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"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Среди возможных стимулов для возникновения аутизма называют следующие:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">генные модификации;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">органические поражения ЦНС (энцефалит, аномальное развитие отделов мозга);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">гормональные сбои, нарушение обмена веществ;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">воздействие вирусных и бактериальных инфекций;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ртутное отравление (в том числе при вакцинации ребенка);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">чрезмерное употребление антибиотиков;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">химическое воздействие на организм матери в период беременности.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При эндогенном (вызванном внутренними факторами) детском аутизме развитие психики ребёнка на ранних этапах происходит асинхронно. Это проявляется в нарушении последовательности моторного, речевого, эмоционального созревания. При нормальном развитии ребёнка более сложные функции психической деятельности поочерёдно вытесняют более простые. В случае с аутизмом наблюдается «переслаивание» простых функций сложными — например, появление лепета после одного года наряду с наличием простых слов.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Патогенез аутистикоподобного синдрома при хромосомных аномалиях, обменных нарушениях, органическом поражении головного мозга может быть связан с повреждением определённых структур головного мозга.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В ряде случаев имеет место нарушение созревания и перестройки клеток в коре больших полушарий, гиппокампе и базальных ганглиях. На компьютерной томографии у детей с РАС выявляется изменения мозжечка, ствола мозга, лобной части коры мозга, расширение боковых желудочков.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Диагноз раннего детского аутизма устанавливается после периода наблюдения за ребенком коллегиальной комиссией в составе педиатра, детского психолога, детского психиатра, детского невролога, логопеда и других специалистов. Широко используются различные опросники, инструкции, тесты измерения уровня интеллекта и развития. Уточняющее обследование может включать ЭЭГ, МРТ и КТ головного мозга при судорожном синдроме; консультацию генетика и генотипирование при неврогенетических расстройствах; консультацию гастроэнтеролога при пищеварительных расстройствах и т. д.</span></p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лечение детского аутизма начинается с консультации психиатра. Терапия всегда длительная, комплексная и проводится с привлечением специалистов в области психиатрии, неврологии, дефектологии.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Терапия ориентирована на повышение степени независимости ребенка, формирование навыков самообслуживания, умения поддерживать контакты.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Важна семейная психотерапия, так как родителям детей с расстройствами аутического спектра часто требуется психотерапевтическая помощь, чтобы они смогли принять ребенка и научиться с ним жить.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лекарственная коррекция детского аутизма включает прием препаратов, улучшающих работу головного мозга, психотропных препаратов, нейролептиков для коррекции гиперактивного поведения, тимолептиков для нормализации эмоционального фона.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лечение аутизма у детей включает транскраниальную микрополяризацию головного мозга слабым электрическим током для повышения мозговой активности, улучшения нейронных связей, развития высших функций мозга – памяти, внимания, интеллекта.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">С ребенком работает логопед-дефектолог, который помогает развитию речевых навыков и мелкой моторики.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Терапия может включать применение инновационного лечения стволовыми клетками, которые обладают способностью трансформироваться в любые клетки, в том числе в клетки головного мозга, и, замещая поврежденные, значительно улучшают состояние ребенка.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Несмотря на то, что недуг относится к числу неизлечимых, примерно у четверти детей при грамотном подходе возможно добиться стойкой ремиссии и даже снятия диагноза.</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-c319f73c-7fff-d60a-661f-2442817793d0\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Учитывая неустановленность точных причин раннего детского аутизма, профилактика сводится к общепринятым правилом, которые должна соблюдать женщина, готовящаяся к материнству: тщательно планировать беременность, исключить влияние неблагоприятных экзогенных факторов, правильно питаться, избегать контактов с инфекционными больными, соблюдать рекомендации акушера-гинеколога и пр.</span></span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Заболевание может проявляться с первых месяцев жизни; как правило, хорошо видимая симптоматика формируется в возрасте до 3 лет. К основным проявлениям болезни можно отнести:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Неспособность к коммуникациям. Ребенок не идет на контакт даже с близкими людьми.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Ярко выраженные негативные реакции – испуг, плач при самых незначительных воздействиях.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Отсутствие демонстрации привязанности к родителям. Ребенок не встречает, не обнимает маму и папу, не тянется к ним при попытке взять его на руки.