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},
"code": "A07.1",
"name": "Жиардиаз [лямблиоз]",
"icd_name": "Жиардиаз [лямблиоз]",
"gender": 0,
"age_min": 1,
"age_max": 100,
"cause": [
"2",
"7"
],
"periodicity": 1,
"slug": "a07.1_zhiardiaz_lyamblioz",
"lead": "заболевание, вызываемое простейшими - лямблиями, паразитирующими в тонкой кишке человека",
"description": "<p>Лямблиоз - это <span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">инфекция тонкого кишечника, вызываемая одноклеточным простейшим паразитом лямблией.</span></p>",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Заражение человека происходит оральным путем. Лямблии попадают в организм, преимущественно, при несоблюдении правил гигиены – грязные руки, употребление некипяченой воды, немытых овощей и фруктов в пищу. Переносчиками лямблий являются мухи, потому одной из эффективных мер профилактики лямблиоза остается истребление этих насекомых в помещении.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">После попадания цисты лямблии в организм человека, она превращается в трофозоит (активная форма размножения), начинает размножаться в огромных количествах, заселяя слизистую тонкой кишки (на 10 кв. см может находиться до 1 млн лямблий и более). Параллельно идет обратный процесс: превращение трофозоита в цисту. У цист нет способа прикрепиться к слизистой, поэтому они сразу выходят в толстую кишку и выводятся с фекалиями, длительно сохраняя жизнеспособность во внешней среде.</span></p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Попадая в пищеварительный тракт, цисты лямблий достигают 12-перстной кишки, где превращаются в вегетативные формы. Здесь, а также в проксимальном отделе тощей кишки лямблии прикрепляются к ворсинкам эпителия, вызывая механическое повреждение энтероцитов, раздражение нервных окончаний стенки тонкой кишки, нарушение процесса всасывания. Следствием этих процессов служит развитие воспаления ЖКТ. </span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Доказано, что в процессе жизнедеятельности лямблии выделяют токсин, обладающий тропностью к нервной ткани, что объясняет угнетающее действие на нервную систему. Вследствие сенсибилизации организма при лямблиозе могут развиваться различные аллергические проявления.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">С учетом причины заболевания и имеющихся симптомов врач может назначить следующие виды обследования:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">общий и биохимический анализы крови;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">общий анализ кала;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">копрограмму;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ИФА на антиген в кале;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">микроскопическое исследование кала;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">специфические пробы ДНК.</span></li>\r\n</ul>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лямблиоз требует комплексного поэтапного, часто длительного лечения. В схему терапии могут входить следующие меры:</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">1. Соблюдение диеты, создающей неблагоприятные условия для размножения лямблий (прежде всего, ограничение потребления углеводов — сладостей, мучного).</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">2. Этиотропное лечение противопротозойными средствами.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">3. Прием желчегонных средств, проведение очистительных тюбажей.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">4. Назначение энтеросорбентов, ферментативных препаратов, антигистаминных средств.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">5. Устранение кишечного дисбактериоза с помощью пробиотиков.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">6. Иммуномодулирующая терапия, прием поливитаминных комплексов.</span></p>",
"prevention": "<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">соблюдение личной гигиены (тщательное мытье рук перед едой и приготовлением пищи, после туалета и возвращения с улицы);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">употребление гарантированно безопасной воды и напитков (кипяченая вода, напитки в фабричной упаковке);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">употребление в пищу термически обработанных продуктов, тщательное мытье овощей, фруктов, ягод, зелени и других продуктов, их обработка кипятком перед едой;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">обследование и лечение цистоносителей и больных лямблиозом. Это особенно актуально для членов семьи, где выявлен больной лямблиозом и для детских коллективов.</span></li>\r\n</ul>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Кли­ничес­кая кар­ти­на лям­бли­оза разно­об­разна. Те­чение за­боле­вания за­висит от свой­ств па­рази­та и защитной ре­ак­ции ор­га­низ­ма. В большинс­тве слу­ча­ев ин­фекция протека­ет бес­сим­птом­но. За­боле­вание мо­жет на­чать­ся вне­зап­но или с постепен­но уси­лива­ющи­мися жалобами (при­мер­но 1-3 не­дели пос­ле за­раже­ния). В за­виси­мос­ти от поражён­ной об­ласти же­лудоч­но-кишечно­го трак­та и им­мунно­го ста­туса па­ци­ен­та кар­ти­на сим­пто­мов ме­ня­ет­ся.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">На­ибо­лее рас­простра­нен­ны­ми симптомами яв­ля­ют­ся бо­ли в жи­воте (обыч­но пос­ле еды) и ди­арея (различной сте­пени тя­жес­ти). Мо­жет до­мини­ровать ре­ак­ция со сто­роны верхних от­де­лов ЖКТ — тош­но­та, рвота, от­рыжка, взду­тие жи­вота, высыпа­ния на ко­же. Ос­трая ста­дия болез­ни длит­ся око­ло не­дели с частыми ре­циди­вами. Хро­ничес­кий лям­бли­оз не всег­да име­ет ос­трую фа­зу за­боле­вания. Ди­арея воз­ни­ка­ет ред­ко, ча­ще па­ци­ен­ты жа­лу­ют­ся на жид­кий стул, по­вышен­ный ме­те­оризм с запахом се­ры, по­терю ве­са. В слу­чае по­раже­ния жел­чно­го пу­зыря мо­жет воз­никнуть жел­ту­ха. Хро­ничес­кое заболе­вание вы­зыва­ет на­руше­ние всасыва­ния, обез­во­жива­ние, по­терю ве­са, за­дер­жку рос­та у де­тей, в крайних слу­ча­ях, ле­таль­ный ис­ход.</span></p>",
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"lead": "злокачественное новообразование эпителиального происхождения, располагающееся в сигмовидном отделе толстого кишечника",
"description": "",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Факторы риска, способствующие запуску ракового процесса в сигмовидной кишке:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">нездоровое питание с преобладанием «прошедшего кулинарную обработку красного мяса» (формулировка ВОЗ), жиров, сахара и всех тех пищевых добавок, большинство из которых являются однозначными и агрессивными канцерогенами; недостаточное потребление растительной пищи и жидкости;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">гиподинамия, избыточная масса тела;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">употребление алкоголя и табакокурение (данные факторы включены вовсе не в пропагандистских целях: давно и достоверно доказано, скажем, что в отношении рака толстого кишечника курение не только является патогенетическим фактором, но и удваивает летальность вопреки терапии);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">зрелый и пожилой возраст, особенно при наличии вышеприведенных факторов риска;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">воспалительные и/или язвенные процессы в кишечнике;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">склонность к запорам вследствие гипотонии и ослабленной перистальтики;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">наследственная предрасположенность;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">наличие бессимптомных полипов и папиллом в кишечнике (некоторые генетически обусловленные формы полипоза практически гарантируют малигнизацию, т.е. злокачественное перерождение кишечных полипов).</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"pathogenesis": "",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лабораторная диагностика</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для уточнения наличия опухолевого процесса назначается комплекс лабораторных исследований:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">общий клинический и биохимический анализ крови;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">коагулограмма;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">тесты на скрытую кровь в кале;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">анализ на фекальный кальпротектин (маркер кишечного воспаления);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">молекулярно-генетические исследования ДНК (при подозрении на синдром Линча);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">определение уровня опухолевых маркеров РЭА, СА 19-9, СА 242.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Узкоспециальные исследования позволяют не только обнаружить опухоль на самой ранней стадии её развития, но и оценить прогноз заболевания, а также выявить рецидив опухолевого процесса.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Инструментальная диагностика</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В комплекс инструментальных методов диагностики рака ободочной кишки, призванных определить локализацию, протяженность и характер опухолевого роста, входит:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">гибкая и жесткая ретророманоскопия.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">фиброколоноскопия – эндоскопическое исследование толстой кишки; проводится в сочетании с прицельной биопсией.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">рентгеновская ирригоскопия.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">КТ-колонография – высокоинформативное неинвазивное рентгенологическое исследование кишечника;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">УЗИ (трансабдоминальное, эндоректальное, ультразвуковая ирригоскопия);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">КТ, МРТ органов брюшной полости и малого таза, с контрастированием (уточняющие методы диагностики).</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для верификации морфологических изменений и определения формы и степени злокачественного перерождения выполняется прицельная биопсия в области патологически измененных тканей, с последующим гистологическим анализом. </span></p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При лечении данной патологии хирурги-онкологи обычно используют комбинированную терапию, включающую в себя оперативное вмешательство, радиотерапию и химиотерапию. При этом ведущая роль отводится хирургическому лечению, направленному на радикальное удаление опухоли. Объем операции зависит от распространенности рака сигмовидной кишки. На ранних стадиях в отдельных случаях допустимо применение эндоскопических методик.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При распространенных процессах осуществляют резекцию сигмовидной кишки с участком брыжейки и близлежащими лимфоузлами. Пораженный участок удаляют с 5 сантиметрами неизмененного дистального и проксимального отделов кишечника. Хирургическое вмешательство при раке сигмовидной кишки бывает одно- либо двухэтапным. При проведении одноэтапных операций после удаления опухоли хирург накладывает анастомоз, восстанавливая непрерывность кишечника. В запущенных случаях кишку резецируют с формированием колостомы, а целостность кишечника восстанавливают через несколько месяцев с момента первой операции.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В пред- и послеоперационном периоде больным раком сигмовидной кишки назначают химиотерапию и радиотерапию. В запущенных случаях проводят паллиативную терапию для обеспечения проходимости кишечника и уменьшения болевого синдрома. Иногда при раке сигмовидной кишки требуются экстренные оперативные вмешательства, направленные на устранение кишечной непроходимости, санацию брюшной полости при перитоните и т. д.</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Специфической профилактики, способной предотвратить колоректальный рак, не существует. Чтобы минимизировать риск развития онкопатологии, рекомендуется вести здоровый, активный образ жизни, сбалансировать питание, отказаться от вредных привычек. Людям, достигшим 40-летнего возраста и лицам, находящимся в группе риска, необходимо регулярно проходить профилактические осмотры и скрининговые диагностические обследования.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">К неспецифическим признакам рака сигмовидной кишки относят:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">повышенное образование газов и отрыжка;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ложные и частые позывы к дефекации (опорожнению кишечника);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">чередование запоров и поноса, регулярное урчание в кишечнике;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">боли в левой части подвздошной области — могут возникать периодически;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">изменение вкусовых предпочтений: например, некоторые ранее любимые продукты становятся противными;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">слабость, сильная утомляемость;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">тошнота без позывов к рвоте;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">боли во время опорожнения кишечника;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">слизь, кровь и гной в кале;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">бледность кожи, желтуха, признаки интоксикации;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">анемия;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">резкая потеря веса, сильное снижение аппетита.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Чем серьезнее и сильнее симптомы рака сигмовидной кишки, тем вероятнее, что речь идет уже о серьезной стадии. </span></p>\r\n<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-ac622c04-7fff-204e-fe02-dde9db0bbdea\"> </span></p>",
"image": null,
"image_alt": null,
"standard_type": 0,
"danger": 40,
"published": 1,
"parent": 7924,
"block_rubric": 22,
"standards": []
},
{
"id": 9222,
"symptoms": [
{
"id": 2561,
"synonyms": [
{
"name": "Учащенный пульс"
},
{
"name": "Сердце колотится"
}
],
"body_points": [
{
"x": 630,
"y": 2915,
"r": 422
}
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},
"code": "D13.0",
"name": "Доброкачественная опухоль пищевода",
"icd_name": "Доброкачественная опухоль пищевода",
"gender": 0,
"age_min": 20,
"age_max": 100,
"cause": [
"0"
],
"periodicity": 1,
"slug": "d13.0_dobrokachestvennaya_opuhol_pischevoda",
"lead": "гистологически разнородные эпителиальные и неэпитальные новообразования эзофагеальной стенки с внутрипросветным или внутристеночным ростом",
"description": "",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Точных причин развития онкологического процесса в пищеводе пока не установлено. Известно, что болезнь возникает из-за неправильного роста и размножения клеток в слизистой или мышечной оболочке органа. В результате хаотического и неконтролируемого разрастания тканей образуются патологические элементы.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Факторами, которые увеличивают риск возникновения доброкачественных опухолей пищевода, являются:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">генетическая предрасположенность;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">химические и физические повреждения пищевода;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">влияние радиации;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">контакт с химическими канцерогенами (лакокрасочные изделия, смолы, фенолы).</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Известно также, что частое употребление острой и горячей пищи может выступать пусковым фактором для развития опухолей. Это обусловлено физическим и химическим раздражением слизистой оболочки рта и пищевода, что создает оптимальные условия для «поломки» механизмов, которые регулируют деление клеток.</span></p>",
"pathogenesis": "",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Пациенты чаще всего обращаются за помощью к гастроэнтерологу, когда возникает нарушение глотания. При оценке жалоб пациента и сборе анамнеза заболевания врач может заподозрить наличие патологического новообразования в пищеводе.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для подтверждения диагноза гастроэнтеролог может назначить:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">рентгенологическое исследование пищевода с применением бария;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">эзофагогастродуоденоскопию (ЭГДС) с биопсией для дальнейшего гистологического анализа тканей опухоли;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">компьютерную (КТ) или магнитно-резонансную томографию (МРТ).</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Все указанные методики позволяют визуализировать полость пищевода и зафиксировать наличие новообразования. При выявлении опухоли пациент направляется к онкологу для выбора дальнейшей тактики лечения.</span></p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лечение доброкачественных образований пищевода проводится хирургическим путем.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Консервативное лечение</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Эффективных консервативных методов лечения доброкачественных опухолей пищевода не существует. Медикаменты применяются временно и только для уменьшения выраженности симптомов, доставляющих дискомфорт.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Хирургическое лечение</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Оптимальным вариантом решения проблемы остается радикальная операция, направленная на полное удаление опухоли. Доступ к патологическому участку может быть осуществлен 2 путями:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Эндоскопические операции. Через естественные отверстия в полость органа вводится оптическая система и небольшие инструменты, которыми и осуществляется иссечение опухоли. На коже разрез отсутствует.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Традиционные операции. С помощью скальпеля делается достаточно большой разрез в области шеи, грудной клетки или верхнего этажа брюшной полости (в зависимости от того, в каком отделе пищевода находится опухоль). На коже остается рубец.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">С учетом размеров новообразования и степени поражения близлежащих тканей могут использоваться следующие хирургические методы лечения:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Полипэктомия. Применяется для удаления полипов, которые не прорастают вглубь стенки органа.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Энуклеация. Операция используется для удаления кистообразных опухолей и предусматривает их вылущивание с капсулой. В ходе процедуры пищевод сохраняется полностью.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Резекция части пищевода. 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"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">К факторам, способствующим развитию заболевания относят:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">наличие хронических воспалительных процессов;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">злоупотребление алкогольными напитками;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">употребление в чрезмерном количестве соленых, копченых, острых блюд и недостаток клетчатки;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">наличие длительного инфицирования хеликобактерным вирусом, способствующего снижению выработки соляной кислоты и изменениям слизистой;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">экологические и наследственные факторы;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">сниженные защитные функции организма.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
