, потому одной из эффективных мер профилактики лямблиоза остается истребление этих насекомых в помещении.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">После попадания цисты лямблии в организм человека, она превращается в трофозоит (активная форма размножения), начинает размножаться в огромных количествах, заселяя слизистую тонкой кишки (на 10 кв. см может находиться до 1 млн лямблий и более). Параллельно идет обратный процесс: превращение трофозоита в цисту. У цист нет способа прикрепиться к слизистой, поэтому они сразу выходят в толстую кишку и выводятся с фекалиями, длительно сохраняя жизнеспособность во внешней среде.</span></p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Попадая в пищеварительный тракт, цисты лямблий достигают 12-перстной кишки, где превращаются в вегетативные формы. Здесь, а также в проксимальном отделе тощей кишки лямблии прикрепляются к ворсинкам эпителия, вызывая механическое повреждение энтероцитов, раздражение нервных окончаний стенки тонкой кишки, нарушение процесса всасывания. Следствием этих процессов служит развитие воспаления ЖКТ. </span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Доказано, что в процессе жизнедеятельности лямблии выделяют токсин, обладающий тропностью к нервной ткани, что объясняет угнетающее действие на нервную систему. Вследствие сенсибилизации организма при лямблиозе могут развиваться различные аллергические проявления.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">С учетом причины заболевания и имеющихся симптомов врач может назначить следующие виды обследования:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">общий и биохимический анализы крови;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">общий анализ кала;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">копрограмму;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ИФА на антиген в кале;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">микроскопическое исследование кала;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">специфические пробы ДНК.</span></li>\r\n</ul>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лямблиоз требует комплексного поэтапного, часто длительного лечения. В схему терапии могут входить следующие меры:</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">1. Соблюдение диеты, создающей неблагоприятные условия для размножения лямблий (прежде всего, ограничение потребления углеводов — сладостей, мучного).</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">2. Этиотропное лечение противопротозойными средствами.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">3. Прием желчегонных средств, проведение очистительных тюбажей.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">4. Назначение энтеросорбентов, ферментативных препаратов, антигистаминных средств.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">5. Устранение кишечного дисбактериоза с помощью пробиотиков.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">6. Иммуномодулирующая терапия, прием поливитаминных комплексов.</span></p>",
"prevention": "<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">соблюдение личной гигиены (тщательное мытье рук перед едой и приготовлением пищи, после туалета и возвращения с улицы);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">употребление гарантированно безопасной воды и напитков (кипяченая вода, напитки в фабричной упаковке);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">употребление в пищу термически обработанных продуктов, тщательное мытье овощей, фруктов, ягод, зелени и других продуктов, их обработка кипятком перед едой;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">обследование и лечение цистоносителей и больных лямблиозом. Это особенно актуально для членов семьи, где выявлен больной лямблиозом и для детских коллективов.</span></li>\r\n</ul>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Кли­ничес­кая кар­ти­на лям­бли­оза разно­об­разна. Те­чение за­боле­вания за­висит от свой­ств па­рази­та и защитной ре­ак­ции ор­га­низ­ма. В большинс­тве слу­ча­ев ин­фекция протека­ет бес­сим­птом­но. За­боле­вание мо­жет на­чать­ся вне­зап­но или с постепен­но уси­лива­ющи­мися жалобами (при­мер­но 1-3 не­дели пос­ле за­раже­ния). В за­виси­мос­ти от поражён­ной об­ласти же­лудоч­но-кишечно­го трак­та и им­мунно­го ста­туса па­ци­ен­та кар­ти­на сим­пто­мов ме­ня­ет­ся.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">На­ибо­лее рас­простра­нен­ны­ми симптомами яв­ля­ют­ся бо­ли в жи­воте (обыч­но пос­ле еды) и ди­арея (различной сте­пени тя­жес­ти). Мо­жет до­мини­ровать ре­ак­ция со сто­роны верхних от­де­лов ЖКТ — тош­но­та, рвота, от­рыжка, взду­тие жи­вота, высыпа­ния на ко­же. Ос­трая ста­дия болез­ни длит­ся око­ло не­дели с частыми ре­циди­вами. Хро­ничес­кий лям­бли­оз не всег­да име­ет ос­трую фа­зу за­боле­вания. Ди­арея воз­ни­ка­ет ред­ко, ча­ще па­ци­ен­ты жа­лу­ют­ся на жид­кий стул, по­вышен­ный ме­те­оризм с запахом се­ры, по­терю ве­са. В слу­чае по­раже­ния жел­чно­го пу­зыря мо­жет воз­никнуть жел­ту­ха. Хро­ничес­кое заболе­вание вы­зыва­ет на­руше­ние всасыва­ния, обез­во­жива­ние, по­терю ве­са, за­дер­жку рос­та у де­тей, в крайних слу­ча­ях, ле­таль­ный ис­ход.</span></p>",
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},
"code": "B34.1",
"name": "Энтеровирусная инфекция неуточненная",
"icd_name": "Энтеровирусная инфекция неуточненная",
"gender": 0,
"age_min": 1,
"age_max": 100,
"cause": [],
"periodicity": 1,
"slug": "b34.1_enterovirusnaya_infekciya_neutochnennaya",
"lead": "группа острых инфекционных болезней, вызываемые кишечными вирусами",
"description": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Энтеровирусные инфекции - это группа инфекционных заболеваний, развивающихся при поражении человека вирусами рода Enterovirus, характеризующаяся многообразием клинических проявлений.</span></p>",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Основные пути передачи инфекции:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">фекально-оральный (при низком уровне гигиены);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">контактно-бытовой (через обсемененные предметы);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">воздушно-капельный (если вирус присутствует в органах респираторной системы);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">вертикальный путь передачи (от инфицированной беременной женщины к ребенку);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">водный (при купании в загрязненных водоемах и поливе растений сточными водами).</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для данной группы острых заболеваний характерны сезонные вспышки в теплое время года (в летнее-осенний период). Восприимчивость к энтеровирусам у человека весьма высока, но после перенесенной инфекции довольно долгое время (до нескольких лет) сохраняется типоспецифический иммунитет.</span></p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Входными воротами чаще являются ротоглотка и тонкий кишечник, иногда носоглотка. В эпителии и лимфатических фолликулах последних происходит внедрение и первичное размножение вирусов, после чего энтеровирусы проникают в кровеносное русло и вызывают генерализацию инфекции — проникают во все органы и ткани, включая ЦНС, где продолжают размножаться и оказывать прямое цитопатическое действие до развития иммунного ответа. </span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В настоящее время возбудитель энтеровирусной инфекции может быть выявлен одним из четырех способов:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Иммунохимический способ основан на определении в крови пациента характерных антигенов.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Серологический метод диагностики позволяет определить инфекцию по наличию маркеров-иммуноглобулинов.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Молекулярно-биологические методики базируются на выявлении фрагментов характерных вирусных РНК.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Вирусологический метод предполагает выявление энтеровируса в биологических жидкостях пациента, фекалиях или смывах со слизистых оболочек.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Изменения в общем анализе крови:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">незначительный лейкоцитоз;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">гиперлейкоцитоз (редко);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">нейтрофилез (на ранней стадии);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">эозинофилия и лимфоцитоз (по мере прогрессирования заболевания).</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Общий подход к лечению энтеровируса заключается в соблюдении пациентом постельного режима с обильным питьем для исключения обезвоживания организма. Пациенту нужно обеспечить покой, нормальную влажность в помещении и регулярное проветривание с целью поступления свежего воздуха.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Больному показан прием жаропонижающих препаратов для снятия лихорадки и витаминных комплексов для общего укрепления защитных сил организма.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Рекомендуется щадящая диета, состоящая из жидкой пищи, а также отварных или приготовленных на пару блюд. Нежелательны жареные, острые, копченые и соленые продукты, особенно при наличии симптомов нарушения работы пищеварения.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Прием медикаментозных средств зависит от формы, по которой протекает заболевание:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">антисептики для орошения горла – при ОРЗ и катаральной форме болезни;</span></li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">глазные противовоспалительные капли – при конъюнктивите;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">антибиотики – если присоединилась вторичная инфекция;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">сорбенты — при нарушениях деятельности системы пищеварения;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">антигистаминные препараты — при появлении аллергических высыпаний;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">нестероидные противовоспалительные средства – для устранения высокой температуры.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Обычно лечение энтеровируса проводится на дому. Госпитализации подлежат больные при менингите, развитии осложнений, таких как пневмония, дыхательная недостаточность, тяжелые поражения почек.</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">К профилактическим мерам относятся:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">выявление и изоляция больных на ранних стадиях заболевания;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">регулярное мытье рук, особенно после посещения уборной, перед принятием пищи, после возвращения с прогулки;</span></li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">употребление в пищу продуктов, прошедших термическую обработку, а также исключение из употребления некипяченой воды из-под крана;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">осуществление влажной уборки помещений, поддержка оптимальной влажности воздуха;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">воздержание от посещения мест массового скопления людей в период эпидемиологических вспышек;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">тщательное мытье посуды после приема пищи;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">соблюдение общих правил укрепления иммунитета.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Следует воздерживаться от поездок в теплые регионы, в периоды неблагоприятной эпидемиологической обстановки. При купании в бассейне необходимо следить за тем, чтобы вода не попадала в ротовую полость.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Инкубационный период заболевания может варьировать и длиться от нескольких дней до месяца, в среднем он составляет 7-10 дней. Поскольку в ходе заболевания могут поражаться различные ткани, симптоматика бывает разнообразной.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Общие симптомы болезни, которые наблюдаются у детей и взрослых:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">повышение температуры тела до 39-40 градусов;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">воспаление носоглотки;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">высыпания на теле;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">тошнота, рвота, диарея;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">общая слабость, головная боль, ощущение разбитости как признаки общей интоксикации организма.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В классификации выделяют изолированные формы заболевания (с одной направленностью поражения) и атипичные, со стертой или слабовыраженной симптоматикой. По течению энтеровирус может быть острым, с резким началом и быстро нарастающей симптоматикой, а также затяжным, сопровождающимся периодами обострения. Не исключено наслоение вторичной инфекции и различных осложнений, особенно на фоне хронических заболеваний.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">К типичным формам заболевания относятся:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">энтеровирусная ангина – воспаление миндалин, появление пузырьков и эрозий на слизистых оболочках на фоне общей интоксикации организма;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">эпидемическая миалгия – боли в мышцах грудной клетки;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ОРЗ энтеровирусного происхождения – кашель, боль в горле, воспаление шейных лимфоузлов;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">энтеровирусная лихорадка или «летний грипп» - непродолжительное повышение температуры, дискомфорт в животе, покраснение слизистых ротоглотки, общая слабость;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">серозный менингит – сильные распирающие головные боли, тошнота, рвота, светобоязнь, ригидность мышц шеи;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">энтеровирусная диарея – вздутие живота, нарушение пищеварения, рвота;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; 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"description": "",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Точно определить причину такой патологии медикам не удалось. Тем не менее, существуют теории, которые объясняют опухолевый рост в тканях печени в детском возрасте. Среди причин, которые врачи связывают с возникновением гепатобластомы, можно выделить:</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #304080; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">аномалии внутриутробного развития плода (аденоматический полипоз, болезнь Бекуитта-Видеманна);</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #304080; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">сочетание гепатобластомы с другими детскими новообразованиями (опухоль Вильмса, которая разрушает ткани почек);</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #304080; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">наличие вредных привычек у матери во время беременности, особенно алкоголизма;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #304080; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">прием некоторых гормональных препаратов.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>",