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Отсутствие зрительного контакта. Дети избегают возможности встретиться глазами с другими людьми, смотрят в сторону. Они охотнее фокусируют взгляд на неодушевленных предметах.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Отсутствие выражений позитивных реакций. Малыши чрезвычайно скупы на улыбки, не смеются, иногда не реагируют на собственное имя.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Замкнутость. Подрастая, дети избегают игр со сверстниками, не интересуются новыми людьми.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Проблемы с речью. Дети позднее сверстников начинают лепетать, говорить, строить фразы. Часто называют себя в третьем лице. Не используют обобщающих слов (пища, животные, птицы, люди, родители).</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Необычная жестикуляция. Дети затруднятся с использованием жестов при общении с окружающими; жесты никак не связаны с их речью.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Существуют не только поведенческие, но и физические и физиологические признаки аутизма у детей. Нельзя сказать, что все они встречаются у каждого больного аутизма, но есть некоторая тенденция к данным особенностям организма.</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Слишком острое или, наоборот, притупленное сенсорное восприятие.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Судороги.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Ослабленный иммунитет.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Синдром раздраженного кишечника.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Рост бактерий и дрожжей в ЖКТ.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Нарушение функций поджелудочной железы.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
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"lead": "психическое расстройство детского возраста, характеризующееся нарушением социального взаимодействия и общения, повторяющимися и стереотипными моделями поведения и неравномерным интеллектуальным развитием, часто с умственной отсталостью",
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"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Среди возможных стимулов для возникновения аутизма называют следующие:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">генные модификации;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">органические поражения ЦНС (энцефалит, аномальное развитие отделов мозга);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">гормональные сбои, нарушение обмена веществ;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">воздействие вирусных и бактериальных инфекций;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ртутное отравление (в том числе при вакцинации ребенка);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">чрезмерное употребление антибиотиков;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">химическое воздействие на организм матери в период беременности.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При эндогенном (вызванном внутренними факторами) детском аутизме развитие психики ребёнка на ранних этапах происходит асинхронно. Это проявляется в нарушении последовательности моторного, речевого, эмоционального созревания. При нормальном развитии ребёнка более сложные функции психической деятельности поочерёдно вытесняют более простые. В случае с аутизмом наблюдается «переслаивание» простых функций сложными — например, появление лепета после одного года наряду с наличием простых слов.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Патогенез аутистикоподобного синдрома при хромосомных аномалиях, обменных нарушениях, органическом поражении головного мозга может быть связан с повреждением определённых структур головного мозга.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В ряде случаев имеет место нарушение созревания и перестройки клеток в коре больших полушарий, гиппокампе и базальных ганглиях. На компьютерной томографии у детей с РАС выявляется изменения мозжечка, ствола мозга, лобной части коры мозга, расширение боковых желудочков.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Диагноз раннего детского аутизма устанавливается после периода наблюдения за ребенком коллегиальной комиссией в составе педиатра, детского психолога, детского психиатра, детского невролога, логопеда и других специалистов. Широко используются различные опросники, инструкции, тесты измерения уровня интеллекта и развития. Уточняющее обследование может включать ЭЭГ, МРТ и КТ головного мозга при судорожном синдроме; консультацию генетика и генотипирование при неврогенетических расстройствах; консультацию гастроэнтеролога при пищеварительных расстройствах и т. д.</span></p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лечение детского аутизма начинается с консультации психиатра. Терапия всегда длительная, комплексная и проводится с привлечением специалистов в области психиатрии, неврологии, дефектологии.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Терапия ориентирована на повышение степени независимости ребенка, формирование навыков самообслуживания, умения поддерживать контакты.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Важна семейная психотерапия, так как родителям детей с расстройствами аутического спектра часто требуется психотерапевтическая помощь, чтобы они смогли принять ребенка и научиться с ним жить.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лекарственная коррекция детского аутизма включает прием препаратов, улучшающих работу головного мозга, психотропных препаратов, нейролептиков для коррекции гиперактивного поведения, тимолептиков для нормализации эмоционального фона.