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"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для первичного осмотра необходимо записаться на прием к врачу-терапевту. Потребуется консультация врача-гастроэнтеролога и онколога.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Проводится общий осмотр, сбор личного и семейного анамнеза пациента, оценивается общее состояния пациента на основании пальпации.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Из лабораторных исследований назначают копрограмму, Этот анализ позволяет выявить скрытую кровь в кале, что свидетельствует о большом размере новообразования или внутренних кровотечениях. Общий анализ крови позволит диагностировать анемию. Помимо этого, исследуются биологические жидкости на наличие хеликобактерной инфекции.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Из инструментальных методов:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">рентген;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">УЗИ;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">КТ или МРТ;</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Наиболее точным и информативным методом в этом случае является эзофагогастродуоденоскопия (ЭГДС) – осмотр внутренней поверхности ЖКТ с помощью эндоскопа совместно с забором материала для гистологического исследования.</span></p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лечение проводится путем хирургического удаления новообразования. Небольшие образования удаляют малоинвазивным способом путем проведения ЭГДС. Удаляются сами патологические клетки или же вместе с региональными тканями. При полипозе проводят резекцию желудка.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">После оперативного вмешательства пациент проходит курс медикаментозной терапии препаратами, снижающими секрецию соляной кислоты. При выявлении Helicobacter pylori курс дополняют антибиотиками.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Несвоевременное лечение может привести к таким осложнениям, как стеноз, сужение просвета, ущемление полипа и его выпадение в двенадцатиперстную кишку.</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Основными методами профилактики является отказ или умеренное употребление жирной, соленной, острой пищи, алкоголя. Следует своевременно лечить гастрит. С целью профилактики необходимо посещать гастроэнтеролога раз в год.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Как правило, на начальной стадии развития болезнь протекает бессимптомно и может быть обнаружена случайно во время проведения диагностических мероприятий.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При увеличении в размерах, прорастании вглубь или в просвет кишки, при изъязвлении стенок кишки начинает проявляться симптоматика:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">тянущая, ноющая боль «под ложечкой», связанная с приемом пищи или питьем горячих напитков, спиртного;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">тошнота;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">рвота (иногда с примесью крови, если опухоль кровоточит или произошло изъязвление стенок органа);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">отрыжка, иногда с попаданием слизи или кусочками непереваренной пиши в полость рта;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">изжога, горький привкус во рту;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">нестабильный стул, чередование поноса с запорами;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">окрашивание кала в черный цвет (при внутренних кровотечениях);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">снижение веса;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">общая слабость, головокружение.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
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},
"code": "D13.4",
"name": "Доброкачественная опухоль печени",
"icd_name": "Доброкачественная опухоль печени",
"gender": 0,
"age_min": 40,
"age_max": 100,
"cause": [
"0"
],
"periodicity": 1,
"slug": "d13.4_dobrokachestvennaya_opuhol_pecheni",
"lead": "новообразования с дифференцированными клетками, которые могут формироваться из гепатоцитов, эпителия печени или сосудистых структур и всегда имеют ограниченный рост, не склонны к метастазированию",
"description": "",
"etiology": "<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-7bd64637-7fff-0e52-9c97-bafae1b1f52b\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Причины развития данной патологии не установлены, однако доказана роль ряда факторов, повышающих риск формирования доброкачественных опухолей печени. Установлено, что заболеваемость выше среди лиц, имеющих отягощенный по онкопатологии семейный анамнез, при неблагоприятной экологической обстановке. Важная роль отводится приему гормональных препаратов, в том числе пероральных контрацептивов, а также особенностям питания: избытку в рационе животных жиров, недостатку клетчатки, витаминов, белка. Факторами риска являются вредные привычки: курение и употребление алкоголя. Индуцирует развитие опухолей печени и физиологическая гиперэстрогенемия при беременности.</span></span></p>",
"pathogenesis": "",
"diagnostics": "<p> </p>\r\n<p><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Анализ анамнеза заболевания и жалоб (когда (как давно) появились боли и тяжесть в животе, тошнота, с чем больной связывает возникновение этих симптомов).</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Данные объективного осмотра. Врач обращает внимание, есть ли у пациента бледность кожных покровов (она может возникнуть при разрыве опухоли и кровотечении в брюшную полость).</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Инструментально-лабораторные данные.</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Общий анализ крови. Может быть обнаружена анемия (малокровие, снижение в крови гемоглобина (белка-переносчика кислорода в крови)).</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Биохимический анализ крови. Возможно небольшое снижение печеночных ферментов (белков, ускоряющих химические реакции) в крови.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Исследование крови на опухолевые маркеры – специфические белки, вырабатывающиеся при злокачественных новообразованиях (АФП, СЕА, СА19-9). Проводится для дифференциальной (отличительной) диагностики со злокачественными опухолями печени.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Ультразвуковое исследование (УЗИ) органов брюшной полости для определения наличия опухоли в печени.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Компьютерная томография (КТ) для выявления опухоли печени.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Магнитно-резонансная томография (МРТ). Проводится для выявления опухоли в печени.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Рентгенография органов брюшной полости. Выявление опухоли и ее кальцификации (отложения солей кальция).</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Сцинтиграфия (введение в организм радиоактивных элементов, способных испускать излучение; это используется для получения изображения, где и в каких органах эти элементы задерживаются) выявляет локализацию (расположение) опухоли, ее размеры.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Ангиография (рентгенологическое исследование кровеносных сосудов).</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Пункционная биопсия опухоли (взятие кусочка ткани опухоли на гистологическое (тканевое) исследование).</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Эластография (сканирование ткани печени с установлением степени ее плотности (эластичности)).</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Эндоскопическая ретроградная панкреатохолангиография (ЭРПХГ) — метод исследования желчных протоков и протоков поджелудочной железы. Проводится для того, чтобы определить, сдавливает ли опухоль желчные протоки.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Магнитно-резонансная панкреатохолангиография (МРПХГ) – метод компьютерного исследования панкреатического, внепеченочного и внутрипеченочных желчных протоков в условиях электромагнитного поля (потоков электромагнитных волн).</span></li>\r\n</ul>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Как правило, опухоли, протекающие без клинической симптоматики, не требуют лечения. Однако пациент должен постоянно наблюдаться у врача-гепатолога для оценки характера роста образования. При использовании гормональных препаратов (особенно контрацептивов женщинами) решается вопрос об их отмене. В некоторых случаях (при гепатоцеллюлярной карциноме) это приводит к регрессу образования, если оно является гормонозависимым.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При крупных размерах опухоли, сдавлении кровеносных сосудов или желчевыводящих путей производится ее удаление с резекцией доли печени. Также оперативному удалению подлежат кистозные образования с высоким риском разрыва и кровотечения. Доброкачественные новообразования печени часто гормонозависимые, поэтому даже при небольших размерах могут удаляться у женщин, планирующих беременность.</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-be293d45-7fff-73f0-6a1f-06eba8a259a0\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Специфической профилактики не существует. Необходимо соблюдение рационального питания, отказ от курения и употребления алкоголя, а также отсутствие бесконтрольного использования лекарственных препаратов, в особенности гормональных.</span></span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Чаще всего доброкачественные опухоли печени, не достигнув больших размеров, никак себя никак не проявляют, поэтому диагноз ставится случайно, во время выполнения планового ультразвукового исследования (УЗИ).</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Возможны такие симптомы, как:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">боли (возникают при механическом сдавлении опухолью соседних органов, локализуются (располагаются) в эпигастрии (верхнем отделе живота));</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">тошнота;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">отрыжка воздухом.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Поскольку четких клинических признаков, которые отличают доброкачественные опухоли от злокачественных, нет, используют ряд признаков, позволяющих их отличить:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">отсутствие злокачественных новообразований в прошлом;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">отсутствие опухолевой интоксикации (отравления) — общая слабость, быстрая утомляемость, снижение аппетита, тошнота, рвота, повышение температуры тела, цианоз (посинение) и бледность кожных покровов;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">нормальный уровень опухолевых маркеров (особых белков, присутствующих при злокачественных новообразованиях в повышенном количестве);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">особенности кровоснабжения (неравномерное распределение сосудов в опухоли) при ангиографии (рентгенологическом исследовании сосудов);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">отсутствие роста опухоли или незначительный рост в течение длительного срока.</span></li>\r\n</ul>",
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},
"code": "D73.4",
"name": "Киста селезенки",
"icd_name": "Киста селезенки",
"gender": 0,
"age_min": 0,
"age_max": 100,
"cause": [
"0"
],
"periodicity": 1,
"slug": "d73.4_kista_selezenki",
"lead": "полость в паренхиме селезенки, заполненная жидкостью и отграниченная капсулой от окружающих тканей",
"description": "",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Причиной заболевания может служить внутриутробная аномалия развития селезенки. На стадии эмбриогенеза под воздействием различных факторов (приема медикаментов, алкоголя, табака, неблагоприятных условий внешней среды) формируется сосудистая мальформация, образуются патологические полости, которые после рождения могут видоизменяться. Приобретенные кисты могут возникать в результате:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Исхода абсцесса или инфаркта селезенки . После пункционного лечения абсцесса или разрешения инфаркта на его месте могут образовываться патологические полости, которые со временем формируют стенки и заполняются серозной жидкостью.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Операций на селезенке. Хирургическое удаление части органа, иссечение абсцесса и другого патологического образования может стать причиной формирования кисты.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Травматического поражения селезенки. Ушибы, ранения брюшной полости, которые сопровождаются центральным или подкапсульным разрывом органа, способствуют формированию патологического полостного образования.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Паразитарной инфекции. Заболевание возникает при попадании в организм пациента личинок свиного цепня, эхинококка. Проникая в селезенку, цестоды образуют в тканях органа обособленные кистозные полости.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
"pathogenesis": "",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Больные с подозрением кисты селезенки, либо других болезней, затрагивающих органы брюшной полости, должны обязательно обследоваться хирургом. Врач осмотрит, опросит пациента, проведет пальпаторную и перкуссионную диагностику, благодаря чему сможет заподозрить ту или иную проблему. Уже для уточнения диагноза дополнительно будут назначены такие исследования:</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">общий и биохимический анализы крови;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">общий анализ мочи;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">исследование билирубина сыворотки крови;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">тимоловая проба, исследование общего белка и белковых фракций, аминотрансфераз, щелочной фосфатазы, протромбина;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">серологические реакции на эхинококкоз (иммуноферментный анализ);</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ультразвуковое исследование органов брюшной полости;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">рентгенография (по показаниям – магнитно-резонансная или компьютерная томография).</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Тактика лечения основывается на данных о величине и количестве образований, их местоположении и общем состоянии больного. При малой непаразитарной кисте (менее 3 см) пациенту показано динамическое наблюдение и прохождение УЗИ селезенки 1-2 раза в год. По мере увеличения объема образования, появления симптомов болезни, присоединения инфекции встает вопрос о применении хирургических методов лечения. К абсолютным показаниям к оперативному вмешательству относят:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">прорыв кисты в абдоминальную полость</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">абсцедирование</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">развитие кровотечения</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">наличие одной большой (более 10 см) или нескольких (более 5) малых патологических полостей.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">постоянно рецидивирующее течение заболевания (более 4-х эпизодов в год).</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При множественных кальцинированных кистах с поражением более 50% площади селезенки проводят полное удаление органа - спленэктомию. Лечение небольшого образования выполняют путем пункции кисты, аспирации ее содержимого и последующего введения в спавшуюся полость склерозирующих препаратов. При одиночном образовании осуществляют иссечение кисты с капсулой и проведение аргоноплазменной коагуляции пораженных участков селезенки. Средние и несколько небольших полостей, расположенных рядом, резецируют вместе с участком органа.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В современной хирургии наиболее эффективным и малотравматичным методом удаления кисты признана лапароскопия. Лапароскопическая операция позволяет значительно сократить реабилитационный период и уменьшить послеоперационный болевой синдром. При истинной кисте показано комбинированное лечение, которое заключается в чрескожной деэпителизации под контролем УЗИ с дальнейшей эмболизацией артерии, питающей стенку образования.</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Общими профилактическими мероприятиями считаются:</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">здоровый и активный образ жизни, недопущение гиподинамии;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">полноценное питание качественной пищей, употребление достаточного количества питьевой воды, а также необходимых витаминов и минералов;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">своевременные визиты к врачам, регулярные обследования, позволяющие выявить патологию в органах на начальной стадии развития.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Клиническая картина может быть разной по интенсивности, что зависит от локации новообразования, от его размеров и степени сдавливания других органов и тканей. Если киста селезенки не отличается большими размерами (до 20 мм), то симптоматика часто отсутствует. Первые признаки появляются, когда развивается воспалительный процесс, либо когда происходит сдавливание рядом расположенных структур.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При развитии воспаления пациенты отмечают:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ощущение слабости, головокружение, иногда – тошноту;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">периодический ноющий, тупой болевой синдром со стороны левого подреберья.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Постепенно боли усиливаются, может нарушаться пищеварительный процесс. В области селезенки нарастает ощущение тяжести и дискомфорта, затрудняется дыхание, появляется сухой кашель. Во время глубокого вдоха может возникать одышка и чувство дискомфорта в груди. У некоторых больных отмечается иррадиация боли в левую ключицу, плечо, лопатку, с усилением после приема пищи.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для множественных кист, либо для новообразования с большими размерами характерны расстройства функций органов брюшной полости. В частности, нарушается пищеварение, появляются проблемы с желудком, часто беспокоит тошнота и отрыжка.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Присоединение гнойно-воспалительного процесса дает о себе знать повышением температуры тела, ознобом, общим дискомфортом. </span></p>",
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{
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{
"id": 2882,
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{
"name": "выход газов"
},
{
"name": "вышли газы"
},
{
"name": "рыгание "
}
],
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"code": "E73.9",