"pathogenesis": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Новообразование обычно поражает правую долю печени, состоит из одного или нескольких узлов беловато-желтого цвета, не имеющих капсулы, свободно прорастающих в печеночную ткань и способных продуцировать желчь. На разрезе неоплазия имеет четко очерченное, дольчатое строение с очагами кровоизлияний и некроза. Гепатобластома возникает из эмбриональных клеток печени и содержит незрелые гепатоциты, находящиеся на разных стадиях развития и неспособные к выполнению нормальных функций. В современной онкологии выделяют эпителиальный и смешанный (эпителиально-мезенхимальный) морфологические типы опухоли.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Эпителиальный тип гепатобластомы характеризуется наличием эмбриональных, фетальных и мелкоклеточных недифференцированных клеточных структур. Опухоли из эмбриональных и фетальных клеток часто содержат очаги экстрамедуллярного кроветворения и сосудистые «озера» (расширенные сосуды, включающие эритроциты и костномозговые клетки). Мелкоклеточный недифференцированный компонент представлен лимфоцитоподобными клетками с высокой митотической активностью.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Смешанный тип гепатобластомы сочетает в себе фетальный и/или эмбриональный виды гепатоцитов с компонентами мезенхимы (фиброзной, хондроидной, остеоидной ткани). Смешанный тип новообразования также может содержать тератоидные структуры: островки многослойного плоского или железистого эпителия, поперечнополосатой мышечной ткани, меланинсодержащие клетки.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Диагностика болезни проводится гастроэнтерологом. Врач опрашивает родителей об онкологических заболеваниях ближайших родственников, о симптомах и жалобах на здоровье ребёнка. Чаще всего проблему вызывает наследственный фактор. Затем доктор осматривает пациента, прощупывает брюшную стенку, уделяя повышенное внимание области печени, измеряет температуру тела.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Обязательно учитывается протекание беременности матери, её питание и образ жизни. Возраст пациента может быть различным для проявления первых симптомов. Если женщина принимала наркотики или алкоголь в период вынашивания плода, токсические элементы обязательно попадали в кровь ребёнка.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Затем врач назначает лабораторные исследования. Сюда входят общий и развернутый анализы крови, биохимическое исследование, выявление онкологических маркеров. Назначаются печёночные пробы.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Помимо этого пациент должен пройти следующие исследования:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #304080; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Рентген грудной клетки.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #304080; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">УЗИ и УСГ брюшной полости.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #304080; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для диагностики метастазов в различных частях организма назначают МРТ и КТ. Ранний возраст ребёнка является причиной проведения диагностики под наркозом.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #304080; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Проводят биопсию тканей печени. Результат несёт много информации и распознаёт рак.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #304080; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Ангиографическое исследование печени и других сосудов.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #304080; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Сцинтиграфия печени. Она определяет вид и дальнейшее лечение опухоли.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Диагностика направлена на выяснение возникновения новообразования и интенсивности его развития. Врачи проводят всевозможные анализы для нахождения раковых клеток и мест их локализации.</span></p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лечением заболевания занимается ряд врачей: гепатолог, онколог, хирург и гастроэнтеролог. После выяснения всех нюансов: почему возникла онкология, стадия опухоли, состояние больного, наличие метастазов и т.д., назначается операция. Без хирургического вмешательства побороть опухоль невозможно.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Операция направлена на иссечение больных тканей. Способы проведения хирургического вмешательства:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #304080; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Проводится частичная резекция печени. Удаляются поражённые доли. Данный способ называют гепатэктомией.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #304080; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Печёночная лобэктомия. При ней удаляются только небольшие опухоли печени, которая не подвержена циррозу. В дальнейшем доли вырастают заново. Иссечение крупных опухолей чревато рецидивом.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #304080; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Гемигепатэктомия – сложная операция. При вскрытии брюшной полости удаляют повреждённую долю печени и распространившиеся метастазы. Отсекается не один сегмент, а повреждённая половина печени, иногда вовлечена вторая печёночная доля. Этот вид хирургического вмешательства назначается в тяжёлых случаях.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В зависимости от вида операции определяется срок восстановления. Обычно детский возраст позволяет быстро справиться с недугом. Лечение занимает много времени и сил. При грамотном подходе квалифицированного специалиста и дальнейшем обследовании пациентам удаётся избежать рецидивов.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Если рак достиг последней стадии, дополнительно применяют химиотерапию. Она убивает раковые клетки во всех органах.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Запущенные тяжёлые случаи предлагают единственный выход – полное удаление органа. Если донорский орган не удаётся найти до начала операции, после больной будет подключен к гемодиализу. Его ставят в очередь ожидания новой печени. Дети имеют преимущество в силу возраста и восстановительных способностей организма, поэтому новый орган чаще достается молодым пациентам.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Чтобы улучшить послеоперационный период восстановления, пациенту назнача</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для рождения здорового потомства родители должны ответственно подходить к вопросу зачатия. Болезни подвержены дети, зачатые в алкогольном опьянении. Кроме гепатобластомы у такого ребёнка возможны различные отклонения в работе всех систем. При систематическом употрeблении спиртных напитков в период беременности будущая мать умышленно отравляет ребёнка. Этиловый спирт разрушает клетки печени, нарушает её функционирование. </span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Будущим родителям рекомендуется пройти обследование, диагностировать и пролечить обнаруженные заболевания. Просчитать риск возникновения онкологии у малыша.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В первый год жизни нужно систематически посещать педиатра, отслеживать динамику развития ребёнка. </span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Симптомы гепатобластомы без ярко выраженных клинических особенностей. Проблема в том, что маленькие дети не способны рассказать о своих ощущениях и болях, поэтому родителям нужно быть начеку, если:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #304080; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">У пациента отмечается увеличение живота и его уплотнение, особенно в правом подреберье.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #304080; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Кожа имеет бледный или жёлтый цвет.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #304080; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Высокая температура (39 градусов и выше).</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #304080; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Слабость, вялость больного.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #304080; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Отсутствие аппетита, отказ от еды.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #304080; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Резкое похудение.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #304080; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Жёлтый глазной белок.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #304080; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Боли при прикасании к животу, сопровождающиеся плачем.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #304080; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Тёмный цвет мочи.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #304080; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Светлый, иногда белый цвет кала.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Данный вид новообразования развивается быстро и провоцирует рост метастазов в ткани и органы всего тела. Попадая в кровоток, раковые клетки могут поразить костный и головной мозг, лёгкие и органы брюшной полости. При повреждении этих органов у больного возникают дополнительные болевые ощущения и симптомы.</span></p>",
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},
"code": "C26.1",
"name": "Рак селезенки",
"icd_name": "Рак селезенки",
"gender": 0,
"age_min": 40,
"age_max": 100,
"cause": [
"0"
],
"periodicity": 1,
"slug": "c26.1_rak_selezenki",
"lead": "очаговые разрастания морфологически измененной опухолевой ткани в селезеночной паренхиме",
"description": "",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Причины первичной опухолевой трансформации тканей селезенки окончательно не установлены. При вторичных новообразованиях процесс провоцируется системным поражением лимфоидной ткани или метастатическим распространением клеток. Точных доказательств, подтверждающих наследственный характер неоплазии, нет. По мнению специалистов, возможными этиологическими факторами первичных и вторичных селезеночных новообразований являются:</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Воздействие повреждающих факторов. Патологическое разрастание тканей селезенки может происходить под воздействием ионизирующего излучения, инфекционных агентов, вирусов с онкогенным действием. Помимо этого, развитие неоплазии иногда связывают с влиянием полиароматических углеводородов и никотина, обладающих канцерогенным потенциалом. Иногда заболевание возникает на фоне ишемии или прямого повреждения паренхимы селезенки при травмах, а также вследствие паразитарного поражения органа.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Наличие внеселезеночных опухолей. Вторичное опухолевое изменение характерно для злокачественных лимфопролиферативных процессов — лимфогранулематоза, ретикулосарком, лимфолейкоза. В некоторых случаях поражение селезенки является единственным проявлением этих онкологических заболеваний. Метастазы в селезенку наблюдаются редко.</span></p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Основой механизма развития первичных и лимфопролиферативных опухолей селезенки являются неопластическая конверсия клеток и онкогенез. Под действием мутагенных факторов повреждается клеточная ДНК, ткани изменяют антигенный состав, в большей или меньшей мере утрачивают органоспецифическую структуру и функциональность. Из-за нарушения механизмов, контролирующих деление, рост, запрограммированную гибель (апоптоз) клетки селезенки начинают бесконтрольно делиться, формируя узлы патологической ткани. Растущая в объеме опухоль сдавливает, а при злокачественном процессе и прорастает окружающую паренхиму, капсулу, сосудисто-нервную ножку, смежные органы. При метастатическом механизме образования лиенальных неоплазий в формировании структуры патологических очагов участвуют анормальные клетки основного новообразования.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">План обследования пациента с подозрением на опухоль селезенки включает следующие инструментальные и лабораторные методы:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">УЗИ селезенки. При проведении ультразвукового исследования визуализируют структуру паренхимы, оценивают размеры и топографию органа. Иногда дополнительно назначают УЗДГ селезенки, по результатам которого можно судить о кровоснабжении подозрительных узлов, скорости кровотока в селезеночных артериях, венах.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">КТ брюшной полости. Рентгенологическое исследование с болюсным внутривенным введением контрастного препарата помогает отграничить неизмененную паренхиму от некротических очагов, которые не накапливают контраст. Компьютерная томография имеет высокую информативность и обеспечивает обнаружение опухолей в 95% случаев.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Целиакография. Катетеризация чревного ствола, введение контраста с выполнением серии рентгенологических снимков позволяет оценить состояние артерий абдоминальных органов. При наличии опухолей на рентгенограмме обнаруживают бессосудистый участок или новообразованные сосуды в области проекции селезенки, выраженное смещение крупных артерий и вен.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Гистологический анализ. Морфологическое исследование пунктата селезенки назначается для уточнения характера процесса, проведения дифференциальной диагностики между доброкачественными и злокачественными новообразованиями. Основными признаками опухолевого поражения являются наличие атипичных клеток с патологическими митозами, потеря дифференцировки.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В клиническом анализе крови выявляется значительное повышение СОЭ (более 20 мм/ч), резкое снижение количества эритроцитов и гемоглобина. Иногда наблюдается увеличение процентного содержания нейтрофилов. В биохимическом анализе крови определяется уменьшение количества общего белка за счет альбуминов, повышение показателей мочевины. При оценке результатов коагулограммы обнаруживается повышение свертывающей способности крови со склонностью к тромбозам. При затруднениях в постановке диагноза может выполняться МРТ органов брюшной полости.