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лечение аутизма у детей включает транскраниальную микрополяризацию головного мозга слабым электрическим током для повышения мозговой активности, улучшения нейронных связей, развития высших функций мозга – памяти, внимания, интеллекта.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">С ребенком работает логопед-дефектолог, который помогает развитию речевых навыков и мелкой моторики.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Терапия может включать применение инновационного лечения стволовыми клетками, которые обладают способностью трансформироваться в любые клетки, в том числе в клетки головного мозга, и, замещая поврежденные, значительно улучшают состояние ребенка.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Несмотря на то, что недуг относится к числу неизлечимых, примерно у четверти детей при грамотном подходе возможно добиться стойкой ремиссии и даже снятия диагноза.</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-c319f73c-7fff-d60a-661f-2442817793d0\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Учитывая неустановленность точных причин раннего детского аутизма, профилактика сводится к общепринятым правилом, которые должна соблюдать женщина, готовящаяся к материнству: тщательно планировать беременность, исключить влияние неблагоприятных экзогенных факторов, правильно питаться, избегать контактов с инфекционными больными, соблюдать рекомендации акушера-гинеколога и пр.</span></span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Заболевание может проявляться с первых месяцев жизни; как правило, хорошо видимая симптоматика формируется в возрасте до 3 лет. К основным проявлениям болезни можно отнести:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Неспособность к коммуникациям. Ребенок не идет на контакт даже с близкими людьми.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Ярко выраженные негативные реакции – испуг, плач при самых незначительных воздействиях.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Отсутствие демонстрации привязанности к родителям. Ребенок не встречает, не обнимает маму и папу, не тянется к ним при попытке взять его на руки.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Отсутствие зрительного контакта. Дети избегают возможности встретиться глазами с другими людьми, смотрят в сторону. Они охотнее фокусируют взгляд на неодушевленных предметах.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Отсутствие выражений позитивных реакций. Малыши чрезвычайно скупы на улыбки, не смеются, иногда не реагируют на собственное имя.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Замкнутость. Подрастая, дети избегают игр со сверстниками, не интересуются новыми людьми.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Проблемы с речью. Дети позднее сверстников начинают лепетать, говорить, строить фразы. Часто называют себя в третьем лице. Не используют обобщающих слов (пища, животные, птицы, люди, родители).</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Необычная жестикуляция. Дети затруднятся с использованием жестов при общении с окружающими; жесты никак не связаны с их речью.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Существуют не только поведенческие, но и физические и физиологические признаки аутизма у детей. Нельзя сказать, что все они встречаются у каждого больного аутизма, но есть некоторая тенденция к данным особенностям организма.</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Слишком острое или, наоборот, притупленное сенсорное восприятие.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Судороги.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Ослабленный иммунитет.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Синдром раздраженного кишечника.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Рост бактерий и дрожжей в ЖКТ.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Нарушение функций поджелудочной железы.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
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},
"code": "G92",
"name": "Токсическая энцефалопатия",
"icd_name": "Токсическая энцефалопатия",
"gender": 0,
"age_min": 30,
"age_max": 100,
"cause": [
"0"
],
"periodicity": 1,
"slug": "g92_toksicheskaya_encefalopatiya",
"lead": "заболевание центральной нервной системы, вызванное действием химических веществ",
"description": "<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-8a39d292-7fff-7f21-6a81-d9b9e2bddf62\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Токсическая энцефалопатия представляет собой рассеянное органическое поражение головного мозга, которое может развиться как после тяжелых острых отравлений нейротропными ядами, так и при хронических профессиональных нейроинтоксикациях.</span></span></p>",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Причина возникновения токсичной энцефалопатии заключается в отравлении организма веществами, оказывающими губительное влияние на кору головного мозга и центральную нервную систему. Больной может получить большую дозу токсинов однократно, что приводит к острой ТЭ, или яд накапливается в организме постепенно – хроническая ТЭ.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Среди самых распространенных причин выделяют:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">злоупотребление алкоголем и наркотиками (кокаин, героин, амфетамин), что в свою очередь приводит в дефициту витамина В1;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">контакт с ядами на вредных производствах, а именно контакт с метанолом, свинцом, ртутью, марганцем, угарным газом, этиленгликолем. Большая доза токсического вещества может попасть в организм при техногенных катастрофах или в результате употребления в пищу по ошибке;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">болезни почек или печени – при поражении органов, отвечающих за очищение и удаление из организма токсинов, отравление может быть вызвано значительно меньшими дозами ядов;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">прием медикаментов без контроля врача, самолечение.