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"description": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Непереносимость лактозы — неспособность организма переваривать молочный сахар. Для расщепления лактозы на простые сахара или моносахариды в тонком кишечнике должен вырабатывать фермент под названием лактаза. Непереносимость лактозы характеризуется чрезмерным газообразованием, судорогами и диареей. Проявления болезни возникают, как правило, после употребления молочных продуктов.</span></p>",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Некоторые причины непереносимости лактозы хорошо известны. Первичная лактазная недостаточность – состояние, которое развивается с течением времени. Примерно после 2 лет организм начинает вырабатывать меньше лактазы. Вторичная лактазная недостаточность возникает, когда повреждение тонкого кишечника или некоторые заболевания пищеварительной системы снижают количество вырабатываемого фермента. К таким заболеваниям относятся:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #092148; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">целиакия (глютеновая недостаточность);</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #092148; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">воспаление кишечника;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #092148; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">болезнь Крона.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Исследователи выявили генетическую связь непереносимости лактозы. Некоторые люди рождаются с вероятностью развития первичной лактазной недостаточности, потому что она была передана им генетически (унаследованная от родителей). Это открытие может быть полезно при разработке диагностического теста для выявления людей с этим заболеванием.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Дети, рожденные преждевременно, чаще страдают непереносимостью лактозы, поскольку уровень лактазы не повышается до третьего триместра беременности женщины.</span></p>",
"pathogenesis": "",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для постановки точного диагноза используются лабораторные исследования: дыхательный водородный тест, анализ крови на сахар, исследование кислотности стула. Исследование активности фермента в ткани с помощью биопсии тонкой кишки считается менее чувствительным методом.</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Анализ крови</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Активность фермента можно проверить с помощью определения уровня глюкозы в крови после употребления 50 граммов лактозы (количество лактозы в литре молока). Уровень сахара в крови будет проверяться каждые 30 минут в течение двух часов. Если уровень сахара не повышается, скорее всего, это будет свидетельствовать о гиполактазии.</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ПЦР тест</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В последние годы была предложена проверка генотипа с помощью ПЦР в реальном времени. Такой тест имеет высокую специфичность для гиполактазии и широко используется.</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Тест на кислотность стула</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Кислотность стула измеряется в образце фекалий, немедленно принесенном в лабораторию. Если в стуле присутствует кислота, то лактоза, вероятно, переваривается неправильно. Это наиболее предпочтительный метод для младенцев.</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Дыхательный водородный тест</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Это надежное, но длительное исследование, которое заключается в определении количества водорода в выдыхаемом воздухе. На протяжении нескольких часов пациент делает серию глубоких выдохов, которые затем необходимо повторить после употребления 50 гр лактозы. Повышение концентрации водорода через 2 часа после воздействия указывает на дефицит фермента, разлагающий молочный сахар.</span></p>",
"treatment": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Медикаментозная терапия как таковая не используется. Основа лечения — правильно подобранная диета. При расстройствах желудочно-кишечного тракта могут назначаться противорвотные средства, миотропные спазмолитики, препараты для улучшения моторики кишечника и стабилизации стула.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для людей, страдающих непереносимостью молока, существует несколько вариантов питания. Некоторым можно употреблять продукты молочного брожения — кефир, йогурт, творог, сыр. При значительном дефиците лактазы следует отдавать предпочтение специальным продуктам — например, безлактозному молоку. Также можно принимать фермент лактазу в виде таблеток непосредственно при употреблении молочных блюд.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Норма лактозы, которую можно употреблять без вреда для здоровья, является индивидуальной. При тяжелой непереносимости молока допускается не более 1 г молочного сахара в сутки. При нарушении средней тяжести — не более 10 г.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Составлять диету нужно с учетом состава. Обратите внимание, что есть продукты, в которых:</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #666666; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">молочный сахар является естественным ингредиентом: сухое и цельное молоко, сыр, творог, пахта, кумыс, сыворотка, сметана, сливки;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #666666; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">лактоза присутствует в связи с особенностями производства: колбасные изделия, варенье, джем, супы и картофельное пюре быстрого приготовления, хлеб, бисквиты, горчица, майонез, кетчуп, шоколад, какао;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #666666; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">лактоза отсутствует: фрукты, овощи, чай, кофе, рис, гречка, пшеница, кукуруза, макаронные изделия, соевые продукты, бобовые, яйца, орехи, растительные масла, вино, пиво.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>",
"prevention": "<p><span style=\"font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9.33333px; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При непереносимости лактозы может быть рекомендовано соблюдение безлактозной/низколактозной диеты или использование препаратов лактазы</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Тяжесть симптомов зависит от количественного содержания лактозы и степени индивидуальной переносимости. Некоторые категории пациентов могут быть чувствительны к чрезвычайно малому количеству лактозы, в то время как другие могут съесть большее количество, прежде чем возникнут признаки болезни.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Симптомы лактозной непереносимости включают:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #092148; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">тошноту;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #092148; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">судороги;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #092148; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">газообразование;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #092148; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">вздутие живота;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #092148; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">диарею.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Характерные проявления отмечаются в течение промежутка времени от 30 минут до 2 часов после употребления молока или молочных продуктов. Симптомы возникают из-за того, что организм вырабатывает недостаточно лактазы, чтобы «переработать» потребляемую лактозу.</span></p>",
"image": null,
"image_alt": null,
"standard_type": 0,
"danger": 11,
"published": 1,
"parent": 6272,
"block_rubric": 52,
"standards": []
},
{
"id": 10970,
"symptoms": [
{
"id": 2561,
"synonyms": [
{
"name": "Учащенный пульс"
},
{
"name": "Сердце колотится"
}
],
"body_points": [
{
"x": 630,
"y": 2915,
"r": 422
}
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},
"code": "I07.0",
"name": "Трикуспидальный стеноз",
"icd_name": "Трикуспидальный стеноз",
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"lead": "сужение отверстия трехстворчатого клапана, препятствующее поступлению крови из правого предсердия в правый желудочек",
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"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В этиологии органического трикуспидального стеноза ведущая роль отводится ревматизму и инфекционному эндокардиту. Ревматическое поражение трехстворчатого клапана всегда сочетается с повреждением аортального и митрального клапанов; при этом отмечается склерозирование створок клапанов, фиброзного кольца, сухожильных хорд и паппиллярных мышц, сращение комиссур. Реже трикуспидальный стеноз бывает обусловлен субэндокардиальным фиброэластозом, болезнью Уиппла, болезнью Андерсона-Фабри, карциноидным синдромом, системной красной волчанкой.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Развитие функционального трикуспидального стеноза обычно связано с миокардитами, легочной и сердечной недостаточностью. Причинами механической обструкции правого атриовентрикулярного отверстия могут выступать метастатические опухоли (нефробластома, меланома, семинома, рак печени и рак щитовидной железы), миксома или тромб правого предсердия.</span></p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Стеноз правого предсердно-желудочкового отверстия вызывает затруднение физиологического поступления крови из правого предсердия в правый желудочек. При этом в диастолу создается повышенный транстрикуспидальный градиент давления, обусловленный увеличением давления в полости правого предсердия. В течение короткого времени компенсация нарушенной гемодинамики обеспечивается гиперфункцией и гипертрофией правого предсердия. Однако компенсаторные механизмы при трикуспидальном стенозе неустойчивы и ограничены, поскольку мощность миокарда правого предсердия оказывается недостаточной.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Прогрессирующий рост давления в правом предсердии приводит к застою во всей венозной системе. В портальной системе и печени депонируется большое количество крови, поэтому рост портальной гипертензии способствует развитию асцита, фиброза и цирроза печени.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Предварительный диагноз стеноза трехстворчатого клапана ставится на основании анамнеза, объективного обследования и результатов обследования. С этой целью врач может назначить следующие виды обследования:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">эхокардиографию;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">электрокардиографию (ЭКГ);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">рентгенологическое исследование грудной клетки;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">катетеризацию сердца.</span></li>\r\n</ul>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для снижения хирургических рисков в предоперационном периоде проводится терапия сердечной недостаточности с назначением бессолевой диеты, диуретиков, венозных вазодилататоров, сердечных гликозидов, блокаторов бета-адренорецепторов, антикоагулянтов, метаболических препаратов.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Выбор операции зависит от структуры и причин порока. Больным с митральным и трикуспидальным стенозом показано проведение двойной митрально-трикуспидальной комиссуротомии. При комбинированном трикуспидальном пороке выполняется открытая комиссуротомия в условиях ИК (при этом спайки между передней и задней створками не рассекают во избежание недостаточности), пластика или протезирование трикуспидального клапана биопротезом. Протезирование проводится в случае грубых изменений створок клапана и подклапанных структур. При изолированном трикуспидальном стенозе может быть предпринята баллонная вальвулопластика.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При миксомах сердца производится радикальное удаление внутриполостной опухоли, при метастатической обструкции выполняются паллиативные операции. К числу возможных послеоперационных осложнений следует отнести протезный эндокардит, тромбоз и кальциноз протеза, ТЭЛА, паравальвулярные фистулы, АВ-блокаду.</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для предупреждения трикуспидального стеноза наиболее эффективным является целенаправленная профилактика ревматизма и инфекционного эндокардита, которая должна осуществляться под руководством ревматолога и кардиолога. Важное значение придается лечению очагов хронической инфекции (хронического тонзиллита, кариеса зубов), закаливанию.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Признаками трикуспидальной недостаточности являются общая слабость и быстрая утомляемость, тахикардия, тяжесть или боли в эпигастрии и правом подреберье. Беспокоят диспеп­сические расстройства: тошнота, отрыжка, метеоризм. При осмотре больных с трикуспидальным стенозом обнаруживается цианоз в сочетании с желтушностью кожных покровов, отеки нижних конечностей, асцит, застойное набухание и пульсация шейных вен и печени. На фоне повышенного венозного давления отмечается артериальная гипотония. При тяжелом трикуспидальном стенозе развивается цирроз печени, истощение, анасарка, спленомегалия. В стадии декомпенсации трикуспидального стеноза нередко возникают флеботромбозы и тромбоэмболия легочных артерий.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Как и в случае трикуспидальной недостаточности, беременность у женщины с трикуспидальным стенозом может осложниться развитием гестоза, фетоплацентарной недостаточности и преждевременными родами.</span></p>",
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},
"code": "I07.1",
"name": "Трикуспидальная недостаточность",
"icd_name": "Трикуспидальная недостаточность",
"gender": 0,
"age_min": 1,
"age_max": 100,
"cause": [
"0"
],
"periodicity": 1,
"slug": "i07.1_trikuspidalnaya_nedostatochnost",
"lead": "неплотное смыкание створок трехстворчатого клапана во время систолы, что приводит к обратному току крови из желудочка в предсердие",
"description": "",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Врожденная недостаточность трикуспидального клапана встречается крайне редко. Она возникает в результате воздействия на организм беременной неблагоприятных факторов (например, радиационного или рентгенологического облучения, инфекции и др.). Миксоматозная дегенерация (увеличение толщины и снижение плотности створок клапана).</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Приобретенная органическая (связанная с изменениями створок клапана) недостаточность трикуспидального клапана может возникнуть по следующим причинам:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Закрытая травма сердца с разрывом створок трехстворчатого клапана;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Карциноидная болезнь или карциноидный синдром (поражение различных органов в результате наличия в организме карциноида). Карциноид – это маленькая опухоль, чаще всего расположенная в тонком или толстом кишечнике. Опухоль производит активные вещества, которые током крови приносятся в правую половину сердца, повреждают эндокард (внутреннюю оболочку сердца). Выходя из правого желудочка с током крови, эти вещества попадают в сосуды легких, где разрушаются и не доходят до левых отделов сердца. При карциноидной болезни трехстворчатый клапан может быть постоянно закреплен в полуоткрытой позиции.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Ревматизм (системное (то есть с поражением различных органов и систем организма) воспалительное заболевание с преимущественным поражением сердца) – самая частая причина недостаточности трикуспидального клапана. Трикуспидальная недостаточность при ревматизме всегда сочетается с поражением других клапанов.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Инфекционный эндокардит (воспалительное заболевание внутренней оболочки сердца).</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Оперативное лечение митрального стеноза: при митральной комиссуротомии (хирургическом разделении сросшихся створок митрального клапана) возможно появление недостаточности трикуспидального клапана, так увеличение тока крови делает явной скрытую до этого трикуспидальную недостаточность.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При расширении фиброзного кольца (плотного кольца внутри стенок сердца, к которому крепятся створки клапанов) по следующим причинам:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">миокардит (воспаление мышцы сердца);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">дилатационная кардиомиопатия (заболевание сердца, при котором происходит увеличение его полостей и уменьшение толщины мышцы сердца);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">увеличение правого желудочка при некоторых врожденных пороках сердца, например, при дефекте межжелудочковой перегородки (наличии отверстия в перегородке между левым и правым желудочками сердца со сбросом крови слева направо);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">разрывы хорд (сухожильных нитей, соединяющие мышцу сердца с папиллярными мышцами – внутренними мышцами сердца, обеспечивающими движение клапанов);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">тяжелая легочная гипертензия (значительное повышение давления крови в артериях легких);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">препятствие току крови из правого желудочка (например, опухоль). </span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
"pathogenesis": "",
"diagnostics": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Инструментальная диагностика при трикуспидальной недостаточности включает полипозиционную рентгенографию грудной клетки, рентгенографию сердца с контрастированием пищевода, фонокардиографию, ЭКГ, ЭхоКГ с допплеровским исследованием, зондирование правых отделов сердца, вентрикулографию, яремную флебографию и др.</span></p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Консервативная тактика при трикуспидальной недостаточности носит, главным образом, паллиативный характер и направлена на борьбу с сердечной недостаточностью и легочной гипертензией. Больным назначаются диуретики, венозные вазодилататоры, ингибиторы АПФ, b-адреноблокаторы, сердечные гликозиды, метаболические препараты, антикоагулянты. При наличии гидроторакса прибегают к проведению плевральных пункций или дренирования; в случае скопления выпота в брюшной полости – к лапароцентезу.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При трикуспидальной недостаточности I степени хирургическое лечение не показано. Основаниями для кардиохирургического вмешательства служат гемодинамически значимые нарушения при трикуспидальной недостаточности II-IV степень. Основными видами операций служат пластика трикуспидального клапана и протезирование трикуспидального клапана биологическим или искусственным протезом. Протезированию отдается предпочтение при инфекционном эндокардите, грубых структурных изменениях клапана, неэффективности аннулопластики.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Оперативное лечение трикуспидальной недостаточности сопряжено с риском развития протезного эндокардита, дегенерации биологического протеза, тромбоза или кальциноза искусственного протеза, АВ-блокады.</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Основу профилактики трикуспидальной недостаточности служит предупреждение рецидивов ревматизма, лечение основного заболевания для предупреждения развития относительной недостаточности клапана, систематическое наблюдение кардиолога и кардиохирурга.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Симптомы трикуспидальной недостаточности:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Одышка — возникает в результате недостаточного поступления крови в сосуды легких.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Ощущение неритмичного сердцебиения, замирания сердца, переворотов в левой половине грудной клетки возникает при развитий аритмий (нарушений ритма сердца) вследствие повреждение мышцы сердца тем же процессом, который вызвал трикуспидальную недостаточность (например, травма сердца или миокардит – воспаление мышцы сердца) и вследствие изменения структуры предсердия. </span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Боль и тяжесть в правом подреберье связаны с застоем жидкости в печени.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Чувство переполнения живота, тяжесть в его верхних отделах, отрыжка — возникают при переполнении кровью сосудов брюшной полости.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Общая слабость и снижение работоспособности — связаны с нарушением распределения крови в организме. </span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