</span></p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Если нет серьезных противопоказаний к проведению операции, то опухоль селезенки удаляется посредством хирургического вмешательства. При выборе хирургической тактики учитывают морфологическое строение неоплазии, ее размеры, расположение, взаимоотношение с окружающими органами. </span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Если опухоль селезенки имеет вторичный характер и возникла на фоне какого-либо онкологического процесса в других органах и тканях также потребуется проведение терапии основного заболевания. Объем операции и метод хирургического вмешательства зависит от размеров, расположения (центральная, периферическая), от тяжести состояния пациента по сопутствующей терапевтической патологии. Для лечения опухолей выполняют резекцию органа, спленэктомию, при злокачественных поражениях в послеоперационном периоде проводят химиотерапию.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Рекомендованными видами вмешательств являются:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Резекция селезенки. Органосохраняющие операции производят только для удаления небольших доброкачественных опухолей.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Спленэктомия. Удаление селезенки необходимо при массивных доброкачественных неоплазиях, поразивших большую часть пульпы, злокачественных процессах. Предпочтителен менее травматичный лапароскопический метод операции. Пациентам со злокачественными образованиями после операции назначают химиотерапию.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лечение опухолей, возникших в рамках лимфопролиферативных процессов или метастатического поражения селезенки, производится по соответствующим медицинским протоколам и предполагает назначение лучевой, таргетной, химиотерапии.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Вопрос об удалении селезенки в каждом случае решается индивидуально, у некоторых пациентов спленэктомия оказывает положительный эффект на течение основного заболевания.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"prevention": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Способы специфической профилактики пока не разработаны, однако при появлении первых симптомов следует обратиться к специалисту. При доброкачественных процессах удаление опухоли обычно позволяет добиться полного излечения пациента. Своевременная диагностика и адекватное комбинированное лечение злокачественных новообразований селезенки на ранних стадиях существенно увеличивает благоприятный прогноз и шансы на выздоровление.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В ходе некоторых исследований была обнаружена связь между хроническим гепатитом C и B-клеточной неходжкинской лимфомой. Принятие мер по предотвращению гепатита С может помочь пациентам снизить риск этого заболевания.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При малых размерах опухолей заболевание длительное время протекает бессимптомно с минимальной выраженностью клинических проявлений. У пациента наблюдается синдром «малых признаков»: утомляемость, слабость, ухудшение работоспособности, потеря аппетита, депрессия, снижение массы тела. По мере прогрессирования опухоли (вплоть до разрыва селезенки) пациента начинают беспокоить боли постоянного характера, возникает тяжесть в области левого подреберья, чувство распирания, асимметрия и увеличение живота, длительная субфебрильная температура, болезненные ощущения в левых отделах брюшной полости. Иногда боль иррадиирует в левое надплечье и плечо. При значительном увеличении размеров селезенки и вовлечении в процесс соседних органов могут наблюдаться расстройства мочеиспускания, не поддающаяся медикаментозной терапии артериальная гипертензия, отеки нижних конечностей.</span></p>",
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"name": "Боль в суставах ",
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},
"code": "C45.1",
"name": "Мезотелиома брюшины",
"icd_name": "Мезотелиома брюшины",
"gender": 0,
"age_min": 50,
"age_max": 100,
"cause": [
"0"
],
"periodicity": 1,
"slug": "c45.1_mezotelioma_bryushiny",
"lead": "злокачественная опухоль, исходящая из клеток мезотелия серозного покрова брюшной полости",
"description": "",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Считается, что развитие мезотелиомы брюшины и других локализаций напрямую связано с длительным и интенсивным контактированием человека с асбестом. Асбест – тонковолокнистый минерал класса силикатов, часто использующийся в строительной отрасли, металло-, стекло-, авто­промышленности и других отраслях производства. Асбестовая пыль очень опасна; ее вдыхание может послужить причиной развития рака легких, асбестоза, мезотелиомы и других заболеваний. При этом от момента контакта с асбестосодержащими материалами до начала болезни могут пройти десятки лет. Среди других факторов не исключается влияние ионизирующего излучения, вирусной инфекции, контакта с силикатами, парафинами.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В зависимости от типа роста мезотелиома брюшины может носить локализованную (узловую) или диффузную форму. В первом случае мезотелиома имеет вид ограниченного узла, исходящего из париетального или висцерального листка брюшины. При диффузной форме мезотелиома имеет инфильтративный рост без четких границ и распространяется по всей поверхности брюшины. Диффузные мезотелиомы брюшины составляют около 75% всех наблюдений и характеризуются более злокачественным течением.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Прогрессирование мезотелиомы брюшины обычно сопровождается накоплением серозного или геморрагического экссудата в брюшной полости и развитием асцита. При мезотелиоме плевры выявляется плеврит, мезотелиоме перикарда – перикардит.</span></p>",
"pathogenesis": "",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для постановки диагноза необходимо комплексное инструментальное обследование и лабораторное подтверждение мезотелиомы брюшины. Гастроэнтеролога или онколога всегда должен настораживать анамнез жизни пациента, указывающий на имевшийся контакт с асбестом (работа на стройке, проживание в районе асбестоцементных заводов, наличие в доме материалов из асбеста и т. д.).</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При подозрении на мезотелиому брюшины выполняется УЗИ брюшной полости, МСКТ, позволяющие выявить наличие асцита и признаки опухолевого процесса. Для точного подтверждения диагноза необходимо проведение лапароцентеза с целью забора и исследования асцитический жидкости. Если злокачественные клетки в экссудате не обнаруживаются, прибегают к диагностической лапароскопии (лапаротомии) и забору биоптата с его последующим морфологическим исследованием. Определение гистологического типа мезотелиомы брюшины имеет важное значение для прогноза и подбора противоопухолевого лечения.</span></p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Оптимальным методом лечения узловых форм мезотелиомы брюшины является радикальное хирургическое удаление опухоли. С целью эвакуации асцитической жидкости проводятся процедуры лечебного парацентеза.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При диффузных процессах показана лучевая терапия, химиотерапия или их сочетание. Химиотерапевтические препараты в различных сочетаниях (доксорубицин, метотрексат, цисплатин, винорелбин и др.) вводятся как внутривенно, так и непосредственно в брюшную полость – внутриперитонеально. Лучевая терапия может проводиться в качестве самостоятельного лечения, паллиативной помощи, вспомогательного лечения после операции для подавления роста опухолевых клеток.</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для предотвращения развития мезотелиомы брюшины рекомендуется избегать контакта с асбестом на производстве и дома.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">На ранней стадии патологии симптоматика рассматриваемого заболевания малоспецифична. Со временем, когда болезнь существенно прогрессирует, начинают проявляться и симптомы мезотелиомы брюшины, к которым относят:</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Абдоминальные (касающиеся области живота) боли.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Подташнивание.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Слабость.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Возникновение позывов к рвоте.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Асцит (или как ее еще называют брюшная водянка) — скопление свободной жидкости в брюшной полости.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Больной начинает терять вес.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Наблюдаются нарушения в желании покушать (потеря аппетита).</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Постепенно экссудата накапливается в брюшине, увеличивая свои размеры, что приводит увеличение размерных параметров живота.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Происходит нарушение пищеварения: запоры сменяются послаблением стула и наоборот.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Появляется одышка.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Становятся заметными отеки.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Если больной страдает на узловую мезотелиому, онколог при пальпации способен распознать весьма подвижное опухолевое новообразование.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Иногда появляются признаки частичной кишечной непроходимости.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Известны случаи обострения артралгии – изолированной болевой симптоматики, возникающей в мелких суставах.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При запущенной клинической картине метастазы можно обнаружить как в близлежащих лимфатических узлах, так и в костном или головном мозге, печени, сердце, легких, кишечнике.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Перманентный субфебрилитет – стойкое повышение температурных показателей тела.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>",
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},
"code": "C83.7",
"name": "Опухоль Беркитта",
"icd_name": "Опухоль Беркитта",
"gender": 0,
"age_min": 1,
"age_max": 100,
"cause": [
"0"
],
"periodicity": 1,
"slug": "c83.7_opuhol_berkitta",
"lead": "опухоль высокой степени злокачественности, относящаяся к группе неходжкинских лимфом",
"description": "<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-0c61850b-7fff-227a-d62a-b31eeff3d83d\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Первичный очаг может локализоваться не только в лимфоузлах, но и в различных органах и тканях: в костях лицевого скелета, желудке, кишечнике, молочных железах и т. д. Характерен агрессивный местный рост и быстрое метастазирование. </span></span></p>",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Многие врачи считают, что толчком к неправильному развитию тканей становится наличие внутри организма особого вируса под названием Эпштейн-Барр. Также указывают на то, что опухоль развивается из-за значительного снижения защитных функций системы.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Причины, приводящие к развитию лимфомы Беркитта:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Снижение защитных функций организма. Явление связано с воспалительным процессом хронического характера.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Воздействие ионизирующего излучения.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Регулярный контакт с веществами – токсинами. При попадании внутрь организма токсические соединения проникают кровь и накапливаются в органах. Первой страдает печень, поскольку занимается очисткой кровяной жидкости. Часть токсинов откладывается в тканях органа, нарушая нормальное функционирование системы.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Нeблагоприятная экология в районе.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Проживание в районе сильного загрязнения.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Наличие внутренних процессов неопластического вида.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Врачи отмечают, что контакт с пестицидами, гербицидами и другими канцерогенами также становится причиной развития онкологии.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"pathogenesis": "",
"diagnostics": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Диагноз выставляется на основании жалоб, анамнеза, результатов внешнего осмотра и данных объективных исследований. Пациентам с подозрением на лимфому Беркитта выполняют биопсию лимфатического узла с последующим гистологическим исследованием. Назначают ИФА, РТ-ПЦР и ПЦР. Проводят рентгенографию черепа, КТ, МРТ, УЗИ внутренних органов и другие исследования для оценки поражения ЛОР-органов, органов брюшной полости, других органов и систем. По показаниям осуществляют стернальную пункцию.</span></p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Основным методом лечения лимфомы Беркитта является полиохимиотерапия. Поскольку данным заболеванием чаще страдают дети, химиотерапию обычно проводят короткими курсами, чтобы уменьшить риск возникновения отсроченных токсических эффектов (нарушений роста, бесплодия, развития других злокачественных новообразований). Во всех случаях, кроме лимфомы Беркитта I стадии и состояния после радикального удаления опухоли, расположенной в брюшной полости, осуществляют профилактику поражений ЦНС с использованием метотрексата, преднизолона и цитарабина.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Химиотерапию дополняют приемом иммуномодуляторов и противовирусных средств. Назначают большие дозы интерферонов, фоскарнет и ганцикловир. Возможность применения других противовирусных препаратов для лечения лимфомы Беркитта пока находится в стадии изучения. В некоторых источниках сообщают об использовании комбинации химиотерапии и лучевой терапии, однако, исследования показывают, что облучение не повышает эффективность терапии с использованием лекарственных препаратов.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Радикальное хирургическое удаление опухоли, расположенной в брюшной полости или забрюшинном пространстве, рассматривается как вспомогательный метод лечения лимфомы Беркитта, улучшающий качество жизни пациентов, но не оказывающий влияния на прогноз. Операции при опухолях челюстей (даже сопровождающихся выраженной деформацией) не показаны из-за обильной васкуляризации лимфомы Беркитта и высокого риска развития массивного кровотечения. Иногда хороший эффект дает своевременная пересадка костного мозга.</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Профилактика лимфомы Беркитта на разработана.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Проявления лимфомы Беркитта зависят от того, где она находится. Опухоль может локализоваться как в лимфатических узлах, так и в различных органах, в которых имеется лимфоидная ткань (экстранодальные поражения). Для лимфомы Беркитта более характерна экстранодальная локализация. Наиболее распространенные проявления формы заболевания, связанной с иммунодефицитом:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При поражении подкожных лимфатических узлов появляется опухоль, которую можно увидеть и прощупать. Обычно она безболезненная и быстро растет.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При лимфомах в брюшной полости беспокоит дискомфорт, боль в животе, тошнота, увеличение живота, боли в спине, диарея. Могут возникнуть симптомы кишечной непроходимости, желудочно-кишечного кровотечения.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При лимфомах красного костного мозга опухолевые клетки вытесняют нормальную кроветворную ткань. В итоге снижается количество всех клеток крови. Чаще всего таких пациентов беспокоит одышка, постоянное чувство усталости, повышенная кровоточивость, которая проявляется в виде синяков.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Общие симптомы включают потерю веса (до 10 кг и более за месяц), беспричинные повышения температуры тела, потливость по ночам, зуд во всем теле. Эти проявления называются B-симптомами.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Спорадические лимфомы Беркитта чаще всего находятся в брюшной полости, реже в области головы, шеи. В редких случаях отмечается поражение челюсти, красного костного мозга, средостения, центральной нервной системы, яичек, кожи, щитовидной железы и молочной железы.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Эндемическая форма обычно проявляется в виде поражения челюсти, мочеполовой системы или отека вокруг глаз.</span></p>",