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Принято считать, что в основе ТЭ лежит как прямое воздействие токсичного вещества, так и нарушение кровоснабжения головного мозга вследствие повреждения церебральных сосудов. Это, в свою очередь, приводит к дегенеративно-дистрофическим изменениям в тканях и отеку мозговых оболочек.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Возникают гемодинамические и ликвородинамические нарушения, что еще больше усугубляет токсическое и гипоксическое воздействие на ЦНС. В результате формируются диссеминированные участки некроза коры и подкорковых структур, фрагментации миелиновых оболочек. С учетом конкретного вещества могут выявляться определенные особенности, связанные с повышенной восприимчивостью некоторых структур нервной системы и способностью соединений накаливаться в различных органах.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Постановка диагноза основывается на объективных симптомах, данных результатов лабораторного и инструментального обследования и анамнеза. Помимо обязательного осмотра у терапевта и невролога, показаны:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">общеклинический анализ крови и мочи;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">биохимический анализ крови с определением глюкозы, АЛТ, АСТ, билирубина, мочевины, креатининов и электролитов;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">по показаниям: анализ на определение иммуноспецифического статуса, нейроспецифических факторов;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">КТ, МРТ, ангиография;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">специфические анализы для выявления в организме тяжелых металлов и наркотических веществ.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Основные принципы терапии заболевания состоят в следующем:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">восстановление и поддержание полноценного функционирования внутренних органов и систем;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">прекращение дальнейшего поступления нейротоксина в организм (ограничение трудовой деятельности, отказ от алкоголя и/или наркотиков и т.д.);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">форсирование метаболизма для максимально быстрого выведения яда, применение специфических антидотов;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">симптоматическое лечение.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В остром периоде терапию проводят строго в условиях стационара под круглосуточным наблюдением врача. По мере улучшения самочувствия пациента переводят на амбулаторный режим. На длительный курс прописывают:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ноотропные препараты;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">средства, улучшающие метаболические процессы в мозге;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">нейропептиды;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">антиоксиданты;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">средства для нормализации тонуса церебральных сосудов;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">витамины и биологически активные добавки (группа В, никотинамид, рибоксин, янтарная, аскорбиновая кислота, глицин и т.д.);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">при необходимости — транквилизаторы из группы бензодиазепинов, антидепрессанты, снотворные.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
"prevention": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Профилактика ТЭ основывается на соблюдении правил техники безопасности, использовании средств индивидуальной защиты при работе с токсическими веществами в быту и в условиях вредных производств, четком соблюдении рекомендаций врача при проведении медикаментозной терапии, отказе от вредных привычек.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Симптомы болезни зависят от того, каким веществом вызвано отравление.</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Алкоголь. При чрезмерном употреблении разрушаются клетки головного мозга, происходит разрушение нервных связей, появляется утомляемость при выполнении стандартного набора функций, слабость, нарушается сознание, память, речь, повышается температура.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Марганец. Наблюдается сонливость, вялость, тонус мышц снижается, появляются тупые боли в конечностях. Происходят нарушения в интеллектуальной деятельности, эмоциональный фон нестабилен, при сильном отравлении наблюдается расширение глазных щелей, возможен неестественный плач или смех без причины с дрожью губ и языка.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Ртуть. При отравлении ртутью учащается сердцебиение, появляется тяжесть в животе, тахикардия, руки и ноги специфически дрожат, на деснах появляется голубая кайма, отмечается повышенное потоотделение.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Свинец. Возникновение на деснах каймы лилового цвета, появление во рту металлического привкуса, слюноотделение, рвота, в области живота сильные боли, недомогание, общая слабость, головная боль, ухудшение памяти.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Бензин. Жалобы на боли в животе, тахикардию, одышку, повышается температура, человек потеет, наблюдается мышечная слабость.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Мышьяк. Мышьяк действует стремительно, поражая все системы организма. Симптомы проявляются через 20 минут: головная боль, тошнота, рвота, общая слабость, боли в животе, жидкий стул, обезвоживание организма, жажда, чесночный запах изо рта.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лекарственные препараты. Возможны рвота, нарушение зрения, дыхания, речи, головная боль, изменения психики.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