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},
"code": "K22.2",
"name": "Непроходимость пищевода",
"icd_name": "Непроходимость пищевода",
"gender": 0,
"age_min": 1,
"age_max": 100,
"cause": [
"0"
],
"periodicity": 1,
"slug": "k22.2_neprohodimost_pischevoda",
"lead": "состояние, при котором нарушается проходимость пищевода из-за появления препятствия, которое значительно сужает или полностью перекрывает просвет пищевода, вызывая нарушение продвижения пищи по нему",
"description": "",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Причины непроходимости пищевода:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Прием агрессивных химических жидкостей (вызывающих химический ожог и, как следствие, стеноз (сужение) пищевода), кислот, щелочей, горячей пищи, напитков.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Язвы (глубокие дефекты в слизистой оболочке) пищевода.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Доброкачественные опухоли пищевода (опухоли, тип клеток которых не отличается от типа клеток органа, из которого они произошли).</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Злокачественные опухоли пищевода (опухоли, тип клеток которых отличается от типа клеток органа, из которого они произошли).</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Кардиоспазм (заболевание, проявляющееся сужением пищевода в месте его впадения в желудок).</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Дивертикулы пищевода (мешковидные выпячивания стенки пищевода в просвет пищевода).</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Попадание в пищевод инородных тел (например, игрушек, пуговиц, гвоздей, рыбных костей, зубных протезов).</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Гастроэзофагеальная рефлюксная болезнь (заболевание, характеризующееся забросом содержимого желудка в пищевод) с язвенным эзофагитом (воспалением слизистой оболочки пищевода и развитием на ней глубоких дефектов).</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Механические травмы (проглатывание инородных тел (например, гвоздей, ножей, вилок), ранения шеи, грудной клетки и др.).</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Последствия инфекций (туберкулеза (заболевания, вызываемого палочкой Коха), микозов (грибковых заболеваний) и др.).</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Системные заболевания соединительной ткани (болезни, связанные с повреждением соединительной ткани в кровеносных сосудах, различных органах и тканях). Проявляются разрастанием фиброзной (волокнистой) ткани, вследствие чего уменьшается просвет пищевода.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
"pathogenesis": "",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Консультация гастроэнтеролога требуется для проведения первичной диагностики непроходимости пищевода. После установления окончательного диагноза пациент направляется в отделение хирургии. Выявление рубцовых изменений, стриктур и стенозов производится с помощью рентгенографии пищевода с контрастированием. Консультация врача-эндоскописта нужна для назначения и проведения эзофагоскопии, выявления и верификации непосредственных причин непроходимости пищевода (опухолей, специфических заболеваний, инородных тел и др.). Также для диагностирования опухоли пищевода большое значение имеют компьютерная томография ОГК с контрастированием, эндосонография пищевода.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При подозрении на рак пищевода может потребоваться эндоскопическая биопсия, хромоскопия пищевода и желудка. При системных заболеваниях, подозрении на ахалазию кардии показана эзофагеальная манометрия. При наличии у больного специфических заболеваний (сифилис, туберкулез, склеродермия) план обследования соответствует выявленной патологии.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лабораторные анализы при непроходимости пищевода отражают патологические изменения, вызванные основным заболеванием. В биохимическом анализе крови может отмечаться анемия, снижение уровня общего белка и нарушение соотношения белковых фракций, гиповитаминоз, признаки гиперкатаболизма.</span></p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лечение пациентов с доброкачественной непроходимостью пищевода осуществляется в отделении хирургии, при наличии рака пищевода пациент может находиться в отделении гастроэнтерологии или онкологии. Схема лечения непроходимости пищевода зависит от причины данной патологии.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При доброкачественной непроходимости пищевода предпочтительно использовать эндоскопическое расширение стеноза пищевода, эндоскопическое бужирование стенозированного участка. В последние годы широко применяются такие методики, как эндоскопическое рассечение рубцовой стриктуры пищевода, а при тяжелых формах непроходимости - эндопротезирование (стентирование) пищевода. Для восстановления проходимости пищевода может потребоваться извлечение инородного тела, оперативное удаление опухоли, кисты пищевода. Также проводится консервативное либо оперативное лечение заболевания, которое привело к сдавлению пищевода извне.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Злокачественные формы непроходимости пищевода требуют проведения патогенетического лечения: лучевой либо химиотерапии, хирургического удаления опухоли с последующей эзофагопластикой. Консервативные мероприятия включают в себя нормализацию уровня основных нутриентов в крови, электролитов. При необходимости корректируется питание, назначаются препараты для лечения анемии.</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Специфической профилактики непроходимости пищевода не существует. Для предотвращения данного состояния следует избегать этиологических и патогенетических факторов непроходимости пищевода.</span></p>",
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},
"code": "K29.2",
"name": "Алкогольный гастрит",
"icd_name": "Алкогольный гастрит",
"gender": 0,
"age_min": 30,
"age_max": 100,
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"periodicity": 1,
"slug": "k29.2_alkogolnyy_gastrit",
"lead": "повреждение слизистой оболочки желудка человека, вызванное чрезмерным приемом алкоголя",
"description": "",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Алкогольный гастрит хронического типа сопряжен с систематическим злоупотреблением спиртосодержащими напитками. Симптомы выражены умеренно, однако характерны утренняя рвота натощак, а также постоянная жажда и отсутствие аппетита. Специалисты выделяют две стадии хронической формы: ремиссия (существенное послабление либо полное исчезновение симптомов) и обострение (повторное, нередко бурное проявление признаков заболевания).</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Непосредственными причинами алкогольной гастропатии являются:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Единовременный прием чрезмерного количества алкоголя, просчитываемого индивидуально для каждого человека. Риск развития гастрита возрастает примерно в три раза при употреблении свыше 60 г этанола за одни сутки.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Систематическое угнетение моторной и секреторной функций желудка под действием спирта, а также продуктов его распада. Хронический алкоголизм неминуемо приводит к атрофии желудочных желез и разрушению слизистой оболочки.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Формированию алкогольной гастропатии способствуют следующие факторы:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: Verdana;\">Наследственная предрасположенность.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Вредное воздействие профессиональных условий труда.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Физическое и нервно-психическое переутомление.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Курение.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Избыточное или недостаточное питание.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Перенесенные ранее заболевания.</span></li>\r\n</ul>",
"pathogenesis": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Алкоголь является мощным химическим раздражителем, обладает как прямым, так и опосредованным повреждающим действием на ЖКТ. Ацетальдегид, будучи метаболитом этанола, оказывает прямое мембранотоксическое действие путём активации перикисного окисления липидов, снижения активности ионных насосов и соединения с гидрофобными группами фосфолипидного слоя клеток (флюидизации), что морфологически проявляется нарушением упорядоченности клеточных мембран. Данные изменения приводят к блокированию дыхательной цепи, в результате чего активируется апоптоз клеток эпителия.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Опосредованное повреждающее действие связано с воздействием этанола на ЦНС. В результате нарушается координирующая функция коры головного мозга в отношении подкорковых структур, в частности гипоталамуса. Возникает дисфункция вегетативной нервной системы. Усиление симпатических влияний приводит к увеличению концентрации в крови глюкокортикоидов, повышающих чувствительность слизистой к действию ульцерогенных факторов, снижению перфузии органа, трофическим нарушениям и впоследствии ‒ к возникновению эрозий. Усиление парасимпатических влияний проявляется повышенной активностью G-клеток APUD-системы, отвечающих за секрецию гастрина.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Вышеуказанные изменения представлены нарушением пищеварения в желудке и снижением всех его функции. За счёт дискоординации секреции повышается объём желудочного сока, соляной кислоты. Вследствие расстройств моторной деятельности возникают антиперистальтические волны, которые сопровождаются изжогой. Нарушение резервуарной и эвакуаторной функций приводит к задержке пищевых масс, проявляется тошнотой, рвотой. Ещё одна важная функция желудка, снижающаяся при гастрите – выделительная, она заключается в экстраренальном выведений метаболитов из кровотока (мочевины, креатинина).</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Обычно диагностика имеет следующие этапы:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Сбор анамнеза, выявление наследственности, ставшей причиной предрасположенности к алкогольному гастриту.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Внешнее обследование, включающее в себя оценку состояния мышечного тонуса, прощупывание живота.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Анализ крови, позволяющий выявить уровень лейкоцитов. Этот показатель превышен в случае наличия алкогольного гастрита.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Исследование на Helicobacter pylori. Наличие этой бактерии указывает на воспалительные процессы ФЭГДС. Процедура представляет из себя инструментальный осмотр слизистой желудка, двенадцатиперстной кишки и пищевода. Благодаря этой медицинской манипуляции можно выявить наличие эрозий, язв и зону воспаления.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Помимо этого, больному могут назначить ультразвуковое исследование, рентгенограмму, манометрию, спиральную компьютерную томографию.</span></p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Основная цель — остановка острого состояния и предупреждение осложнений. Обязательное лечение алкогольной зависимости, назначение щадящего питания и медикаментозная терапия. Лекарства представляют собой симптоматическую терапию, направлены на купирование проявлений заболевания:</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Обезболивающие, спазмолитики – для снижения болевого синдрома и облегчения состояния, такие как дротаверин, но-шпа, спазган;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Противовоспалительные препараты – денол, пептобисмол;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Антацидные средства – маалокс, гастал, ренни. При содержании кислотности выше нормы, помогают избавиться от изжоги и отрыжки;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Ферментные препараты при сниженной кислотности – лимонтар, прозерин;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Гастропротекторы для регенерации слизистых оболочек;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">От усиленного обезвоживании применяют инфузионное введение водных солевых растворов, совмещённых с витаминами.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>",
"prevention": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">К профилактике до возникновения заболевания относится здоровый образ жизни – отказ от вредных привычек, курения, отказ алкоголю. Рациональное, регулярное, полноценное питание с содержанием необходимых для здоровья микроэлементов и витаминов, снижение до минимума потребности употребления лекарственных средств.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">К вторичной профилактике, то есть после выздоровления, относят полный отказ от спиртосодержащих напитков, соблюдение назначенной диеты, прохождение осмотров врачом-гастроэнтерологом не реже 1 раза в течение двух лет.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Все симптомы этого заболевания можно свести в две группы. К нарушениям работы органов пищеварения относят:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Появление ноющей боли вверху живота сразу после приема пищи.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Нередко натощак человека начинает тошнить. Это сопровождается проявлением общего недомогания и неприятных ощущений в разных местах живота.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">За непродолжительное время больного может несколько раз вырвать, причем рвотные массы имеют включения желчи со слизью.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Вне зависимости от вида принимаемой пищи появляются изжога и отрыжка.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Возникает чувство переполненности желудка.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При хроническом течении заболевания проявляются симптомы запора.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">По мере принятия алкоголя все негативные проявления заболевания купируются.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">К системным факторам проявлениям алкогольной гастропатии относят:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Утрата чувствительности и ограниченность движений ввиду развития периферической полинейропатии.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Тахикардия.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Мышечная атрофия.</span></li>\r\n</ul>",
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},
"code": "K29.7",
"name": "Гастрит неуточненный",
"icd_name": "Гастрит неуточненный",
"gender": 0,
"age_min": 10,
"age_max": 100,
"cause": [
"0",
"3"
],
"periodicity": 1,
"slug": "k29.7_gastrit_neutochnennyy",
"lead": "воспаление слизистой оболочки желудка",
"description": "<p>Гастрит - это <span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">воспаление слизистой оболочки желудка, приводящее к нарушению его функции, в особенности секреторной. При наличии у человека гастрита, поступающая пища плохо перерабатывается, что приводит к нарушению всасываемости полезных веществ для организма человека.</span></p>",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Внешние факторы: </span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">заражение организма бактерией Хеликобактер пилори;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">неправильное питание, избыток в рационе фастфуда и полуфабрикатов;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">курение и злоупотребление алкоголем;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">работа на вредном производстве и проживание в экологически неблагоприятном районе;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">продолжительный прием некоторых медикаментозных средств, например, нестероидных противовоспалительных препаратов;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">продолжительные и регулярные стрессы.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Внутренние факторы: </span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">инфекционные заболевания;</span></li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">сбои в функционировании гормональной системы;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">малокровие;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">недостаточная функция почек, легких или сердца;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">нарушение метаболизма;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">генетическая предрасположенность;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">воспалительные процессы в брюшном отделе.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>",
"pathogenesis": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В основе патогенеза лежит воспаление слизистой оболочки, приводящее к её структурной перестройке. При наличии предрасполагающих факторов и воздействии внешних или внутренних причин запускается процесс длительно текущего воспаления.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В основе хронического воспаления лежит круглоклеточная воспалительная инфильтрация нейтрофилами (видами лейкоцитов крови) и другими клетками иммунной системы слизистой желудка. В результате длительно текущей воспалительной реакции запускаются процессы перестройкой структуры слизистой оболочки желудка и развития в ней дисрегенераторных процессов (нарушенной регенерации) с последующим переходом в дистрофию и атрофию. Это в конечном итоге приводит к нарушению функции желудка, проявляющейся гипо- или ахлоргидрией (снижением или отсутствием соляной кислоты в желудочном соке) и желудочной ахилией.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p> </p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Общий клинический анализ крови, мочи</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Анализ кала на копрограмму</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Биохимический анализ крови (печеночные пробы, холестерин, щелочная фосфатаза)</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ЭКГ</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Рентгенография органов грудной клетки в 2-х проекциях</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Рентгенография пищевода, желудка с бариевой смесью</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">УЗИ гепатобилиарной системы</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Суточное мониторирование рН в нижней части пищевода и желудка</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ЭГДС</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Неинвазивные тесты для определения Helicobacter pylori</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Основное лечение при гастрите состоит из соблюдения здорового образа жизни и правильного рационального питания.</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Отказ от употребления алкогольных, сильногазированных напитков</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Снижение массы тела при ожирении</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Отказ от курения</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Исключение приема пищи в больших количествах и в поздние часы</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Медикаментозное лечение: </span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Прокенетики (способствуют ускорению продвижения пищевого комка от пищевода в желудок, в дальнейшем в двенадцатиперстную кишку, повышение тонуса нижнего пищеводного сфинктера) - Домперидон (Мотилак, Мотилиум), Итоприд (Ганатон)</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Антисекреторные препараты (способствуют подавлению секреции соляной кислоты) - ингибиторы протонной помпы (Омепразол, Пантопразол, Эзомепразол, Рабепразол)</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Антациды (Фосфолюгель, Альмагель, Гевискон)</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При обнаруженной контаминации слизистой оболочки желудка H.pylory применяется схема лечения с антибактериальными препаратами.</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p> </p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Отказ от курения и злоупотребления алкоголя.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Соблюдение режима труда и отдыха.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Соблюдение диеты.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Повторные курсы уничтожения Helicobacter pylori (при необходимости).</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Профилактические осмотры врача и диспансеризация.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>",