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},
"code": "E73.9",
"name": "Непереносимость лактозы неуточненная",
"icd_name": "Непереносимость лактозы неуточненная",
"gender": 0,
"age_min": 0,
"age_max": 100,
"cause": [
"0"
],
"periodicity": 1,
"slug": "e73.9_neperenosimost_laktozy_neutochnennaya",
"lead": "неспособность переваривать лактозу, часто связанную с недостаточностью фермента лактазы",
"description": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Непереносимость лактозы — неспособность организма переваривать молочный сахар. Для расщепления лактозы на простые сахара или моносахариды в тонком кишечнике должен вырабатывать фермент под названием лактаза. Непереносимость лактозы характеризуется чрезмерным газообразованием, судорогами и диареей. Проявления болезни возникают, как правило, после употребления молочных продуктов.</span></p>",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Некоторые причины непереносимости лактозы хорошо известны. Первичная лактазная недостаточность – состояние, которое развивается с течением времени. Примерно после 2 лет организм начинает вырабатывать меньше лактазы. Вторичная лактазная недостаточность возникает, когда повреждение тонкого кишечника или некоторые заболевания пищеварительной системы снижают количество вырабатываемого фермента. К таким заболеваниям относятся:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #092148; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">целиакия (глютеновая недостаточность);</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #092148; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">воспаление кишечника;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #092148; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">болезнь Крона.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Исследователи выявили генетическую связь непереносимости лактозы. Некоторые люди рождаются с вероятностью развития первичной лактазной недостаточности, потому что она была передана им генетически (унаследованная от родителей). Это открытие может быть полезно при разработке диагностического теста для выявления людей с этим заболеванием.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Дети, рожденные преждевременно, чаще страдают непереносимостью лактозы, поскольку уровень лактазы не повышается до третьего триместра беременности женщины.</span></p>",
"pathogenesis": "",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для постановки точного диагноза используются лабораторные исследования: дыхательный водородный тест, анализ крови на сахар, исследование кислотности стула. Исследование активности фермента в ткани с помощью биопсии тонкой кишки считается менее чувствительным методом.</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Анализ крови</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Активность фермента можно проверить с помощью определения уровня глюкозы в крови после употребления 50 граммов лактозы (количество лактозы в литре молока). Уровень сахара в крови будет проверяться каждые 30 минут в течение двух часов. Если уровень сахара не повышается, скорее всего, это будет свидетельствовать о гиполактазии.</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ПЦР тест</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В последние годы была предложена проверка генотипа с помощью ПЦР в реальном времени. Такой тест имеет высокую специфичность для гиполактазии и широко используется.</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Тест на кислотность стула</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Кислотность стула измеряется в образце фекалий, немедленно принесенном в лабораторию. Если в стуле присутствует кислота, то лактоза, вероятно, переваривается неправильно. Это наиболее предпочтительный метод для младенцев.</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Дыхательный водородный тест</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Это надежное, но длительное исследование, которое заключается в определении количества водорода в выдыхаемом воздухе. На протяжении нескольких часов пациент делает серию глубоких выдохов, которые затем необходимо повторить после употребления 50 гр лактозы. Повышение концентрации водорода через 2 часа после воздействия указывает на дефицит фермента, разлагающий молочный сахар.</span></p>",
"treatment": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Медикаментозная терапия как таковая не используется. Основа лечения — правильно подобранная диета. При расстройствах желудочно-кишечного тракта могут назначаться противорвотные средства, миотропные спазмолитики, препараты для улучшения моторики кишечника и стабилизации стула.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для людей, страдающих непереносимостью молока, существует несколько вариантов питания. Некоторым можно употреблять продукты молочного брожения — кефир, йогурт, творог, сыр. При значительном дефиците лактазы следует отдавать предпочтение специальным продуктам — например, безлактозному молоку. Также можно принимать фермент лактазу в виде таблеток непосредственно при употреблении молочных блюд.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Норма лактозы, которую можно употреблять без вреда для здоровья, является индивидуальной. При тяжелой непереносимости молока допускается не более 1 г молочного сахара в сутки. При нарушении средней тяжести — не более 10 г.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Составлять диету нужно с учетом состава. Обратите внимание, что есть продукты, в которых:</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #666666; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">молочный сахар является естественным ингредиентом: сухое и цельное молоко, сыр, творог, пахта, кумыс, сыворотка, сметана, сливки;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #666666; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">лактоза присутствует в связи с особенностями производства: колбасные изделия, варенье, джем, супы и картофельное пюре быстрого приготовления, хлеб, бисквиты, горчица, майонез, кетчуп, шоколад, какао;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #666666; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">лактоза отсутствует: фрукты, овощи, чай, кофе, рис, гречка, пшеница, кукуруза, макаронные изделия, соевые продукты, бобовые, яйца, орехи, растительные масла, вино, пиво.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>",
"prevention": "<p><span style=\"font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.33333px; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При непереносимости лактозы может быть рекомендовано соблюдение безлактозной/низколактозной диеты или использование препаратов лактазы</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Тяжесть симптомов зависит от количественного содержания лактозы и степени индивидуальной переносимости. Некоторые категории пациентов могут быть чувствительны к чрезвычайно малому количеству лактозы, в то время как другие могут съесть большее количество, прежде чем возникнут признаки болезни.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Симптомы лактозной непереносимости включают:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #092148; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">тошноту;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #092148; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">судороги;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #092148; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">газообразование;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #092148; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">вздутие живота;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #092148; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">диарею.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Характерные проявления отмечаются в течение промежутка времени от 30 минут до 2 часов после употребления молока или молочных продуктов. Симптомы возникают из-за того, что организм вырабатывает недостаточно лактазы, чтобы «переработать» потребляемую лактозу.</span></p>",
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},
"code": "E84.9",
"name": "Кистозный фиброз неуточненный",
"icd_name": "Кистозный фиброз неуточненный",
"gender": 0,
"age_min": 0,
"age_max": 100,
"cause": [
"0"
],
"periodicity": 1,
"slug": "e84.9_kistoznyy_fibroz_neutochnennyy",
"lead": "наследственное заболевание, при котором нарушаются функции желёз внешней секреции",
"description": "<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-d3e4f072-7fff-3795-c544-2a97c6d0824c\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Кистозный фиброз или муковисцидоз – это мультисистемное, наследственное, опасное для жизни заболевание, характеризующееся поражением экзокринных желез, а также жизненно важных органов и систем: дыхательных путей, желудочно-кишечного тракта, поджелудочной железы, печени, слюнных и потовых желез, репродуктивной системы. </span></span></p>",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Муковисцидоз у ребенка может возникнуть в том случае, если оба родителя являются гетерозиготными носителями мутировавшего гена - вероятность заболевания в этом случае составляет 25%. Носители гена муковисцидоза фенотипически здоровы и в подавляющем большинстве случаев не подозревают об отягощенной наследственности до тех пор, пока у них не родится ребенок с данным заболеванием.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Патогенез муковисцидоза легких связан с невозможностью дефектного белка МВТР выполнять свою функцию хлоридного канала и, как следствие, нарушением водно-электролитного обмена в эпителиальных клетках бронхов. В клетках начинают накапливаться ионы хлора, вследствие чего меняется их электрический потенциал и внутрь клеток устремляются ионы натрия. Эти процессы сопровождаются усиленным всасыванием воды из межклеточного пространства, резким повышением вязкости бронхиального секрета и затруднением его эвакуации.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Дальнейшее прогрессирование муковисцидоза легких обусловлено обтурацией мелких бронхиол, развитием хронических воспалительных изменений в стенках бронхов. В условиях сопутствующего уменьшения продукции IgА и интерферона, а также фагоцитарной активности лейкоцитов снижается противовирусный иммунитет и местная противомикробная защита. На этом фоне быстро изменяется микробный пейзаж бронхов – в нем начинают преобладать стафилококки, а потом и синегнойная палочка. Развивается эндобронхит и панбронхит, что в дальнейшем приводит к формированию бронхоэктазов, деструкции легочной паренхимы, нарастанию гипоксемии и легочной гипертензии.</span></p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Патогенез муковисцидоза обусловлен мутацией гена CFTR — муковисцидозного трансмембранного регулятора проводимости. Этот ген кодирует белок, который обеспечивает транспорт солей и воды в эпителиальном слое бронхолёгочной системы и в клетках, выстилающих железы, вырабатывающие секрет и выводящие его во внешнюю среду организма. Из-за дефекта структуры белка нарушается перемещение ионов натрия и хлора в клетках, что в итоге приводит к повышенной вязкости секрета экзокринных желез. Происходит увеличение всасывания ионов натрия и дефект секреции хлора, что ведёт к снижению или прекращению выделения жидкости в просвет бронхов. Из-за этого мокрота теряет свою жидкую часть, становится вязкой и густой. Впоследствии это ведёт к тому, что бронхи забиваются вязким секретом.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Таким образом, при муковисцидозе нарушаются функции желёз, которые вырабатывают пот, слизь, слёзы, слюну и пищеварительные соки. Через протоки этих желёз выделения выходят на поверхность тела или в полые органы, такие как кишечник или дыхательные пути. У пациентов с муковисцидозом в этих органах возникают серьёзные изменения, особенно они затрагивают бронхолёгочную систему — вязкий секрет закупоривает мелкие дыхательные пути.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Слизь, выделяемая в дыхательных путях, необходима для удаления из них пыли и бактерий, но при муковисцидозе выработка и структура бронхиального секрета нарушаются. В результате на стенках дыхательных путей развивается хроническое воспаление, которое впоследствии приводит к формированию бронхоэктазов (расширения и деструкции бронхов) и рубцов в лёгочной ткани.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При муковисцидозе страдает не только дренажная функция дыхательных путей, но и клеточный и гуморальный иммунитет. Это происходит из-за нарушений в работе клеток и затруднённого движения ресничек мерцательного эпителия бронхов.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Помимо этого, при муковисцидозе ферменты, вырабатываемые поджелудочной железой, не поступают в кишечник. Они начинают разрушать ткань поджелудочной железы, в результате чего в ней формируются рубцы и кисты. Также необратимо нарушается весь процесс пищеварения. Это приводит к недостаточности массы тела, отставанию в росте и весе, хронической диарее и выпадению прямой кишки.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При муковисцидозе у мужчин отмечается обструкция (непроходимость) семявыносящих протоков, отсюда и высокий процент мужского бесплодия при заболевании.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При обращении к врачу для диагностики муковисцидоза, как правило, возникает необходимость в проведении ряда исследований:</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">анализ крови\u2028 и мочи\u2028 (лабораторный общий анализ); </span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">кала (копрограмма для определения содержания в каловых массах жира, клетчатки, крахмала, мышечных волокон);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">мокроты (миикробиологическое исследование); </span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">бронхоскопии\u2028 для обнаружения патологических изменений в бронхах – бргонхоэктазов; </span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">рентгенографии\u2028 легких для выявления инфильтрата и склерозированных участков; </span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">спирометрии для оценки дыхательной функции; </span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">молекулярно-генетического исследования на наличие генетической мутации, приводящей к развитию болезни; </span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">потового теста – основного исследования, которое определяет содержание ионов натрия и хлора в секрете потовых желез.</span></li>\r\n</ul>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лечение легочной формы муковисцидоза включает общережимные мероприятия и симптоматическую терапию. Питание больных должно быть калорийным, богатым поливитаминами, микроэлементами, белком. Составной частью лечения пациента с муковисцидозом легких становится кинезитерапия: используется специальная дыхательная гимнастика, постуральный дренаж, перкуссионный и вибрационный массаж грудной клетки, помогающие освободить бронхи от скопления густого и вязкого секрета.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">На разжижение мокроты направлена муколитическая терапия: </span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ингаляции с дорназа альфа, ферментами, гипертоническим раствором, кортикостероидами; </span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">введение ацетилцистеина, амброксолгидрохлорида и др. </span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Проводятся процедуры бронхиального лаважа с эндобронхиальным введением муколитиков. При муковисцидозе легких категорически противопоказаны кодеинсодержащие препараты.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Антибактериальная терапия назначается при первых признаках легочной инфекции. Выбор препарата основывается на результатах посева мокроты и антибиотикограммы; чаще всего выбор падает на аминогликозиды, цефалоспорины, азитромицин, кларитромицин и др. Для купирования обострения применяется физиотерапия (электрофорез, УВЧ, СВЧ-терапия), ЛФК. В терминальных стадиях больным муковисцидозом может производиться трансплантация легких или комплекса сердце-легкие.</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Главным способом профилактики является дородовая и неонатальная диагностика. Семейным парам, планирующим рождение ребенка, рекомендуется пройти ДНК-диагностику на носительство мутаций, приводящих к муковисцидозу, с последующей консультацией врача-генетика.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Пренатальная ДНК-диагностика выполняется при заборе околоплодных вод в ранний (13-14 недель) и поздний (16-20 недель беременности) сроки. Обследование проводят для семей, в которых выявлено носительство мутации гена CFTR и имеющих ребёнка больного муковисцидозом.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При муковисцидозе симптомы болезни зачастую видны сразу после рождения ребёнка и проявляются признаками непроходимости кишечника (мекониальным илеусом):</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">выраженное беспокойство и постоянный плач;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">сильное вздутие живота;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">рвота;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">повышенное слюноотделение;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">длительная задержка стула;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">повышенная температура тела;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">частые поносы;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">непереносимость жирной пищи;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">характерный стул — вязкий, липкий, жирный.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Непроходимость кишечника может привести к его перфорации. По статистике, до 70-80 % детей с мекониальным илеусом больны муковисцидозом. Для его исключения каждому новорождённому с кишечной непроходимостью необходимо провести диагностическое обследование.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В возрасте одного года у ребёнка с муковисцидозом может наблюдаться обильный, зловонный стул непереваренной пищей, частый сухой кашель, отставание в физическом развитии и длительная желтуха.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Одним из главных признаков муковисцидоза является повышенная солёность пота. Её замечают родители, когда при усиленном потоотделении на коже ребёнка выделяются крошечные кристаллы соли. Они образуются вследствие повышенной концентрации в потовой жидкости ионов натрия и хлора. Их концентрация увеличивается в результате нарушения транспорта и секреции в клетках, выстилающих потовые железы. При этом потери соли из организма при потоотделении могут превышать её поступление с пищей. При болезни, протекающей с высокой температурой и значительной потерей с потом хлора и натрия, может возникнуть токсикоз и шок.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Иногда признаки заболевания проявляются только в школьном возрасте. Дети с муковисцидозом из-за нехватки питательных веществ страдают дефицитом массы тела и отстают в росте. </span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для заболевания также характерны:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">изменение стула;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">хроническая диарея;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">вздутие кишечника;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">частые гнойные заболевания лёгких неясной этиологии;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">одышка;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">гаймориты и синуситы.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">У заболевших в раннем детстве и доживших до взрослого возраста отмечаются постоянный сухой кашель, вне обострения чаще наблюдается постоянное отделение мокроты от 5-10 мл до 200 мл и более. Характер мокроты — от слизистой до гнойной. Одышка, которая в начале болезни может возникать только при небольшой нагрузке, но со временем усиливается, частые респираторные заболевания и гаймориты. У пациентов выражена задержка роста, фаланги пальцев и ногти изменяются по типу \"барабанных палочек\" и \"часовых стёкол\".</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Грудная клетка чаще бочкообразной формы. Появляется бледность, одутловатость лица и цианоз видимых слизистых.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">У больных может наблюдаться задержка в половом развитии или отсутствие вторичных половых признаков:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">отсутствие волос в подмышечных впадинах и на лобке;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">замедленный рост половых органов;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">недоразвитие молочных желёз у девочек;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">отсутствие менструального цикла.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">У женщин с муковисцидозом снижена фертильность, у мужчин наблюдается азооспермия — отсутствие сперматозоидов в эякуляте.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"image": null,
"image_alt": null,
"standard_type": 0,
"danger": 80,
"published": 1,
"parent": 6281,
"block_rubric": 52,
"standards": [
4821
]
},
{
"id": 11671,
"symptoms": [
{
"id": 2690,
"synonyms": [
{
"name": "Нарушение устойчивости"
},
{
"name": "Падение"
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},
"code": "K29.7",
"name": "Гастрит неуточненный",
"icd_name": "Гастрит неуточненный",
"gender": 0,
"age_min": 10,
"age_max": 100,
"cause": [
"0",
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],
"periodicity": 1,
"slug": "k29.7_gastrit_neutochnennyy",
"lead": "воспаление слизистой оболочки желудка",
"description": "<p>Гастрит - это <span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">воспаление слизистой оболочки желудка, приводящее к нарушению его функции, в особенности секреторной. При наличии у человека гастрита, поступающая пища плохо перерабатывается, что приводит к нарушению всасываемости полезных веществ для организма человека.</span></p>",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Внешние факторы: </span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">заражение организма бактерией Хеликобактер пилори;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">неправильное питание, избыток в рационе фастфуда и полуфабрикатов;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">курение и злоупотребление алкоголем;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">работа на вредном производстве и проживание в экологически неблагоприятном районе;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">продолжительный прием некоторых медикаментозных средств, например, нестероидных противовоспалительных препаратов;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">продолжительные и регулярные стрессы.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Внутренние факторы: </span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">инфекционные заболевания;</span></li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">сбои в функционировании гормональной системы;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">малокровие;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">недостаточная функция почек, легких или сердца;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">нарушение метаболизма;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">генетическая предрасположенность;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">воспалительные процессы в брюшном отделе.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>",
"pathogenesis": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В основе патогенеза лежит воспаление слизистой оболочки, приводящее к её структурной перестройке. При наличии предрасполагающих факторов и воздействии внешних или внутренних причин запускается процесс длительно текущего воспаления.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В основе хронического воспаления лежит круглоклеточная воспалительная инфильтрация нейтрофилами (видами лейкоцитов крови) и другими клетками иммунной системы слизистой желудка. В результате длительно текущей воспалительной реакции запускаются процессы перестройкой структуры слизистой оболочки желудка и развития в ней дисрегенераторных процессов (нарушенной регенерации) с последующим переходом в дистрофию и атрофию. Это в конечном итоге приводит к нарушению функции желудка, проявляющейся гипо- или ахлоргидрией (снижением или отсутствием соляной кислоты в желудочном соке) и желудочной ахилией.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p> </p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Общий клинический анализ крови, мочи</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Анализ кала на копрограмму</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Биохимический анализ крови (печеночные пробы, холестерин, щелочная фосфатаза)</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ЭКГ</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Рентгенография органов грудной клетки в 2-х проекциях</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Рентгенография пищевода, желудка с бариевой смесью</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">УЗИ гепатобилиарной системы</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Суточное мониторирование рН в нижней части пищевода и желудка</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ЭГДС</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Неинвазивные тесты для определения Helicobacter pylori</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Основное лечение при гастрите состоит из соблюдения здорового образа жизни и правильного рационального питания.</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Отказ от употребления алкогольных, сильногазированных напитков</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Снижение массы тела при ожирении</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Отказ от курения</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Исключение приема пищи в больших количествах и в поздние часы</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Медикаментозное лечение: </span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Прокенетики (способствуют ускорению продвижения пищевого комка от пищевода в желудок, в дальнейшем в двенадцатиперстную кишку, повышение тонуса нижнего пищеводного сфинктера) - Домперидон (Мотилак, Мотилиум), Итоприд (Ганатон)</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Антисекреторные препараты (способствуют подавлению секреции соляной кислоты) - ингибиторы протонной помпы (Омепразол, Пантопразол, Эзомепразол, Рабепразол)</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Антациды (Фосфолюгель, Альмагель, Гевискон)</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При обнаруженной контаминации слизистой оболочки желудка H.pylory применяется схема лечения с антибактериальными препаратами.</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p> </p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Отказ от курения и злоупотребления алкоголя.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Соблюдение режима труда и отдыха.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Соблюдение диеты.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Повторные курсы уничтожения Helicobacter pylori (при необходимости).</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Профилактические осмотры врача и диспансеризация.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>",