"clinical_picture": "<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-b4aa32eb-7fff-4b8c-0f53-2255a9d38384\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Первые клинические симптомы появляются через 6-12 часов после воздействия патогенного фактора: потеря аппетита, ощущение неприятного вкуса во рту, слюнотечение, тошнота, отрыжка воздухом и пищей, рвота содержимым желудка с примесью слизи и желчи; рвотные массы обильные, имеют неприятный запах. Иногда рвота повторяется, усиливается слабость, появляются головокружение и головная боль. </span></span></p>\r\n<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-b4aa32eb-7fff-4b8c-0f53-2255a9d38384\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Отмечается урчание, вздутие живота, понос повторяется многократно, слабость прогрессирует, нарастает обезвоживание, а температура достигает 39 градусов и выше. </span></span></p>\r\n<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-b4aa32eb-7fff-4b8c-0f53-2255a9d38384\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При осмотре больной бледен, кожа сухая, язык обложен серо-жёлтым налетом, ощущается неприятный запах изо рта, живот вздут, пальпация живота чувствительна, давление в эпигастральной области может усиливать тошноту. </span></span></p>\r\n<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-b4aa32eb-7fff-4b8c-0f53-2255a9d38384\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Количество мочи, особенно в тяжелых случаях, уменьшено, появляется альбуминурия. </span></span></p>\r\n<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-b4aa32eb-7fff-4b8c-0f53-2255a9d38384\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В анализе крови может отмечаться умеренный нейтрофильный лейкоцитоз. </span></span></p>",
"image": null,
"image_alt": null,
"standard_type": 0,
"danger": 1,
"published": 2,
"parent": 6667,
"block_rubric": 111,
"standards": []
},
{
"id": 11672,
"symptoms": [
{
"id": 2882,
"synonyms": [
{
"name": "выход газов"
},
{
"name": "вышли газы"
},
{
"name": "рыгание "
}
],
"body_points": [
{
"x": 488,
"y": 3439,
"r": 546
},
{
"x": 464,
"y": 1415,
"r": 192
},
{
"x": 488,
"y": 2534,
"r": 220
},
{
"x": 440,
"y": 1963,
"r": 125
}
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},
"code": "K29.8",
"name": "Дуоденит",
"icd_name": "Дуоденит",
"gender": 0,
"age_min": 1,
"age_max": 100,
"cause": [
"0",
"3"
],
"periodicity": 1,
"slug": "k29.8_duodenit",
"lead": "воспалительное заболевание двенадцатиперстной кишки, чаще только слизистой оболочки",
"description": "<p>Дуоденит - это <span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">острое или хроническое воспаление в двенадцатиперстной кишке – участке пищеварительного тракта, который расположен после выходного отверстия желудка и является начальным отделом тонкой кишки.</span></p>",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Основными факторами считаются:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">частое употребление алкоголя в больших количествах;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">рацион питания, состоящий из жирных, острых и копченых блюд;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">проникновение в организм ядов, например, дуоденит часто обнаруживается у людей, которые отравились грибами;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">глистные инвазии.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">в раннем возрасте из-за слабости гормональной функции кишки или аномалии ее расположения. </span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">присутствие бактерии Helicobacter</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Также дуоденит может вызвать целиакия – патология, при которой нарушается функционирование пищеварительной системы из-за повреждений ворсинок тонкой кишки.</span></p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Механизм развития воспаления ДПК связан с повреждением слизистой стенки кишки поступающим из желудка гиперацидным соком. Повышенная кислотность в совокупности со снижением защитных свойств стенки кишки приводят к раздражению, а затем и воспалению слизистой. Если острое воспаление протекает без ярко выраженной симптоматики, то оно перерастает в хронический процесс, приобретает циклическое рецидивирующее течение, в стенке кишки начинаются дегенеративные и атрофические процессы.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В случае вторичного дуоденита основным патогенетическим звеном развития заболевания является дуоденостаз – следствие функциональных расстройств пищеварения, недостаточная перистальтика, спаечные процессы, компрессионная непроходимость ДПК. Хронические заболевания печени, желчного пузыря и поджелудочной железы вызывают нарушения ферментного баланса, что провоцирует изменение гомеостаза внутренней среды кишечника, снижает защитные свойства эпителия слизистой, становится основой хронического воспаления.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для диагностики заболевания пациенту назначают:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #2b2b2b; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">общий анализ крови и мочи;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #2b2b2b; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">биохимический анализ;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #2b2b2b; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">коагулограмму;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #2b2b2b; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ФЭГДС с биопсией (выявление Helicobacter Pylori);</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #2b2b2b; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">рентгеноскопию желудка и 12-перстной кишки;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #2b2b2b; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">дуоденальное зондирование (исследование характеристик и скорости выработки желчи);</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #2b2b2b; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">копрограмму (обнаружение клеток слизистой оболочки кишечника, непереваренной пищи, соединительнотканных волокон).</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При подозрении на злокачественный процесс проводят биопсию для выявления атипичных клеток.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лечение дуоденита требует строгого соблюдения диетического питания. </span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Меню диеты при остром дуодените: </span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">при дуодените больному назначается диета №1, исключающая продукты, раздражающие слизистую ДПК и желудка.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">в период выздоровления пациента переводят на диету №5 или №4.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Медикаментозное лечение:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">антибактериальные средства в случае дуоденита, вызванного бактерией Хеликобактер Пилори;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">противоинвазионные препараты, если у пациента обнаружены глистные инвазии;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">спазмолитические и обезболивающие лекарства, когда болевые ощущения ярко выражаются;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">антациды, чтобы купировать симптоматику обусловленную избыточной кислотопродукцией;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">секретолики с целью снижения желудочной кислотопродукции;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">холеспазмолитики, чтобы расслабился сфинктерный аппарат.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Иногда лечение дуоденита, помимо диеты и приема препаратов, включает в себя физиотерапевтические процедуры:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">электрофорез;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ультразвук;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">дециметровые волны;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">токи Бернара;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">УВЧ;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">грязелечение.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>",
"prevention": "<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">рациональное питание (прием пищи 4 раза в день), </span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">отказ от вредных привычек, </span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">своевременное лечение хронических заболеваний,</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">профосмотр (раз в полгода).</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Клиническая картина хронического дуоденита различается для различных форм заболевания.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Ацидопептический дуоденит часто сопутствует язвенной болезни желудка и двенадцатиперстной кишки, что обуславливает наличие язвенноподобного синдрома – выраженная болезненность в эпигастрии натощак, в ночные часы или через пару часов после приема пищи.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Дуоденит, сочетанный с энтеритом проявляется в первую очередь кишечными симптомами (нарушения пищеварения, диспепсия, синдром нарушения всасывания).</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При дуоденостазе характерен выраженный болевой синдром – приступообразные, распирающего и скручивающего характера, боли в эпигастральной области, либо в правой половине живота, ощущение вздутия, урчание в животе, горькая отрыжка, тошнота и рвота с желчью.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Клинические формы дуоденита:</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">гастритоподобная (боль в желудке возникает через 15-20 минут после еды, наблюдаются рвота, тошнота, отрыжка, метеоризм, понос, снижение аппетита);</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">язвенноподобная (желудок болит по ночам и, когда пациент хочет есть, может быть горькая отрыжка);</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">панкреатоподобная/холецистоподобная (наблюдается острая выраженная боль, локализующаяся в левом либо правом подреберье, есть признаки диспепсического расстройства, холестаза);</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">нейровегетативная (ярко выражены астеноневротические вегетативные расстройства);</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">смешанная (присутствуют симптомы разных клинических форм дуоденита);</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">бессимптомная (чаще наблюдается у людей преклонного возраста).</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>",
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{
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{
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"name": "Боль выше пупка"
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{
"name": "Боль ниже пупка"
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{
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"name": "Боль в области пупка"
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"name": "Болит живот снизу"
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{
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"description": "<p>Пилоростеноз - это <span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">рубцовое поражение привратника желудка, развивающееся на фоне изъязвления слизистой оболочки органа пищеварительной системы.</span></p>",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Причины приобретённого пилоростеноза</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Пилоростеноз может быть приобретённым. Он встречается редко, в основном у подростков и взрослых. Заболевание также называют идиопатической гипертрофией привратника.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Причиной болезни являются рубцовые изменения, связанные с язвенной болезнью желудка, хроническим гастритом, опухолями нижнего отдела желудка и привратника. Болезнь также может развиваться после ушивания язвы желудка и двенадцатиперстной кишки.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">К другим возможным причинам приобретённого пилоростеноза относятся:</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: 36pt;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">болезнь Крона;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: 36pt;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">туберкулёз и сифилис желудка;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: 36pt;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">рубцевание язв в области привратника или двенадцатиперстной кишки;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: 36pt;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">рубцы после химического ожога;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre; margin-left: 36pt;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">безоары (инородные тела, например комки из волос, случайно проглоченного материала, который не переваривается) — слизистая оболочка желудка выражено раздражается, нарушается его секреторная и моторная функции и затрудняется эвакуация пищи из желудка.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>",
"pathogenesis": "<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-2d2c2538-7fff-6762-6efe-0539414afb32\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Приобретённый пилоростеноз обычно развивается при длительном патологическом процессе (язвенной болезни и др.). Из-за запущенного состояния мышцы теряют свою функциональность и превращаются в плотную соединительную ткань.</span></span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p> </p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">рентгенологический снимок (смотрят, увеличен ли желудок, сужен ли канал, уменьшена ли перистальтическая активность, за какое время проходит эвакуация пищи из желудка); </span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">эзофагогастродуоденоскопия (дает возможность выяснить, сужен или расширен желудок, нет ли деформации); </span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">УЗИ (можно увидеть увеличенный желудок лишь на поздних стадиях); </span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">электрогастроэнтерография — изучение моторной функции (анализирует тонус, сокращения желудка, электрическая активность).</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Заболевание лечат только хирургическим путём. Перед операцией необходимо восстановить водно-электролитное и кислотно-основное равновесие. С этой целью проводится инфузионная терапия — внутривенно капельно вводятся глюкозо-солевые растворы (глюкоза 5 %, 0,9% раствор NaCl, раствор Рингера и т. п.).</span></p>\r\n<p><strong id=\"docs-internal-guid-ed14ecb9-7fff-b1e9-9907-6556207a7e0f\" style=\"font-weight: normal;\"> </strong></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Хирургическое лечение</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При пилоростенозе проводится пилоромиотомия — хирургическое рассечение гипертрофированного привратникового сфинктера. Пилоромиотомия может выполняться открытым (через открытый разрез) или лапароскопическим (через небольшой прокол в животе) способом. Лапароскопия менее инвазивна, поэтому более предпочтительна. Выполняется продольное рассечение серозного и мышечного слоёв стенки желудка в пилорическом отделе, слизистая оболочка не рассекается. Таким образом мышце создают пространство для растяжения, она расслабляется, позволяя желудку продвигать содержимое в кишечник.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Медикаментозное лечение</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Применяются спазмолитики: Но-шпа и Атропин. </span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При приобретённом пилоростенозе к комплексной терапии добавляют антисекреторные препараты (Омепразол, Циметидин, Рабепразол, Ранитидин) и антациды (Маалокс и Фосфалюгель). </span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При необходимости применяются антибактериальные препараты: Кларитромицин, Амоксициллин, Цефтриаксон и др. Могут назначаться седативные средства.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Диета при пилоростенозе</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Взрослым пациентам следует питаться дробно: малыми порциями 5–6 раз в день, одна порция — 250–300 г. Учитывая замедленную эвакуацию пищи из желудка, промежутки между приёмами пищи не должны быть слишком короткими. Чтобы предотвратить выраженное растяжение желудка, не следует запивать еду. Пить можно до 1 л жидкости.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Из рациона полностью исключают острые и маринованные блюда, копчёности, любую раздражающую желудок пищу, пресное тесто, сдобу, сладости и продукты, содержащие грубую клетчатку.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"prevention": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Профилактические меры при этой патологии не существуют. Однако важно, чтобы родители распознали признаки и симптомы заболевания, чтобы ребенок получил медицинскую помощь как можно скорее. Это может предотвратить обезвоживание, потерю веса и недоедание.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Профилактика пилоростеноза может включать консультацию генетика при беременности, особенно если в семье встречались случаи заболевания. Также женщине не следует контактировать с инфекционными больными, чтобы избежать лечения антибиотиками.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Заболевание обладает рядом характерных признаков. Основной — обильная рвота пищей, которую пациент съел накануне или за несколько дней до приступа. При отказе от употребления напитков и еды дети и взрослые могут услышать характерные всплески в области желудка, свидетельствующие о застойных явлениях внутри органа. Третий базовый симптом пилоростеноза — хорошо заметная через переднюю брюшную стенку перистальтика, локализованная в эпигастрии.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Стадия компенсированного пилоростеноза сопровождается приступами боли, ощущениями переполнения желудка, отрыжкой и изжогой. В рвотных массах присутствует соляная кислота. Пациенты всех возрастных групп начинают терять массу тела.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Стадия субкомпенсации приводит к ухудшению состояния лиц, страдающих от пилоростеноза. Взрослые и дети жалуются на острые боли в эпигастральной области, участившуюся рвоту, отрыжку с привкусом протухшей пищи. Пациенты слабеют, их вес существенно снижается.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Этап декомпенсации характеризуется умеренными болями и чрезмерной ослабленностью человека. Кожные покровы пациентов иссушаются и истончаются. Ребёнку или взрослому становится сложно выполнять привычные дела, стоять и ходить.</span></p>",