"clinical_picture": "<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-b4aa32eb-7fff-4b8c-0f53-2255a9d38384\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Первые клинические симптомы появляются через 6-12 часов после воздействия патогенного фактора: потеря аппетита, ощущение неприятного вкуса во рту, слюнотечение, тошнота, отрыжка воздухом и пищей, рвота содержимым желудка с примесью слизи и желчи; рвотные массы обильные, имеют неприятный запах. Иногда рвота повторяется, усиливается слабость, появляются головокружение и головная боль. </span></span></p>\r\n<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-b4aa32eb-7fff-4b8c-0f53-2255a9d38384\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Отмечается урчание, вздутие живота, понос повторяется многократно, слабость прогрессирует, нарастает обезвоживание, а температура достигает 39 градусов и выше. </span></span></p>\r\n<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-b4aa32eb-7fff-4b8c-0f53-2255a9d38384\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При осмотре больной бледен, кожа сухая, язык обложен серо-жёлтым налетом, ощущается неприятный запах изо рта, живот вздут, пальпация живота чувствительна, давление в эпигастральной области может усиливать тошноту. </span></span></p>\r\n<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-b4aa32eb-7fff-4b8c-0f53-2255a9d38384\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Количество мочи, особенно в тяжелых случаях, уменьшено, появляется альбуминурия. </span></span></p>\r\n<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-b4aa32eb-7fff-4b8c-0f53-2255a9d38384\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В анализе крови может отмечаться умеренный нейтрофильный лейкоцитоз. </span></span></p>",
"image": null,
"image_alt": null,
"standard_type": 0,
"danger": 1,
"published": 2,
"parent": 6667,
"block_rubric": 111,
"standards": []
},
{
"id": 11672,
"symptoms": [
{
"id": 2882,
"synonyms": [
{
"name": "выход газов"
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},
"code": "K29.8",
"name": "Дуоденит",
"icd_name": "Дуоденит",
"gender": 0,
"age_min": 1,
"age_max": 100,
"cause": [
"0",
"3"
],
"periodicity": 1,
"slug": "k29.8_duodenit",
"lead": "воспалительное заболевание двенадцатиперстной кишки, чаще только слизистой оболочки",
"description": "<p>Дуоденит - это <span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">острое или хроническое воспаление в двенадцатиперстной кишке – участке пищеварительного тракта, который расположен после выходного отверстия желудка и является начальным отделом тонкой кишки.</span></p>",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Основными факторами считаются:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">частое употребление алкоголя в больших количествах;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">рацион питания, состоящий из жирных, острых и копченых блюд;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">проникновение в организм ядов, например, дуоденит часто обнаруживается у людей, которые отравились грибами;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">глистные инвазии.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">в раннем возрасте из-за слабости гормональной функции кишки или аномалии ее расположения. </span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">присутствие бактерии Helicobacter</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Также дуоденит может вызвать целиакия – патология, при которой нарушается функционирование пищеварительной системы из-за повреждений ворсинок тонкой кишки.</span></p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Механизм развития воспаления ДПК связан с повреждением слизистой стенки кишки поступающим из желудка гиперацидным соком. Повышенная кислотность в совокупности со снижением защитных свойств стенки кишки приводят к раздражению, а затем и воспалению слизистой. Если острое воспаление протекает без ярко выраженной симптоматики, то оно перерастает в хронический процесс, приобретает циклическое рецидивирующее течение, в стенке кишки начинаются дегенеративные и атрофические процессы.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В случае вторичного дуоденита основным патогенетическим звеном развития заболевания является дуоденостаз – следствие функциональных расстройств пищеварения, недостаточная перистальтика, спаечные процессы, компрессионная непроходимость ДПК. Хронические заболевания печени, желчного пузыря и поджелудочной железы вызывают нарушения ферментного баланса, что провоцирует изменение гомеостаза внутренней среды кишечника, снижает защитные свойства эпителия слизистой, становится основой хронического воспаления.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для диагностики заболевания пациенту назначают:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #2b2b2b; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">общий анализ крови и мочи;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #2b2b2b; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">биохимический анализ;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #2b2b2b; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">коагулограмму;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #2b2b2b; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ФЭГДС с биопсией (выявление Helicobacter Pylori);</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #2b2b2b; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">рентгеноскопию желудка и 12-перстной кишки;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #2b2b2b; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">дуоденальное зондирование (исследование характеристик и скорости выработки желчи);</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #2b2b2b; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">копрограмму (обнаружение клеток слизистой оболочки кишечника, непереваренной пищи, соединительнотканных волокон).</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При подозрении на злокачественный процесс проводят биопсию для выявления атипичных клеток.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лечение дуоденита требует строгого соблюдения диетического питания. </span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Меню диеты при остром дуодените: </span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">при дуодените больному назначается диета №1, исключающая продукты, раздражающие слизистую ДПК и желудка.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">в период выздоровления пациента переводят на диету №5 или №4.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Медикаментозное лечение:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">антибактериальные средства в случае дуоденита, вызванного бактерией Хеликобактер Пилори;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">противоинвазионные препараты, если у пациента обнаружены глистные инвазии;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">спазмолитические и обезболивающие лекарства, когда болевые ощущения ярко выражаются;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">антациды, чтобы купировать симптоматику обусловленную избыточной кислотопродукцией;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">секретолики с целью снижения желудочной кислотопродукции;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">холеспазмолитики, чтобы расслабился сфинктерный аппарат.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Иногда лечение дуоденита, помимо диеты и приема препаратов, включает в себя физиотерапевтические процедуры:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">электрофорез;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ультразвук;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">дециметровые волны;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">токи Бернара;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">УВЧ;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">грязелечение.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>",
"prevention": "<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">рациональное питание (прием пищи 4 раза в день), </span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">отказ от вредных привычек, </span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">своевременное лечение хронических заболеваний,</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">профосмотр (раз в полгода).</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Клиническая картина хронического дуоденита различается для различных форм заболевания.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Ацидопептический дуоденит часто сопутствует язвенной болезни желудка и двенадцатиперстной кишки, что обуславливает наличие язвенноподобного синдрома – выраженная болезненность в эпигастрии натощак, в ночные часы или через пару часов после приема пищи.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Дуоденит, сочетанный с энтеритом проявляется в первую очередь кишечными симптомами (нарушения пищеварения, диспепсия, синдром нарушения всасывания).</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При дуоденостазе характерен выраженный болевой синдром – приступообразные, распирающего и скручивающего характера, боли в эпигастральной области, либо в правой половине живота, ощущение вздутия, урчание в животе, горькая отрыжка, тошнота и рвота с желчью.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Клинические формы дуоденита:</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">гастритоподобная (боль в желудке возникает через 15-20 минут после еды, наблюдаются рвота, тошнота, отрыжка, метеоризм, понос, снижение аппетита);</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">язвенноподобная (желудок болит по ночам и, когда пациент хочет есть, может быть горькая отрыжка);</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">панкреатоподобная/холецистоподобная (наблюдается острая выраженная боль, локализующаяся в левом либо правом подреберье, есть признаки диспепсического расстройства, холестаза);</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">нейровегетативная (ярко выражены астеноневротические вегетативные расстройства);</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">смешанная (присутствуют симптомы разных клинических форм дуоденита);</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">бессимптомная (чаще наблюдается у людей преклонного возраста).</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>",
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{
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{
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"name": "Боль выше пупка"
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{
"name": "Боль ниже пупка"
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{
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"name": "Боль в области пупка"
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"name": "Болит живот снизу"
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{
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"description": "<p>Пилоростеноз - это <span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">рубцовое поражение привратника желудка, развивающееся на фоне изъязвления слизистой оболочки органа пищеварительной системы.</span></p>",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Причины приобретённого пилоростеноза</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Пилоростеноз может быть приобретённым. Он встречается редко, в основном у подростков и взрослых. Заболевание также называют идиопатической гипертрофией привратника.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Причиной болезни являются рубцовые изменения, связанные с язвенной болезнью желудка, хроническим гастритом, опухолями нижнего отдела желудка и привратника. Болезнь также может развиваться после ушивания язвы желудка и двенадцатиперстной кишки.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">К другим возможным причинам приобретённого пилоростеноза относятся:</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: 36pt;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">болезнь Крона;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: 36pt;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">туберкулёз и сифилис желудка;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: 36pt;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">рубцевание язв в области привратника или двенадцатиперстной кишки;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: 36pt;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">рубцы после химического ожога;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: 36pt;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">безоары (инородные тела, например комки из волос, случайно проглоченного материала, который не переваривается) — слизистая оболочка желудка выражено раздражается, нарушается его секреторная и моторная функции и затрудняется эвакуация пищи из желудка.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>",