"image": null,
"image_alt": null,
"standard_type": 0,
"danger": 1,
"published": 1,
"parent": 6669,
"block_rubric": 111,
"standards": []
},
{
"id": 11723,
"symptoms": [
{
"id": 2882,
"synonyms": [
{
"name": "выход газов"
},
{
"name": "вышли газы"
},
{
"name": "рыгание "
}
],
"body_points": [
{
"x": 488,
"y": 3439,
"r": 546
},
{
"x": 464,
"y": 1415,
"r": 192
},
{
"x": 488,
"y": 2534,
"r": 220
},
{
"x": 440,
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"r": 125
}
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{
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К наиболее распространенным инфекциям, поражающим слизистую тонкого и толстого кишечника, относятся:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">кишечная палочка;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">сальмонеллез;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">энтеровирус.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Помимо этого энтероколит может возникать при паразитарной инвазии, проникновении в кишечник простейших:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">описторхоз;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">трихомонады;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">амебные паразиты.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p><strong style=\"font-weight: normal;\"> </strong></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Неинфекционные причины появления кишечной патологии:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">длительное лечение антибиотиками;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">пищевая аллергия;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">отравление;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">нарушение обмена веществ;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">аутоиммунные заболевания;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">патологии органов ЖКТ (например, язвенный колит или секреторная недостаточность поджелудочной железы).</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p><strong style=\"font-weight: normal;\"> </strong></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В последнее время особое распространение получили причины энтероколита, связанные с неправильным питанием современного человека. К заболеванию нередко приводят:</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">частые перекусы «на бегу»;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">злоупотребление алкоголем;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">переедание;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">употребление жирной, жареной, копченой и пересоленной пищи;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">чрезмерное употребление продуктов с высоким содержанием углеводов;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">недостаток необходимых для организма микро- и макроэлементов, поступаемых с пищей.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>",
"pathogenesis": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При данной патологии наблюдается нарушение равновесия между физиологией иммунной системы и нормальной микрофлорой кишечника, в результате чего изменяется макро- и микроструктура слизистой оболочки, процессы регенерации и метаболизма в ней. Основное значение в патогенезе имеет изменение микробиоценоза кишечника, барьерной, секреторной и моторной функций. Нарушается активность мембранных ферментов, транспортных каналов, обеспечивающих поступление воды, ионов, продуктов расщепления белков, жиров и углеводов.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Дисбактериоз приводит к бродильным и гнилостным процессам, в результате которых образуется большое количество кислот, газа, а также эндогенных токсинов, которые также повреждают слизистую оболочку и нервные окончания. Развивается гиперсекреция слизи. Совокупность этих процессов приводит к поддержанию хронического воспаления кишечника и формированию атрофии его слизистой оболочки. При этом патогенез и тяжесть заболевания зависят в большей степени не от причины, а от степени повреждения энтероцитов.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p> </p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">забор общего и биохимического анализа крови;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">анализ кала на химическое и бактериологическое исследование;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">забор мочи;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">колоноскопия, включая биопсию;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">УЗИ брюшной полости и органов таза;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ирригоскопия (рентгенологическое исследование кишечника)</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Терапия зависит от разновидности заболевания, стадии течения и степени поражения слизистой оболочки кишечника. Общим является медикаментозное лечение и диета.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лекарственное лечение энтероколита включает:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Антибиотики. Выбор препарата зависит от того, какой возбудитель стал причиной развития заболевания. Необходимость в проведении антибактериальной терапии возникает только при псевдомембранозном энтероколите.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Противопаразитарные средства. Назначаются в случае глистных инвазий с учетом выявленного паразита.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для улучшения самочувствия больного врач прописывает обезболивающие и спазмолитические препараты. С целью нормализации микрофлоры врач прописывает пре- и пробиотики, содержание энтеро- и бифидобактерии.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Противодиарейные препараты, которые оказывают влияние на моторику кишечника, как правило, не назначаются. При энтероколите допустимы только лекарства адсорбирующего действия, стабилизирующие слизистую оболочку кишечника.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В обязательном порядке назначается диета №4 (3-5 дней), после чего №4 Б и В. после улучшения общего самочувствие рацион питания расширяется для восполнения дефицита микроэлементов и витаминов. Исключить только нужно продукты, к которым имеется индивидуальная непереносимость (глютен, лактоза).</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-cd301701-7fff-8a9a-ac53-f623a53254f3\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Профилактические меры включают исключение антибиотиков без назначения врача. </span></span></p>\r\n<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-cd301701-7fff-8a9a-ac53-f623a53254f3\"></span><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-cd301701-7fff-8a9a-ac53-f623a53254f3\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Нужно исключить употребление непастеризованного молока, недостаточно обработанного мяса и яиц, плохо вымытых овощей и фруктов. </span></span></p>\r\n<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-cd301701-7fff-8a9a-ac53-f623a53254f3\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Профилактика включает соблюдение личной гигиены и прием противоглистных препаратов для предупреждения развития гельминтозов.</span></span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Клиническая картина энтероколита зависит от формы течения и степени тяжести заболевания. Так, острый энтероколит проявляется внезапно, чаще всего сопровождается резкими приступами боли в животе, сильным газообразованием, нарушением стула. Хроническое течение заболевания развивается постепенно, выраженность симптомов изменяется в зависимости от приема пищи, времени суток и т.д. Хроническая форма может протекать бессимптомно, а может проявляться опасным для здоровья обострением.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Острый энтероколит проявляется следующими симптомами:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">жидкий стул (более 10 раз в сутки);</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">сильная боль в области живота;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ощущение тошноты;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">рвота.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Если заболевания спровоцировано попаданием в организм патогенных микроорганизмов, то наблюдаются выраженные признаки интоксикации. У заболевшего человека сильно повышается температура тела, появляется озноб и боль в голове.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">У детей энтероколит может вызывать серьезное ухудшение самочувствия. Возможно появление судорог и даже потеря сознания. При наличии жидкого стула или рвоты возможно обезвоживание и состояние, угрожающее жизни малыша. В таком случае необходима обязательная госпитализации.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Симптомы хронической формы схожи с проявлением острого энтероколита. Обязательно наличие жидкого стула. Иногда понос чередуется с запорами.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Также характерно появление болевых ощущений в области живота. Правда боль при хронической форме менее выражена, чем при острой. Обычно она усиливается перед актом дефекации.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Кроме этого энтероколит хронический имеет следующие симптомы:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">периодически появляющееся чувство тошноты;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">отрыжка;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">вздутие живота;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">нарушение функции пищеварения.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Больной хронической формой имеет бледную кожу, серый цвет лица, тусклые ломкие волосы. Он быстро устает, плохо концентрируется, жалуется на нарушение сна и памяти. Нарушение функции желудочно-кишечного тракта приводит к резкому снижению иммунитета и склонности к присоединению простудных и инфекционных заболеваний.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"image": null,
"image_alt": null,
"standard_type": 0,
"danger": 50,
"published": 1,
"parent": null,
"block_rubric": 114,
"standards": []
},
{
"id": 11878,
"symptoms": [
{
"id": 2882,
"synonyms": [
{
"name": "выход газов"
},
{
"name": "вышли газы"
},
{
"name": "рыгание "
}
],
"body_points": [
{
"x": 488,
"y": 3439,
"r": 546
},
{
"x": 464,
"y": 1415,
"r": 192
},
{
"x": 488,
"y": 2534,
"r": 220
},
{
"x": 440,
"y": 1963,
"r": 125
}
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"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Киста в желчном пузыре образуется при состояниях, связанных с нарушением оттока желчи из полости пузыря. В результате застоя желчи и постепенного всасывания её слизистой оболочкой происходит разрушение клеток, на ткани появляются рубцы, структура органа становится рыхлой. При этом наружная оболочка желчного пузыря не страдает, остается плотной. Со временем наблюдается увеличение размеров пораженного участка – появление кисты, внутри которой находятся жидкость и слизь.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Таким образом, основным фактором, провоцирующим развитие кисты в желчном пузыре, является застой желчи, который может быть связан со следующими состояниями:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">врожденными дефектами желчного пузыря или пороками развития желудочно-кишечного тракта;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">желчнокаменной болезнью – проток может быть перекрыт конкрементом;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">беременностью – нарушение оттока желчи в данном случае связано с давлением растущей матки на желчный пузырь (так возникает киста желчного пузыря у женщин);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">паразитарной инвазией – отток жидкости может быть заблокирован глистами;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">полипом желчного пузыря;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">хроническими воспалительными процессами в желчном пузыре или близлежащих органах (почке, поджелудочной железе, печени, желудке).</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
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"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При наличии кисты желчного пузыря довольно часто жалобы пациента скудные. Консультация гастроэнтеролога позволяет предположить данное заболевание, в случае значительного увеличения пузыря врач может его пропальпировать через переднюю брюшную стенку. Результаты лабораторных анализов при этой патологии в большинстве случаев не изменены.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Основная роль в диагностике кисты желчного пузыря принадлежит инструментальным методикам. УЗИ брюшной полости позволяет оценить размеры кисты, состояние стенок желчного пузыря, визуализировать конкременты. При проведении обзорной рентгенографии органов брюшной полости выявляется округлая тень желчного пузыря, рентгенконтрастные конкременты. При выполнении ретроградной холангиопанкреатографии желчный пузырь не контрастируется при заполнении протоковой системы.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для детальной оценки состояния желчного пузыря, его стенок, выявления причины формирования кисты может быть проведена магнитно-резонансная томография органов брюшной полости, КТ желчевыводящих путей. При выполнении данных методов обследования определяется увеличенный желчный пузырь, неоднородность его содержимого, могут быть обнаружены конкременты непосредственно в пузыре либо в желчевыводящих путях, рубцовые стриктуры, опухоли, сдавливающие пузырный проток.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Высокоинформативный метод выявления кисты желчного пузыря – диагностическая лапароскопия. Врач-эндоскопист при проведении процедуры видит желчный пузырь, степень изменения его стенок, через которые просвечивает белесоватое содержимое. В ходе лапароскопии может быть сразу проведена холецистэктомия.</span></p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Тактика лечения кисты желчного пузыря зависит от ее размеров, причины формирования, наличия или отсутствия осложнений. При небольших размерах образования возможно консервативное лечение на фоне обязательного контроля размеров желчного пузыря. При наличии крупной кисты желчного пузыря, а также отсутствии эффекта от консервативной терапии проводится хирургическое лечение. Методом выбора является лапароскопическая холецистэктомия, возможно удаление желчного пузыря из мини-доступа или путем открытой холецистэктомии (в настоящее время такое оперативное вмешательство применяется редко, в основном при наличии осложнений). При удалении кисты желчного пузыря обязательно производится бактериологическое исследование ее содержимого, но в большинстве случаев бактериального воспаления нет.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При своевременной диагностике и эффективном лечении прогноз при кисте желчного пузыря благоприятный. Бессимптомное течение заболевания может привести к значительному истончению стенок пузыря, его разрыву и развитию перитонита, поэтому при любых жалобах на боли в правом подреберье или диспепсические явления обязательно должна быть проведена консультация гастроэнтеролога и соответствующее обследование.</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Специфической профилактики кисты желчного пузыря не существует. Важную роль играет здоровый образ жизни с рациональным питанием, своевременное лечение желчнокаменной болезни, а также регулярное наблюдение у специалиста при ЖКБ и других заболеваниях желчевыводящих путей.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Клинические симптомы кисты в желчном пузыре могут варьироваться. Если патология обусловлена рубцовыми стриктурами и внешним сдавлением пузырного протока, симптоматика чаще всего отсутствует до того момента, как пузырь достигнет значительных размеров.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Однако преимущественно формирование кисты желчного пузыря обусловлено желчнокаменной болезнью и печеночной коликой.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Незначительное увеличение желчного пузыря обычно не сопровождается существенным дискомфортом. Однако киста в желчном пузыре больших размеров проявляется более выраженной симптоматикой: болью в области правого подреберья, иррадиирущей в спину или правую лопатку. Как правило, боли отличаются тупым или ноющим характером, могут усиливаться, когда больной изменяет положение тела.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Кроме того, у пациентов с кистой желчного пузыря нарушаются пищеварительные процессы – их мучают тошнота, рвота, отрыжка с горьким вкусом. Неприятные симптомы усиливаются при приеме пищи, особенно жирной и жареной.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Отсутствие своевременного грамотного лечения грозит значительным истончением стенок желчного пузыря, в них могут формироваться микроперфорации, в результате чего содержимое кистозного образования попадает в брюшную полость.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Наиболее тяжелое осложнение кисты желчного пузыря – её разрыв, при котором высока вероятность обильного кровотечения и развития перитонита.</span></p>",
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},
"code": "Q44.6",
"name": "Кистозная болезнь печени",
"icd_name": "Кистозная болезнь печени",
"gender": 0,
"age_min": 30,
"age_max": 100,
"cause": [
"0"
],
"periodicity": 1,
"slug": "q44.6_kistoznaya_bolezn_pecheni",
"lead": "очаговое полостное образование печени, ограниченное соединительнотканной капсулой с жидкостью внутри",
"description": "",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Кисты в печени чаще всего диагностируются у взрослых пациентов возрастом 30-50 лет, причем чаще у женщин, чем у мужчин. Они могут быть:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Истинными — врожденные, формируются из-за патологических изменений желчных протоков во время внутриутробного развития. К ним относятся кистофиброз, поликистоз и солитарные кисты. Их внутренняя поверхность состоит из клеток эпителия.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Ложными — появляются в результате травм, различных воспалительных заболеваний, внутренняя поверхность выстлана фиброзными тканями. </span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Паразитарными — возникают в результате протозойного инфицирования или глистной инвазии. Бывают эхинококковыми и альвеококковыми.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Непаразитарными — возникают по множеству различных причин, включая травмы и прием гормональных препаратов, в большинстве случаев обнаруживаются случайно.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>",