"pathogenesis": "<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-2d2c2538-7fff-6762-6efe-0539414afb32\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Приобретённый пилоростеноз обычно развивается при длительном патологическом процессе (язвенной болезни и др.). Из-за запущенного состояния мышцы теряют свою функциональность и превращаются в плотную соединительную ткань.</span></span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p> </p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">рентгенологический снимок (смотрят, увеличен ли желудок, сужен ли канал, уменьшена ли перистальтическая активность, за какое время проходит эвакуация пищи из желудка); </span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">эзофагогастродуоденоскопия (дает возможность выяснить, сужен или расширен желудок, нет ли деформации); </span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">УЗИ (можно увидеть увеличенный желудок лишь на поздних стадиях); </span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">электрогастроэнтерография — изучение моторной функции (анализирует тонус, сокращения желудка, электрическая активность).</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Заболевание лечат только хирургическим путём. Перед операцией необходимо восстановить водно-электролитное и кислотно-основное равновесие. С этой целью проводится инфузионная терапия — внутривенно капельно вводятся глюкозо-солевые растворы (глюкоза 5 %, 0,9% раствор NaCl, раствор Рингера и т. п.).</span></p>\r\n<p><strong id=\"docs-internal-guid-ed14ecb9-7fff-b1e9-9907-6556207a7e0f\" style=\"font-weight: normal;\"> </strong></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Хирургическое лечение</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При пилоростенозе проводится пилоромиотомия — хирургическое рассечение гипертрофированного привратникового сфинктера. Пилоромиотомия может выполняться открытым (через открытый разрез) или лапароскопическим (через небольшой прокол в животе) способом. Лапароскопия менее инвазивна, поэтому более предпочтительна. Выполняется продольное рассечение серозного и мышечного слоёв стенки желудка в пилорическом отделе, слизистая оболочка не рассекается. Таким образом мышце создают пространство для растяжения, она расслабляется, позволяя желудку продвигать содержимое в кишечник.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Медикаментозное лечение</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Применяются спазмолитики: Но-шпа и Атропин. </span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При приобретённом пилоростенозе к комплексной терапии добавляют антисекреторные препараты (Омепразол, Циметидин, Рабепразол, Ранитидин) и антациды (Маалокс и Фосфалюгель). </span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При необходимости применяются антибактериальные препараты: Кларитромицин, Амоксициллин, Цефтриаксон и др. Могут назначаться седативные средства.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Диета при пилоростенозе</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Взрослым пациентам следует питаться дробно: малыми порциями 5–6 раз в день, одна порция — 250–300 г. Учитывая замедленную эвакуацию пищи из желудка, промежутки между приёмами пищи не должны быть слишком короткими. Чтобы предотвратить выраженное растяжение желудка, не следует запивать еду. Пить можно до 1 л жидкости.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Из рациона полностью исключают острые и маринованные блюда, копчёности, любую раздражающую желудок пищу, пресное тесто, сдобу, сладости и продукты, содержащие грубую клетчатку.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"prevention": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Профилактические меры при этой патологии не существуют. Однако важно, чтобы родители распознали признаки и симптомы заболевания, чтобы ребенок получил медицинскую помощь как можно скорее. Это может предотвратить обезвоживание, потерю веса и недоедание.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Профилактика пилоростеноза может включать консультацию генетика при беременности, особенно если в семье встречались случаи заболевания. Также женщине не следует контактировать с инфекционными больными, чтобы избежать лечения антибиотиками.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Заболевание обладает рядом характерных признаков. Основной — обильная рвота пищей, которую пациент съел накануне или за несколько дней до приступа. При отказе от употребления напитков и еды дети и взрослые могут услышать характерные всплески в области желудка, свидетельствующие о застойных явлениях внутри органа. Третий базовый симптом пилоростеноза — хорошо заметная через переднюю брюшную стенку перистальтика, локализованная в эпигастрии.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Стадия компенсированного пилоростеноза сопровождается приступами боли, ощущениями переполнения желудка, отрыжкой и изжогой. В рвотных массах присутствует соляная кислота. Пациенты всех возрастных групп начинают терять массу тела.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Стадия субкомпенсации приводит к ухудшению состояния лиц, страдающих от пилоростеноза. Взрослые и дети жалуются на острые боли в эпигастральной области, участившуюся рвоту, отрыжку с привкусом протухшей пищи. Пациенты слабеют, их вес существенно снижается.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Этап декомпенсации характеризуется умеренными болями и чрезмерной ослабленностью человека. Кожные покровы пациентов иссушаются и истончаются. Ребёнку или взрослому становится сложно выполнять привычные дела, стоять и ходить.</span></p>",
"image": null,
"image_alt": null,
"standard_type": 0,
"danger": 1,
"published": 1,
"parent": 6669,
"block_rubric": 111,
"standards": []
},
{
"id": 11687,
"symptoms": [
{
"id": 3232,
"synonyms": [
{
"name": "Боль в подвздошной области слева"
},
{
"name": "Боль в подвздошной области справа"
},
{
"name": "Боль внизу живота"
},
{
"name": "Боль над лобком"
}
],
"body_points": [
{
"x": 464,
"y": 4714,
"r": 429
}
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"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Наиболее частая причина образования камней аппендикуляра (около 99% всех случаев) - проникновение фекальных частиц в аппендикс. Реже в отросток попадают осколки желчных камней, которые по желчным путям попадают в двенадцатиперстную кишку и продвигаются дальше по кишечному тракту. Обтурация отростка гельминтами и пищевыми инородными телами (семенами ягод, рыбьими костями) относится к тематическим исследованиям. </span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Высокая заболеваемость камнями в пожилом возрасте обусловлена снижением перистальтики кишечника, уменьшением дефекации. Кополиты в аппендиксе часто образуются у пациентов с хроническими функциональными или органическими запорами. Риск образования аппендикулярных камней повышен у людей с болезнью Гиршпрунга, удлинением толстой кишки, дивертикулезом. Вероятность образования твердых камней, раздражающих стенку аппендикса, увеличивается при обезвоживании.</span></p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При неблагоприятных условиях мелкие частицы мягкого стула проходят через клапан Герлаха в отросток. Перистальтика аппендикса очень слабая, поэтому в нем задерживаются каловые массы. Стенка аппендикса хорошо впитывает воду, а со временем кал подсыхает и затвердевает. В ответ на проникновение инородного тела железы слизистой оболочки аппендикса вырабатывают слизь, которая объединяет отдельные частицы стула вместе с образованием камней. </span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Образовавшийся плотный конгломерат закрывает просвет отростка и вызывает механическое раздражение его стенок. Воспалительная реакция развивается с выраженным обилием сосудов, инфильтрацией лейкоцитов и отеком тканей. Под действием провоцирующих факторов местные патологические процессы переходят в аппендицит. Похожий патогенетический механизм характерен для камней другого происхождения.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Иногда камни в аппендиксе обнаруживаются случайно во время УЗИ или компьютерной томографии, которые делаются по другой причине. Учитывая тот факт, что клинические проявления копролитов в основном возникают при добавлении аппендицита, диагностикой занимается хирург. Обследование пациентов, испытывающих характерные хронические боли, назначает гастроэнтеролог. Компоненты диагностического поиска: </span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Физический осмотр. При пальпации живота правая подвздошная область болезненна; в этой зоне отмечается защитное напряжение мышц живота. О начале воспалительного процесса свидетельствует появление положительных признаков раздражения брюшины, патогномоничных симптомов - Воскресенского, Кохера, Образцова и. </span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">УЗИ органов брюшной полости. При сонографии в просвете отростка обнаруживаются округлые образования, имеющие повышенную эхогенность. Появляются признаки отечности и инфильтрации аппендикса. Сонография недостаточно информативна при избыточном весе или сильном вздутии живота. </span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Рентгенологические методы. На обычном рентгеновском снимке брюшной полости иногда можно увидеть тень камня в проекции углового наконечника. С целью уточнения диагноза рекомендуется рентгеноконтрастное исследование с барием, позволяющее определить размер и положение копролита. В сомнительных случаях прибегают к компьютерной томографии. </span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лабораторное обследование. В общем анализе крови определяется лейкоцитоз со сдвигом влево и повышением СОЭ. Химический анализ крови показывает повышение уровня С-реактивного белка. У пожилых людей гемограмма обычно остается без изменений, реже наблюдается лейкопения.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Медикаментозное лечение рассматривается только при подготовке пациента к операции или в послеоперационном периоде. Самолечение не рекомендуется. Для предотвращения послеоперационных осложнений используются антибиотики широкого спектра действия. С целью устранения интоксикации применяется инфузионная терапия глюкозо-солевыми растворами. </span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Тактика ведения пациента определяется исходя из степени тяжести клинических проявлений и данных инструментальной визуализации. Бессимптомные мелкие камни, которые являются случайными диагностическими находками, не требуют специального лечения. При возникновении воспалительного процесса требуется срочное хирургическое вмешательство, которое проводится после комплекса стандартной предоперационной подготовки. </span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Объем операции зависит от распространенности и запущенности процесса. При неосложненном аппендиците, вызванном камнями, методом выбора является лапароскопическая аппендэктомия. Операция отличается минимальной травматичностью и коротким реабилитационным периодом. При осложненных и деструктивных формах воспаления показана аппендэктомия из открытого или мини-доступа.</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Первичная профилактика камней аппендикса сводится к лечению хронических гастроэнтерологических патологий и устранению запоров.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Мелкие камни, не сопровождающиеся воспалительной реакцией, протекают бессимптомно. При неполной обтурации просвета отростка периодически беспокоит тупая боль справа в подвздошной области. Дискомфортные ощущения усиливаются при наклоне и сдавливании живота тесной одеждой или ремнем. При этом происходит задержка стула и наблюдается вздутие живота. Через некоторое время симптомы исчезнут сами по себе. </span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При полном перекрытии просвета отростка с развитием воспаления человек ощущает резкую боль внизу живота. В первую очередь боль локализуется около пупка, а через 1-2 часа смещается в зону проекции аппендикса. Обычно сильное удлинение с задержкой газа. Возможна однократная рефлекторная рвота. Состояние человека стремительно ухудшается, симптомы интоксикации усиливаются. Температура тела повышается до субфебрильных или фебрильных цифр. </span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Ассоциированные симптомы: Высокая температура тела. Запор. Метеоризм. Рвота. Субфебрильная температура. Фебрильная температура тела.</span></p>",
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},
"code": "K51.0",
"name": "Язвенный (хронический) энтероколит",
"icd_name": "Язвенный (хронический) энтероколит",
"gender": 0,
"age_min": 1,
"age_max": 100,
"cause": [
"0"
],
"periodicity": 1,
"slug": "k51.0_yazvennyy_hronicheskiy_enterokolit",
"lead": "одновременное воспаление тонкой и толстой кишки",
"description": "<p>Энтероколит - это <span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">патологическое состояние желудочно-кишечного тракта, при котором происходит воспаление слизистой тонкого и толстого кишечника.</span></p>",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Энтероколит может иметь инфекционную и неинфекционную природу. К наиболее распространенным инфекциям, поражающим слизистую тонкого и толстого кишечника, относятся:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">кишечная палочка;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">сальмонеллез;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">энтеровирус.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Помимо этого энтероколит может возникать при паразитарной инвазии, проникновении в кишечник простейших:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">описторхоз;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">трихомонады;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">амебные паразиты.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p><strong style=\"font-weight: normal;\"> </strong></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Неинфекционные причины появления кишечной патологии:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">длительное лечение антибиотиками;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">пищевая аллергия;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">отравление;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">нарушение обмена веществ;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">аутоиммунные заболевания;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">патологии органов ЖКТ (например, язвенный колит или секреторная недостаточность поджелудочной железы).</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p><strong style=\"font-weight: normal;\"> </strong></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В последнее время особое распространение получили причины энтероколита, связанные с неправильным питанием современного человека. К заболеванию нередко приводят:</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">частые перекусы «на бегу»;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">злоупотребление алкоголем;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">переедание;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">употребление жирной, жареной, копченой и пересоленной пищи;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">чрезмерное употребление продуктов с высоким содержанием углеводов;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">недостаток необходимых для организма микро- и макроэлементов, поступаемых с пищей.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>",