"pathogenesis": "",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Большая часть кист печени обнаруживается случайно при проведении УЗИ брюшной полости. По данным эхографии киста печени определяется как ограниченная тонкой стенкой полость овальной или округлой формы с анэхогенным содержимым. При наличии в полости кисты крови или гноя, становятся различимы внутрипросветные эхосигналы. В ряде случаев УЗИ печени используется для проведения чрескожной пункции кисты с последующим цитологическим и бактериологическим исследованием секрета.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">С помощью КТ, МРТ, сцинтиграфии печени, ангиографии чревного ствола и брыжеечных артерий проводится дифференциальная диагностика кисты печени с гемангиомой, опухолями ретроперитонеального пространства, опухолями тонкого кишечника, поджелудочной железы, брыжейки, водянкой желчного пузыря, метастатическими поражениями печени. При сомнениях в диагнозе выполняется диагностическая лапароскопия. Для исключения паразитарной этиологии кист печени проводятся специфические серологические исследования крови (ИФА, РНГА).</span></p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Пациенты с бессимптомными кистами печени, не превышающими 3-х см в диаметре, нуждаются в динамическом наблюдении гастроэнтеролога (гепатолога). Лечение паразитарных кист печени проводится под наблюдением инфекциониста или паразитолога.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Показаниями к хирургическому лечению кист печени оперативным путем служат:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">осложнения (кровотечение, разрыв, нагноение и др.)</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">большие и гигантские размеры кисты (до 10 см и более)</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">сдавление желчных путей с нарушением желчеоттока</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">компрессия системы воротной вены с развитием портальной гипертензии</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">выраженная клиническая симптоматика, ухудшающая качество жизни</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">рецидивы кисты печени после попытки ее пункционной аспирации.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Все оперативные вмешательства, производимые по поводу кист печени, могут быть радикальными, условно-радикальными и паллиативными.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">К радикальным способам при солитарной кисте относят резекцию печени; при поликистозе – трансплантацию печени.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Условно-радикальные методы могут включать вылущивание (энуклеацию) кисты или иссечение стенок кисты. При выполнении данных вмешательств широко используется малоинвазивный лапароскопический доступ.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Паллиативные вмешательства при кистах печени не подразумевают удаления полостного образования и могут заключаться в следующем:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">прицельной пункционной аспирации содержимого кисты с последующей склерооблитерацией полости. Стойкий эффект после чрескожной пункционной аспирации кисты и ее склерозирования достигается при относительно небольших размерах (до 5-6 см) полости.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">вскрытии, опорожнении и дренировании остаточной полости кисты. Проведение вскрытия и наружного дренирования показано при солитарных посттравматических кистах печени, осложненных разрывом стенки или нагноением.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">марсупиализации кисты. Марсупиализацию (опорожнение кисты с подшиванием ее стенок к краям операционной раны) проводят при центральной локализации кисты в воротах печени, сдавлении желчных путей, наличии портальной гипертензии.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">фенестрации кисты. К фенестрации - вскрытию и иссечению свободных стенок кист, как правило, прибегают при множественных кистах или поликистозе печени в отсутствие признаков печеночно-почечной недостаточности.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">цистоэнтеростомии или цистогастростомии. При гигантских кистах производится наложение цистогастроанастомоза или цистоэнтероанастомоза, т. е. создается сообщение полости кисты печени с полостью желудка или кишечника.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>",
"prevention": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">С целью предупреждения развития ложной формы следует избегать травмирующих воздействий на брюшную полость, а также своевременно лечить возникающие воспалительные процессы в печени.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Кисты печени небольших размеров не имеют симптомов и редко диагностируются на ранних стадиях. Клинические проявления возникают после достижения кистой более 7 см в диаметре, либо при условии поражения множественными кистами более 20-30% объема паренхимы печени. К основным проявлениям кисты печени относят:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">головокружения;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">чувство тяжести в области правого подреберья;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">диспепсические явления: тошнота, рвота, частая отрыжка воздухом, повышенный метеоризм, понос;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">слабость, повышенная утомляемость;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">снижение аппетита и, как следствие, анорексия;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">анемия;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">повышенная потливость;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">субфебрилитет;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">желтушность кожных покров и склер;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">сильная одышка;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">пальпируемое безболезненное уплотнение в области печени;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">увеличение живота с правой стороны.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Сама по себе киста маленьких размеров не страшна, однако если не уследить за динамикой ее роста, возможны следующие осложнения:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">перекрут ножки кисты;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">перфорация;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">нагноение;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">перитонит;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">абсцесс печени;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">распространение паразитов (при разрыве паразитарной кисты);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">массивное кровотечение в брюшной полости;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">эхинококковые кисты легких (возникает на фоне разрыва эхинококковое паразитарной кисты);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">печеночная недостаточность;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">злокачественное перерождение.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
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{
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"name": "Астения"
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{
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"name": "Снижение работоспособности"
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{
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"name": "расслабление"
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{
"name": "понижение тонуса"
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{
"name": "Атония"
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"description": "\r\nТуберкулез нервной системы обычно наблюдается в форме туберкулезного менингита (воспаление мягких мозговых оболочек) и солитарных (одиночных) туберкулем мозга. Туберкулезное воспаление мозговых оболочек является одной из самых тяжелых форм туберкулеза\r\n\r\nВ последние годы туберкулезный менингит встречается в 7—9% случаев. Он может быть единственной локализацией туберкулезного процесса, но чаще (70—80% случаев) развивается при самых различных формах легочного и внелегочного туберкулеза.",
"etiology": "<p>Возбудителями туберкулёза являются микобактерии — кислотоустойчивые бактерии рода Mycobacterium. Всего известно 74 вида микобактерий. Они широко распространены в почве, воде, среди людей и животных. Однако туберкулёз у человека вызывает условно выделенный комплекс, включающий в себя Mycobacterium tuberculosis(человеческий вид), и другими близкородственными видами) или иначе палочками Коха</p>\r\n<p>Микобактерии туберкулеза передаётся воздушно-капельным путём при разговоре, кашле и чихании больного.</p>\r\n<p>Палочкой туберкулезную микобактерию назвали не случайно: она тонкая, 1-10 мкм в длину и 0,2-0,6 мкм в ширину, прямая или слегка искривленная, концы скругленные, поверхность тела может быть слегка зернистой. МБТ уникальна тем, что под воздействием различных факторов среды она может дробиться на мелкие частички, или наоборот, слепляться, а затем снова возвращаться в обычную форму и становится возбудителем заболевания.</p>\r\n<p>Туберкулезные микобактерии могут долго жить во внешней среде. На пыльном тротуаре они остаются жизнеспособными 10 дней, между книжных страниц – 3 месяца, в воде – 5 месяцев. МБТ не любят солнечного света, но выдерживают нагревание до 80 градусов Цельсия пять минут. В засушенном виде бактерии сохраняются в течение 6 мес, а в замороженном – 30 лет.</p>\r\n<p>МБТ не имеют органоидов движения – ни жгутиков, ни ресничек – поэтому остаются там, где их «высадил» носитель. Для роста и размножения им нужна температура от 29 до 42 градусов Цельсия, оптимальные условия – 37-38 градусов, так что организм человека создает для этого просто идеальные условия.</p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p>Туберкулезный менингит развивается у лиц, инфицированных МБТ, больных туберкулезом легких или других органов. У детей он возникает как осложнение первичного туберкулезного комплекса или туберкулеза внутригрудных лимфатических узлов, у взрослых — как осложнение диссеминированного (гематогенного) туберкулеза. Туберкулезный менингит может быть единственным клиническим проявлением активного туберкулезного процесса, когда источник метастазирования МБТ клиническими методами не обнаруживается. Туберкулема мозга является вторичным заболеванием, т. е. возникает при наличии туберкулеза легких, внутригрудных лимфатических узлов или других органов, наиболее часто в фазе диссеминации.</p>\r\n<p>Туберкулез нервной системы и мозговых оболочек возникает гематогенным (через кровь), лимфогенным (по лимфатическим сосудам) или периневральным (по току спиномозговой жидкости) путями при распространении МБТ из очагов в легких, пораженных внутригрудных лимфатических узлов или других внелегочных очагов.</p>\r\n<p>Первый этап развития туберкулезного менингита — гематогенный, который завершается прорывом гематоэнцефалического барьера и инфицированием сосудистых сплетений головного мозга.</p>\r\n<p> Второй этап — ликворогенный. Микобактерии туберкулеза из сосудистых сплетений попадают в спинномозговую жидкость, оседают на основании мозга, что приводит к поражению мягкой мозговой оболочки.</p>",
"diagnostics": "<p>Туберкулез нервной системы диагностируется фтизиатром совместно со специалистами в области неврологии. Проводится пункция спиномозговой жидкости, где оценивается ее цвет, прозрачность, давление, клеточный состав. «Золотым стандартом» диагностики туберкулезного менингита является выделение микобактерий из спиномозговой жидкости методом посева. Вместе с тем бактериологическое подтверждение диагноза регистрируется менее чем в 20% случаев. Более высокая чувствительность достигается при выявлении генетического материала микобактерии методом ПЦР — 26,0%, а определение антигенов микобактерий и противотуберкулезных антител — 36%.</p>\r\n<p>Проводится рентгенография органов грудной клетки для выявления первичного очага туберкулезной инфекции.</p>\r\n<p>Компьютерная/магнитно-резонансная томография головного мозга на ранних этапах не позволяет обнаружить изменения, но позднее появляются признаки увеличения желудочков мозга, а также отек мозга и очаговую ишемию. Также данные методы применяются для дифференциальной диагностики с другими церебральными поражениями.</p>\r\n<p>Рентгенограмма черепа позволяет выявить туберкулему при отложении в нем солей кальция. Основными методами визуализации туберкулемы мозга являются КТ и МРТ.</p>\r\n<p>Офтальмоскопия позволяет выявить застойные диски зрительных нервов.</p>",
"treatment": "<p>Больным показан строгий постельный режим. Вставать можно только после купирования менингеальных симптомов, выходить на улицу — только после нормализации показателей спиномозговой жидкости. Для лечения туберкулеза нервной системы применяются противотуберкулезные препараты, разрушающие или препятствующие размножению микробной клетки.</p>\r\n<p>Ориентиром длительности химиотерапии является санация спиномозговой жидкости, лечение после которой продолжают еще 6 мес. В лечении туберкулезного менингита очень важна дегидратационная терапия. Для этого делают «разгрузочные» спинномозговые пункции, а также применяют диуретические препараты под контролем водно-электролитного баланса.</p>\r\n<p>В целях повышения эффективности этиотропной химиотерапии и профилактики осложнений необходимо в острый период заболевания назначать глюкокортикостероидные гормоны. Длительность лечения гормонами — от 4 нед до 2 мес. Всем больным назначают препараты, влияющие на мозговое кровообращение.</p>\r\n<p>В комплексном лечении менингита большое внимание уделяют витаминотерапии. Во время лечения туберкулезного менингита необходимо систематически проводить спинномозговые пункции для контроля за эффективностью лечения. Лечение туберкулем головного мозга — оперативное удаление, техника которого такая же, как и при удалении опухолей мозга. Туберкулему удаляют полностью, вылущивая ее в пределах здоровой ткани. Операционное поле тщательно изолируют во избежание попадания частиц туберкулемы в окружающее субарахноидальное пространство. Хирургическое лечение туберкулем проводят в сочетании спротивотуберкулезной терапией, дегидратационной терапией, общеукрепляющим и последующим санаторным лечением. Длительность лечения определяется течением послеоперационного периода, характером неврологических расстройств и туберкулезного процесса во внутренних органах.</p>",
"prevention": "<p>Основной профилактикой туберкулёза на сегодняшний день является вакцина БЦЖ (BCG). Она защищает от самой опасной формы туберкулёза — туберкулёзного поражения нервной системы. В соответствии с «Национальным календарём профилактических прививок» прививку делают в роддоме при отсутствии противопоказаний в первые 3—7 дней жизни ребёнка. В 7 при отрицательной реакции Манту и отсутствии противопоказаний проводят ревакцинацию.</p>\r\n<p>С целью выявления туберкулёза на ранних стадиях всем взрослым необходимо проходить флюорографическое обследование в поликлинике не реже 1 раза в год (в зависимости от профессии, состояния здоровья и принадлежности к различным «группам риска»).</p>\r\n<p>Необходимо вести здоровый образ жизни:</p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>не курить, не употреблять алкогольные напитки и наркотики, т.к. они значительно снижают защитные силы организма;</li>\r\n<li>заниматься физической культурой, спортом и закаливанием, это значительно повысит устойчивость организма к туберкулезу и другим болезням;</li>\r\n<li>полноценно питаться;</li>\r\n<li>стараться избегать нервных стрессов;</li>\r\n<li>соблюдать правила гигиены дома, на улице, в школе, на работе;</li>\r\n<li>по возможности не находиться вблизи кашляющего человека;</li>\r\n<li>соблюдать правила личной гигиены.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p>Профилактика заболевания лиц, бывших в контакте с больным:</p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>специальное лечение (превентивная терапия и химиопрофилактика) тех людей, у которых имеется высокий риск развития туберкулеза;</li>\r\n<li>людям, недавно бывшим в контакте с больными и инфицированными туберкулезом, необходимо пройти флюорографию и реакцию Манту;</li>\r\n<li>изоляция и лечение заразных больных в противотуберкулезных учреждениях;</li>\r\n<li>дезинфекция;</li>\r\n<li>отстранение больных туберкулезом от определенных видов работ (пищевые производства, животноводческие хозяйства, учреждения коммунального хозяйства, детские учреждения, лечебно-профилактические учреждения, а также профессии, связанные с широким кругом общения);</li>\r\n<li>не допускать больных туберкулезом к прохождению службы в армии и на флоте.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p>Туберкулезный менингит обычно развивается постепенно. Больные ощущают недомогание, вялость, раздражительность, светобоязнь, нарушение сна, задержку стула. В этот период может незначительно повышаться температура тела. Затем начинает наростать головная боль, к которой присоединяется рвота, постепенно развиваются менингеальные симптомы, температура тела повышается до 38—39 °С. При отсутствии лечения у больных появляются амышечная слабость, безразличие к окружающему, спутанность сознания, далее развиваются сопорозное состояние, кома, и, как правило к концу третьей недели наступает смерть.</p>\r\n<p>Возможно и «нетипичное» острое начало с высокой лихорадкой и менингеальными симптомами, которое наблюдается в основном у детей младшего возраста. Характерными для туберкулезного менингита являются менингеальный синдром, параличи и парезы черепных нервов и спинномозговых нервных корешков, симптомы поражения вещества мозга. Менингеальный синдром проявляется головной болью, обусловленной воспалением мягкой мозговой оболочки, контрактурами мышц вследствие раздражения нервных корешков. О контрактурах судят по наличию следующих признаков: ригидность затылочных мышц (из-за болезненности невозможно запрокинутую голову нагнуть вперед); симптомы Кернига (невозможно у лежащего на спине больного разогнуть в коленном суставе ногу, согнутую в тазобедренном суставе) и Брудзинского (сгибание головы вызывает сгибание ног); втяжение мышц живота; «поза легавой собаки» - положение больного на боку с запрокинутой головой и подтянутыми к животу ногами.</p>\r\n<p>Характерно поражение черепных нервов с соответствующей неврологической симптоматикой опущение верхнего века, расширение зрачков, нарушение движения глазных яблок, мышц лица, языка, глотательных мышц). При корешковых поражениях у больных обнаруживаются опоясывающие боли вокруг груди, живота, периферические парезы и параличи, нарушения функции тазовых органов (характерны запоры). При появлении очаговых поражений вещества головного мозга появляются гемипарез (ослабление мышц одной стороны тела), гемиплегия (паралич одной стороны тела). Заболевание может сопровождаться вегетососудистыми нарушениями в виде сосудистых реакций, красного стойкого дермографизма, спонтанно возникающих красных пятен на коже, брадикардии (урежение ритма сердца), нарушения сна, аппетита.</p>\r\n<p>Клинические проявления туберкулемы сходны с таковыми при опухолях центральной нервной системы. Иногда течение туберкулем бессимптомное и их обнаруживают лишь на вскрытии (при супратенториальной локализации). Продолжительность заболевания от нескольких месяцев до 2—3 лет.</p>\r\n<p>Встречаются два типа развития болезни. Первый тип — заболевание начинается остро с подъема температуры и напоминает инфекционное заболевание с быстрым развитием симптомов поражения мозга, последующим волнообразным течением и длительно сохраняющейся субфебрильной температурой. При таком течении часто диагностируют менингит и менингоэнцефалит. Второй тип — постепенное начало и медленное развитие болезни с ремиссиями. Течение болезни при этом сходно с таковым при опухолях головного мозга. Для клинической картины туберкулем свойственны мозговые и очаговые симптомы, характер которых зависит от локализации туберкулемы.</p>",
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{
"id": 6025,
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{
"id": 2740,
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{
"name": "Болит голова"
},
{
"name": "Боль в висках"
},
{
"name": "Голова болит"
},
{
"name": "Мигрень "
},
{
"name": "Боль в голове при наклоне"
},
{
"name": "Боль головная у детей"
},
{
"name": "Боль при повороте головы"
},
{
"name": "Височная боль"
},
{
"name": "Колющая боль в голове"
},
{
"name": "Покалывание в голове"
},
{
"name": "Жжение в голове "
},
{
"name": "Боль в лобной части головы "
},
{
"name": "Прострелы в голове"
}
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{
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},
{
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},
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{