"pathogenesis": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При данной патологии наблюдается нарушение равновесия между физиологией иммунной системы и нормальной микрофлорой кишечника, в результате чего изменяется макро- и микроструктура слизистой оболочки, процессы регенерации и метаболизма в ней. Основное значение в патогенезе имеет изменение микробиоценоза кишечника, барьерной, секреторной и моторной функций. Нарушается активность мембранных ферментов, транспортных каналов, обеспечивающих поступление воды, ионов, продуктов расщепления белков, жиров и углеводов.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Дисбактериоз приводит к бродильным и гнилостным процессам, в результате которых образуется большое количество кислот, газа, а также эндогенных токсинов, которые также повреждают слизистую оболочку и нервные окончания. Развивается гиперсекреция слизи. Совокупность этих процессов приводит к поддержанию хронического воспаления кишечника и формированию атрофии его слизистой оболочки. При этом патогенез и тяжесть заболевания зависят в большей степени не от причины, а от степени повреждения энтероцитов.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p> </p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">забор общего и биохимического анализа крови;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">анализ кала на химическое и бактериологическое исследование;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">забор мочи;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">колоноскопия, включая биопсию;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">УЗИ брюшной полости и органов таза;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ирригоскопия (рентгенологическое исследование кишечника)</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Терапия зависит от разновидности заболевания, стадии течения и степени поражения слизистой оболочки кишечника. Общим является медикаментозное лечение и диета.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лекарственное лечение энтероколита включает:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Антибиотики. Выбор препарата зависит от того, какой возбудитель стал причиной развития заболевания. Необходимость в проведении антибактериальной терапии возникает только при псевдомембранозном энтероколите.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Противопаразитарные средства. Назначаются в случае глистных инвазий с учетом выявленного паразита.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для улучшения самочувствия больного врач прописывает обезболивающие и спазмолитические препараты. С целью нормализации микрофлоры врач прописывает пре- и пробиотики, содержание энтеро- и бифидобактерии.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Противодиарейные препараты, которые оказывают влияние на моторику кишечника, как правило, не назначаются. При энтероколите допустимы только лекарства адсорбирующего действия, стабилизирующие слизистую оболочку кишечника.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В обязательном порядке назначается диета №4 (3-5 дней), после чего №4 Б и В. после улучшения общего самочувствие рацион питания расширяется для восполнения дефицита микроэлементов и витаминов. Исключить только нужно продукты, к которым имеется индивидуальная непереносимость (глютен, лактоза).</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-cd301701-7fff-8a9a-ac53-f623a53254f3\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Профилактические меры включают исключение антибиотиков без назначения врача. </span></span></p>\r\n<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-cd301701-7fff-8a9a-ac53-f623a53254f3\"></span><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-cd301701-7fff-8a9a-ac53-f623a53254f3\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Нужно исключить употребление непастеризованного молока, недостаточно обработанного мяса и яиц, плохо вымытых овощей и фруктов. </span></span></p>\r\n<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-cd301701-7fff-8a9a-ac53-f623a53254f3\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Профилактика включает соблюдение личной гигиены и прием противоглистных препаратов для предупреждения развития гельминтозов.</span></span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Клиническая картина энтероколита зависит от формы течения и степени тяжести заболевания. Так, острый энтероколит проявляется внезапно, чаще всего сопровождается резкими приступами боли в животе, сильным газообразованием, нарушением стула. Хроническое течение заболевания развивается постепенно, выраженность симптомов изменяется в зависимости от приема пищи, времени суток и т.д. Хроническая форма может протекать бессимптомно, а может проявляться опасным для здоровья обострением.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Острый энтероколит проявляется следующими симптомами:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">жидкий стул (более 10 раз в сутки);</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">сильная боль в области живота;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ощущение тошноты;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">рвота.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Если заболевания спровоцировано попаданием в организм патогенных микроорганизмов, то наблюдаются выраженные признаки интоксикации. У заболевшего человека сильно повышается температура тела, появляется озноб и боль в голове.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">У детей энтероколит может вызывать серьезное ухудшение самочувствия. Возможно появление судорог и даже потеря сознания. При наличии жидкого стула или рвоты возможно обезвоживание и состояние, угрожающее жизни малыша. В таком случае необходима обязательная госпитализации.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Симптомы хронической формы схожи с проявлением острого энтероколита. Обязательно наличие жидкого стула. Иногда понос чередуется с запорами.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Также характерно появление болевых ощущений в области живота. Правда боль при хронической форме менее выражена, чем при острой. Обычно она усиливается перед актом дефекации.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Кроме этого энтероколит хронический имеет следующие симптомы:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">периодически появляющееся чувство тошноты;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">отрыжка;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">вздутие живота;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">нарушение функции пищеварения.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Больной хронической формой имеет бледную кожу, серый цвет лица, тусклые ломкие волосы. Он быстро устает, плохо концентрируется, жалуется на нарушение сна и памяти. Нарушение функции желудочно-кишечного тракта приводит к резкому снижению иммунитета и склонности к присоединению простудных и инфекционных заболеваний.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
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{
"name": "Живот болит"
},
{
"name": "Боли в животе"
},
{
"name": "Боль в левой части живота"
},
{
"name": "Боль выше пупка"
},
{
"name": "Боль ниже пупка"
},
{
"name": "Острые боли в животе"
},
{
"name": "Боль в области живота "
},
{
"name": "Боль в области пупка"
},
{
"name": "Боль в правой жасти живота"
},
{
"name": "Пупок тянет"
},
{
"name": "Болит пупок"
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"name": "Болит живот снизу"
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"name": "Болит живот сверху"
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"name": "Боль в правой части живота"
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"name": "Боль в животе у ребенка"
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"name": "У ребенка болит живот"
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"name": "Острая боль в животе"
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"name": "Резь в животе"
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"lead": "один из видов кишечной непроходимости, при котором происходит закручивание одного из отделов кишечника вокруг своей оси или вокруг оси брыжейки",
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"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Чтобы произошел поворот, должны возникнуть нетипичные, форс-мажорные обстоятельства. Это могут быть внутренние и внешние причины:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">физические: травма живота, удар об воду, резкий поворот тела, вынужденная непривычная поза, сдавление, сотрясение, подъем тяжестей;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">пищевые:</span><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> переедание, особенно после длительного голодания, употребление незнакомой экзотической пищи, большое количество трудноперевариваемой клетчатки в рационе, продолжительный голод;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">органические: спаечные процессы, пупочная грыжа, новообразования, нарушение иннервации кишечника вследствие поражения центральной нервной системы, беременность;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">химические: отравление свинцом или лекарственными препаратами.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При анализе данных о пациентах были выявлены факторы, увеличивающие вероятность возникновения перекручивания кишок:</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">возраст старше 55 лет (заворот сигмовидной кишки часто возникает у пациентов старше 60 лет, ободочной и слепой кишки – после 50 лет);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">регулярные запоры или поносы;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">малоподвижный образ жизни;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">тяжелый физический труд;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">фанатичная приверженность различным системам голодания для похудения, нерегулярное питание;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">переедание, особенно перед сном.</span></li>\r\n</ul>",
"pathogenesis": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Перекрут петель кишки вокруг брыжейки вызывает сдавливание сосудов и нервов, из-за чего нарушается питание и иннервация кишечника. Перистальтика сначала усиливается, а затем возникает парез приводящего отдела кишечника - развивается механическая кишечная непроходимость.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Подтвердить или опровергнуть кишечную непроходимость по причине заворота кишечника можно при помощи:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">рентген контрастного исследования с барием;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ультразвуковой диагностики;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">эндоскопии;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">лапароскопии;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">лабораторной диагностики.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Специализированных лабораторных тестов нет, но общий анализ и биохимия крови могут показать глубину интоксикации и воспалительного процесса. </span></p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В начале диагностического поиска пациент может находиться в отделении гастроэнтерологии, однако после постановки диагноза он должен быть переведен в отделение абдоминальной хирургии. Консервативную терапию и подготовку к операции начинают с введения назогастрального зонда для разгрузки кишечника, выведения застойного содержимого и газов. Целью инфузионной терапии является восстановление жидкостного баланса, водно-электролитного равновесия крови, уровня белка. Антибактериальная терапия обязательна, если подозревается перитонит или сепсис – её начинают немедленно после госпитализации больного в стационар, если же данные осложнения исключены – за два часа до операции.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Заворот тонкого кишечника лечится исключительно оперативным путем. Во время операции хирург должен попытаться расправить перекрут петель, при наличии некроза кишок производится сегментарная резекция тонкой кишки, наложение анастомоза тонкой кишки в тонкую или толстую. Если же во время операции выявляется перитонит – накладывается илеостома, через три месяца производится реконструктивная операция. Операция при завороте слепой кишки преследует своей целью проведение гемиколэктомии с наложением межкишечного анастомоза либо илеостомы (при наличии воспалительного экссудата в брюшной полости). У ослабленных больных может быть проведена чрескожная тифлостомия – она позволит улучшить состояние кишечника, стабилизировать пациента.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Терапию заворота сигмовидной кишки предпочтительно начинать с ректороманоскопии или колоноскопии, во время которых в сигмовидную кишку вводят гибкую трубку для разгрузки кишечника. При необходимости после декомпрессии производится радикальная операция, показаниями к которой являются острый заворот сигмовидной кишки, отсутствие эффекта от консервативной терапии. После операции необходимо продолжить массивную антибактериальную и инфузионную терапию, осуществлять наблюдение за пациентом для раннего выявления осложнений: присоединение инфекции, несостоятельность швов на кишке, образование межкишечных абсцессов и свищей, развитие генерализованной инфекции.</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-5394b655-7fff-aecf-39ae-5fc830ccf9b1\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для профилактики требуется контроль назначения и приема психотропных и слабительных средств, препаратов, усиливающих или замедляющих перистальтику кишечника. Количество грубых пищевых волокон в рационе должно быть достаточным, но не избыточным. После оперативных вмешательств в обязательном порядке должна проводиться профилактика образования спаек.</span></span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Симптомы по степени их появления и нарастания:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">острая, схваткообразная боль в животе;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">в течение суток боль становится постоянной и труднопереносимой, может дойти до состояния шока;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">асимметрия контуров живота, вздутие;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">тошнота, многократная рвота (может быть с желчью, а в тяжелых случаях с запахом или примесью кала);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">слабость, бледность, низкое артериальное давление, учащенный пульс;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">головная боль, головокружение, возможно спутанное сознание (и другие признаки интоксикации);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">обезвоживание (сухие и потрескавшиеся губы, вязкая слюна, тусклая кожа);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">отсутствие дефекации.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Патология развивается быстро и состояние больного стремительно ухудшается. Летальный исход возможен в течение 2–3 суток, если не будет оказана экстренная медицинская помощь.</span></p>",
"image": null,
"image_alt": null,
"standard_type": 0,
"danger": 85,
"published": 1,
"parent": 6685,
"block_rubric": 115,
"standards": []
}
]
}