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},
{
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},
{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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},
{
"name": "У ребенка болит живот"
},
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"name": "Острая боль в животе"
},
{
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},
{
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},
{
"name": "Боль после еды"
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{
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}
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},
"code": "A18",
"name": "Туберкулез других органов",
"icd_name": "Туберкулез других органов",
"gender": 0,
"age_min": 0,
"age_max": 94,
"cause": [
2,
4,
5,
7,
10
],
"periodicity": 4,
"slug": "a18_tuberkulez_drugih_organov",
"lead": "Нарушение здоровья, относящееся к группе туберкулез",
"description": "Внелегочный туберкулез представляет собой заболевание, вызываемое микобактериями туберкулеза, характеризующееся поражением различных органов (кожи, костей, суставов, органов мочеполовой системы, глаз, желудка, кишечника).",
"etiology": "<p>Возбудителями туберкулёза являются микобактерии - кислотоустойчивые бактерии рода Mycobacterium. Всего известно 74 вида таких микобактерий. Они широко распространены в почве, воде, среди людей и животных. Туберкулёз у людей чаще всего возникает при заражении человеческим и бычьим видами возбудителя. Выделение M. Bovis (бычий) отмечается преимущественно у жителей сельской местности, где путь передачи в основном алиментарный (с пищей). Отмечается также птичий туберкулез, который встречается преимущественно у иммунодефицитных носителей. </p>\r\n<p>Впервые эти кислотоустойчивые микроорганизмы выделил Роберт Кох в конце XIX века. Микобактерии очень устойчивы к различным факторам окружающей среды. В воде они способны жить до 5 месяцев, на пыли сохраняются около 10 дней. Данные бактерии чувствительны к прямым солнечным лучам и ультрафиолетовому свету. В сухой мокроте кипящая вода убивает их за 45 минут, в свежей мокроте – за 5 минут. Большинство микобактерий устойчивы ко многим лекарствам, что в значительной степени затрудняет терапию.</p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p>Большое значение имеет первичная локализация инфекционного очага. Различают следующие пути передачи туберкулёза:</p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Воздушно-капельный. Туберкулёзные микобактерии попадают в воздух с капельками при кашле, разговоре и чихании больного активным туберкулёзом. При вдыхании эти капельки с микобактериями попадают в лёгкие здорового человека. Это самый распространённый путь заражения.</li>\r\n<li>Алиментарный. Проникновение происходит через пищеварительный тракт.</li>\r\n<li>Контактный. Описаны случаи заражения через конъюнктивуглаза маленьких детей и взрослых. При этом иногда обнаруживается острый конъюнктивит и воспаление слёзного мешочка. Заражение туберкулёзом через кожу встречается редко.</li>\r\n<li>Внутриутробное заражение туберкулёзом. Заражение происходит или при поражении туберкулёзом плаценты, или при инфицировании повреждённой плаценты во время родов больной туберкулёзом матерью. Такой путь заражения туберкулёзом встречается крайне редко.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p>Микобактерии туберкулеза, попавшие в кровяное русло, вызывают воспаление в стенке кровеносных сосудов и проникают в прилежащие ткани. В поражённых туберкулёзом органах развивается специфическое «холодное» туберкулёзное воспаление, носящее преимущественно гранулематозный характер и приводящее к образованию множественных бугорков со склонностью к распаду.</p>\r\n<p> </p>",
"diagnostics": "<p>Диагностика внелегочного туберкулеза значительно затруднена. Для его своевременного выявления тщательно изучают анамнез, проводят объективное обследование, общеклинические анализы крови, мочи, спиномозговой жидкости, рентгенологическое обследование, в том числе компьютерная томография, магниторезонансная томография, радиоизотопное и ультразвуковое исследование внутренних органов, гистологическое исследование (биопсия), бактериологическая верификация (посев на микобактерии туберкулеза патологического материала), офтальмологическое исследование, провокационные туберкулиновые пробы.</p>",
"treatment": "<p>Лечение больных внелегочным туберкулезом должно быть длительным, непрерывным, включать несколько лекарственных препаратов и обязательно проходить под контролем врача. Первоначально лечение проводят в туберкулезном диспансере до прекращения выделения микроорганизмов. После чего больные выписываются для продолжения амбулаторного лечения. Пациентам, прошедшим курс терапии туберкулеза рекомендовано лечение в специализированных санаториях и профилакториях.</p>\r\n<p>Основой терапии таких больных является современная противотуберкулезная химиотерапия, хирургическое лечение.</p>\r\n<p>Кроме химиотерапии, большое внимание должно уделяться интенсивному, качественному и разнообразному питанию больных туберкулёзом, набору массы тела при пониженной массе, коррекции гиповитаминозов, анемии, лейкопении.</p>",
"prevention": "<p>Существуют специфические и неспецифические меры профилактики внелегочного туберкулеза.</p>\r\n<p>Специфические меры профилактики туберкулеза включают:</p>\r\n<ol>\r\n<li>Проведение вакцинации и ревакцинациипротив туберкулеза. Вакцинация БЦЖ проводится всем новорожденным детям на 3 – 5 день жизни, а ревакцинация – не инфицированным туберкулезом клинически здоровым детям и подросткам в возрасте 7 лет с отрицательным результатом пробы Манту.</li>\r\n<li>Флюорографического обследования 1 раз в год,начиная с 15 лет;</li>\r\n<li>Проведение химиопрофилактики(употребление специфических противотуберкулезных препаратов); химиопрофилактика назначается здоровым людям, подвергающимся высокому риску заболеть туберкулезом (вступавших в контакт с больными с открытой формой туберкулеза).</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p>К неспецифическим мерам относятся:</p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Мероприятия, повышающие защитные силы организма(ведение здорового образа жизни, рациональный режим труда и отдыха, правильное полноценное питание, отказ от курения и употребления алкоголя, закаливание, занятие физкультурой и др.);</li>\r\n<li>Мероприятия, оздоравливающие жилищную и производственную среду(снижение скученности и запыленности помещений, улучшение вентиляции).</li>\r\n</ul>",
"clinical_picture": "<p>Туберкулез мозговых оболочек и головного мозга развивается постепенно на протяжении 1-2 недель, чаще всего у детей и лиц с иммунодефицитом, у больных сахарным диабетом. Продромальный (предшествующий появлению явных признаков заболевания) период длится от 1 до 4 недель. При этом появляются расстройства сна, общая слабость, апатия, сонливость, потеря аппетита. Затем присоединяется рвота, головная боль становится интенсивной и упорной, усиливается при шуме, ярком свете, сопровождается рвотой, заторможенностью, ригидностью затылочных мышц (запрокидывание головы). Выявляются поражения черепных нервов: птоз (опущение верхнего века), расширение зрачка, косоглазие, ассиметричность лица, нарушение речи, параличи, ухудшение зрения.</p>\r\n<p>Туберкулез органов пищеварительного тракта характеризуется сочетанием общей интоксикации (слабости, утомляемости, потливости, повышения температуры тела) с болью в животе, нарушением стула (запоры, чередующиеся с поносами), симптоматикой диспепсии, , иногда кровянистыми примесями в кале. Осложнениями могут быть кишечные свищи, кишечная непроходимость, острый перитонит, кишечное кровотечение.</p>\r\n<p>Туберкулез костей, суставов - чаще всего поражается позвоночник, тазобедренный и коленный суставы. При поражении костей отмечается их болезненность, склонность к переломам. При распространении туберкулеза на сустав и окружающие его ткани возникают постоянные боли в суставе, ограничение его подвижности. При повреждении позвонков может возникнуть деформация позвоночника с образованием горба.</p>\r\n<p>Туберкулез органов мочеполовой системы – одна из наиболее частых локализаций внелегочного туберкулеза. При локализации очага инфекции в почках больные отмечают появление боли в спине, возможно крови в моче. Реже развивается туберкулез мочевыводящих путей, в этом случае проявлениями будет дизурия (нарушение процесса мочеиспускания), болезненность при мочеиспускании. Туберкулез половых органов (генитальный туберкулез) может быть причиной бесплодия.</p>\r\n<p>Туберкулез кожи характеризуется появлением плотных узелков под кожей, при прогрессировании увеличивающихся и вскрывающихся на кожу с выделением белых творожистых масс. При этом чаще поражается кожа лица, груди, бедер, голени.</p>\r\n<p>Туберкулез периферических лимфатических узлов – чаще выявляется у детей и подростков. В 80% случаев поражаются шейные лимфатические узлы, реже подмышечные (15-20%) и паховые (до 5%). Начало заболевания постепенное. Наблюдается повышение температуры до 37,5оС, умеренные или незначительные проявления интоксикации (слабость, потливость, утомляемость). Увеличиваются лимфатические узлы одной или нескольких групп, в начале болезни до 0,5 мм. Они неплотные, подвижные, безболезненные, не спаянные между собой и с окружающими тканями. При прогрессировании процесса лимфоузлы увеличиваются в размерах, появляется болезненность.</p>\r\n<p>Туберкулез глаз - одна из тяжелых форм внелегочного туберкулеза. Различают туберкулезное аллергическое поражение глаз (развиваются неспецифическая воспалительная реакция в глазу больного с резкими признаками туберкулезной интоксикации организма вследствие активации внеглазного очага поражения) и метастатический туберкулез глаз (в результате развития специфического очага воспаления непосредственно в глазу путем заноса микобактерий туберкулеза с током крови из других очагов). Наиболее часто процесс локализуется в сосудистом тракте глаза. Осложнениями могут быть вторичная глаукома, катаракта. При развитии осложнений больные надолго теряют трудоспособность, а некоторые из них становятся инвалидами.</p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p> </p>",
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},
"code": "A32",
"name": "Листериоз",
"icd_name": "Листериоз",
"gender": 0,
"age_min": 0,
"age_max": 100,
"cause": [
7,
10
],
"periodicity": 1,
"slug": "a32_listerioz",
"lead": "инфекционная болезнь людей и животных, вызываемая листериями.",
"description": "\r\nЛистериоз – общее инфекционное заболевание, вызываемое Listeria monocytogenes, характеризующееся лихорадкой, симптомами интоксикации, частым поражением миндалин, лимфатических узлов, центральной нервной системы, печени, селезенки и нередко протекающее по типу сепсиса.\r\n",
"etiology": "<p>Возбудитель листериоза - Listeria monocytogenes, принадлежит к семейству коринебактерий. Представляет собой короткую, грамположительную палочку, не образующую спор, обладающую подвижностью при комнатной температуре, но теряющие эту способность при 37 градусах.</p>\r\n<p>Листерии устойчивы внешней среде. Они длительно сохраняются в испражнениях, почве, зерне, во льду, могут размножаться при температуре холодильника (+4—6° С), быстро погибают при нагревании, высокочувствительны к обычным дезинфицирующим средствам.</p>\r\n<p>Листериоз — зоонозная инфекция. Источником и резервуаром являются различные виды грызунов (полевые мыши, крысы, тушканчики, зайцы, кролики и др.). Возбудитель часто обнаруживается у диких (оленей, енотов, кабанов, лис) и домашних животных (свиней, лошадей, коров, овец, кошек, кур, уток и др.).</p>\r\n<p>Листерии нередко обнаруживают в различных кормах (зерно, сено, силос), продуктах питания (говядина, свинина, птица, молоко, морепродукты, овощи).</p>\r\n<p>Заражение человека чаще происходит пищевым путем при употреблении загрязненных листериями мясных или молочных продуктов и инфицированной воды. Возможна передача ин фекции воздушно-пылевым и контактно-бытовым путями (во время контакта с больными животными), трансплацентарно, интранатально (при заглатывании возбудителя с околоплодными водами).</p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p>Входными воротами инфекции являются слизистые оболочки желудочно-кишечного тракта и верхних дыхательных путей, небные миндалины, конъюнктивы, поврежденная кожа. Из мест внедрения листерии по лимфатическим сосудам проникают в регионарные лимфатические узлы, а затем гематогенно — в паренхиматозные органы и центральную нервную систему. Характер патологического процесса во многом определяется местом внедрения листерии. При проникновении возбудителя через небные миндалины обычно развивается ангинозная форма листериоза, через слизистую оболочку желудочно-кишечного тракта — тифоподобная. Трансплацентарное инфицирование нередко приводит к возникновению у новорожденного генерализованной формы листериоза.</p>",
"diagnostics": "<p>Лабораторная диагностика. Бактериологический метод: для выявления листерии проводят посевы слизи из зева и носа, крови, ликвора, гнойного отделяемого из глаз, мекония, околоплодных вод. </p>\r\n<p>Из серологических реакций используют РПГА, РСК, РА. Специфические антитела появляются на 2-й нед. болезни. Диагностическое значение имеет нарастание титра специфических антител в динамике заболевания.</p>\r\n<p>Применяется ПЦР-диагностика, позволяющая определить геном бактерии. Листерии могут быть выделены от больных из различных клинических образцов: крови, ЦСЖ, мазков с миндалин, пунктатов лимфатических узлов, мазков из влагалища и цервикального канала, фекалий, гнойного отделяемого из глаз и т.д.</p>\r\n<p>Внутрикожная проба с листериозным антигеном: в конце 1-й — начале 2-й нед болезни на месте введения аллергена появляется зона покраснение и уплотнение диаметром более 1 см.</p>\r\n<p>В анализе крови — лейкоцитоз, моноцитоз, повышенная СОЭ.</p>",
"treatment": "<p>Этиотропную терапию листериоза проводят антибиотиками. Используются пенициллины, тетрациклины, макролиды. Курс антибактериальной терапии обычно включает весь лихорадочный период плюс 5—7 дней апирексии, при тяжелых формах — до 14—21-го дня нормальной температуры. </p>\r\n<p>Патогенетигеская и симптоматическая терапия. При тяжелых формах болезни показано назначение кортикостероидов в течение 7—10 дней. Проводят дегидратационную и дезинтоксикационную терапию. По показаниям используют симптоматические средства.</p>",
"prevention": "<p>Профилактика листериоза включает контроль за продуктами питания, предусмотренный соответствующими нормативными документами; санитарно-просветительную работу среди населения, особенно групп риска.</p>\r\n<p>Следует исключить из рациона беременных женщин продукты пищевой индустрии для быстрого питания, не прошедшие длительной термообработки (например, гамбургеры), а также брынзу, мягкие сыры и сырое молоко.</p>\r\n<p>Для профилактики листериоза новорожденных необходимо обследовать женщин с отягощенным акушерско-гинекологическим анамнезом, а также имеющих постоянный контакт с почвой и/или животными. Женщины с выявленным листериозом, клинически манифестным или бессимптомным, подлежат специфической терапии.</p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p>Клиническая картина. Инкубационный период колеблется от 3 до 45 дней, чаще составляет 2—3 нед. </p>\r\n<p>Ангинозная форма начинается остро с подъема температуры тела до 39—40° С. Характерен синдром интоксикации: больные жалуются на головную боль, общую слабость, снижение или отсутствие аппетита. Нередко появляются насморк, покашливание, боль при глотании, мышечные боли, возможна бессонница. Отмечаются гиперемия кожи лица, инъекция сосудов склер. Изменения в зеве имеют характер катаральной, язвенно-некротической или пленчатой ангины. Увеличены и болезненны при пальпации регионарные (передне-верхнешейные) лимфатические узлы, иногда — заднешейные, подмышечные. Отмечается увеличение печени и селезенки. </p>\r\n<p>На высоте заболевания нередко возникает синдром экзантемы: появляется полиморфная сыпь в виде папул (узелков), крупных пятен, участков эритемы, возможно сгущение элементов в области крупных суставов; на лице иногда образуется фигура в виде «бабочки». </p>\r\n<p>Длительность лихорадки составляет 5—7 дней, реже — 10—14 дней. В эти же сроки обычно исчезают изменения в зеве. </p>\r\n<p>Глазожелезистая форма возникает при проникновении листерий через конъюнктивы и характеризуется острым началом. Синдром интоксикации выражен умеренно. Температура тела обычно повышается до субфебрильных цифр, но может быть и фебрильной; характерны недомогание, головная боль. Отмечается конъюнктивит: веки отечны, уплотнены, глазная щель сужена, в углах глаза гнойное отделяемое. На гиперемированной, отечной конъюнктиве, больше в области переходной складки, имеются яркие фолликулы, представляющие узелки — гранулемы. Процесс может распространяться на роговицу, вызывая ее изъязвление. Наблюдается реакция околоушных, шейных, иногда подчелюстных и затылочных лимфатических узлов в виде увеличения и болезненности. Заболевание обычно продолжается 1—2 мес, затем наступает выздоровление. </p>\r\n<p>Железистая форма листериоза характеризуется поражением лимфатических узлов — шейных, подмышечных, мезентериальных и др. </p>\r\n<p>Нервная форма протекает в виде менингита, энцефалита или менингоэнцефалита. Течение обычно негладкое, возможны остаточные явления в виде ослабления памяти, психических нарушений, стойких парезов и параличей отдельных мышечных групп. </p>\r\n<p>Тифоподобная форма чаще возникает у ослабленных больных и детей первого года жизни. Она характеризуется выраженной интоксикацией, длительной лихорадкой и вовлечением в патологический процесс многих органов и систем. Наблюдается увеличение печени и селезенки. Часто возникают желтуха, потемнение мочи и обесцвечивание кала. Возможно развитие плеврита и перикардита, а также поражение легких, центральной нервной системы, желудочно-кишечного тракта. </p>\r\n<p>Иногда в клинической картине на первый план выступают симптомы острого гастроэнтерита, пиелита, эндокардита. Нередко на коже отмечается полиморфная сыпь. Заболевание протекает тяжело и может закончиться летальным исходом. </p>\r\n<p>Врожденный листериоз. Клинические проявления листериоза у новорожденных различные и зависят от времени и путей заражения. При инфицировании в ранние сроки беременности обычно происходит выкидыш, в поздние сроки — смерть плода или преждевременные роды. </p>\r\n<p>Больной ребенок неизбежно погибает в течение первых 2-х нед. жизни. </p>\r\n<p>Заражение во время родов (путем аспирации и/или заглатывании околоплодных вод) приводит к развитию у новорож денных клинических признаков листериоза. Обычно они появляются в 1-ю нед. жизни (раннее начало болезни). Основными синдромами являются интоксикация и лихорадка до 38—39° С и более, поражение верхних дыхательных путей и легких. Отмечаются заложенность носа, одышка, цианоз. Пневмония иногда протекает с выраженными нарушениями бронхиальной проходимости и ателектазами, развитием гнойного плеврита. На слизистой оболочке зева, особенно небных миндалин, появляются беловатого цвета гранулемы, возможно изъязвление слизистой оболочки полости рта. У большинства детей увеличена печень, появляется желтуха; увеличение селезенки встречается реже. У отдельных больных, наряду с желтухой, появляется экзантема. </p>\r\n<p>Сыпь располагается на туловище и конечностях, вначале имеет вид темно-красных пятен, которые затем превращаются в папулы (некоторые — в везикулы), местами сливается. </p>\r\n<p>Возможно развитие септицемии или менингита, которые очень часто приводят к летальному исходу. </p>",
"image": null,
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"standard_type": 1,
"danger": 71,
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"parent": null,
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"standards": [
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}
]
}