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"code": "F84.0",
"name": "Детский аутизм",
"icd_name": "Детский аутизм",
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"slug": "f84.0_detskiy_autizm",
"lead": "психическое расстройство детского возраста, характеризующееся нарушением социального взаимодействия и общения, повторяющимися и стереотипными моделями поведения и неравномерным интеллектуальным развитием, часто с умственной отсталостью",
"description": "",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Среди возможных стимулов для возникновения аутизма называют следующие:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">генные модификации;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">органические поражения ЦНС (энцефалит, аномальное развитие отделов мозга);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">гормональные сбои, нарушение обмена веществ;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">воздействие вирусных и бактериальных инфекций;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ртутное отравление (в том числе при вакцинации ребенка);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">чрезмерное употребление антибиотиков;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">химическое воздействие на организм матери в период беременности.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При эндогенном (вызванном внутренними факторами) детском аутизме развитие психики ребёнка на ранних этапах происходит асинхронно. Это проявляется в нарушении последовательности моторного, речевого, эмоционального созревания. При нормальном развитии ребёнка более сложные функции психической деятельности поочерёдно вытесняют более простые. В случае с аутизмом наблюдается «переслаивание» простых функций сложными — например, появление лепета после одного года наряду с наличием простых слов.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Патогенез аутистикоподобного синдрома при хромосомных аномалиях, обменных нарушениях, органическом поражении головного мозга может быть связан с повреждением определённых структур головного мозга.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В ряде случаев имеет место нарушение созревания и перестройки клеток в коре больших полушарий, гиппокампе и базальных ганглиях. На компьютерной томографии у детей с РАС выявляется изменения мозжечка, ствола мозга, лобной части коры мозга, расширение боковых желудочков.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Диагноз раннего детского аутизма устанавливается после периода наблюдения за ребенком коллегиальной комиссией в составе педиатра, детского психолога, детского психиатра, детского невролога, логопеда и других специалистов. Широко используются различные опросники, инструкции, тесты измерения уровня интеллекта и развития. Уточняющее обследование может включать ЭЭГ, МРТ и КТ головного мозга при судорожном синдроме; консультацию генетика и генотипирование при неврогенетических расстройствах; консультацию гастроэнтеролога при пищеварительных расстройствах и т. д.</span></p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лечение детского аутизма начинается с консультации психиатра. Терапия всегда длительная, комплексная и проводится с привлечением специалистов в области психиатрии, неврологии, дефектологии.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Терапия ориентирована на повышение степени независимости ребенка, формирование навыков самообслуживания, умения поддерживать контакты.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Важна семейная психотерапия, так как родителям детей с расстройствами аутического спектра часто требуется психотерапевтическая помощь, чтобы они смогли принять ребенка и научиться с ним жить.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лекарственная коррекция детского аутизма включает прием препаратов, улучшающих работу головного мозга, психотропных препаратов, нейролептиков для коррекции гиперактивного поведения, тимолептиков для нормализации эмоционального фона.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лечение аутизма у детей включает транскраниальную микрополяризацию головного мозга слабым электрическим током для повышения мозговой активности, улучшения нейронных связей, развития высших функций мозга – памяти, внимания, интеллекта.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">С ребенком работает логопед-дефектолог, который помогает развитию речевых навыков и мелкой моторики.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Терапия может включать применение инновационного лечения стволовыми клетками, которые обладают способностью трансформироваться в любые клетки, в том числе в клетки головного мозга, и, замещая поврежденные, значительно улучшают состояние ребенка.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Несмотря на то, что недуг относится к числу неизлечимых, примерно у четверти детей при грамотном подходе возможно добиться стойкой ремиссии и даже снятия диагноза.</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-c319f73c-7fff-d60a-661f-2442817793d0\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Учитывая неустановленность точных причин раннего детского аутизма, профилактика сводится к общепринятым правилом, которые должна соблюдать женщина, готовящаяся к материнству: тщательно планировать беременность, исключить влияние неблагоприятных экзогенных факторов, правильно питаться, избегать контактов с инфекционными больными, соблюдать рекомендации акушера-гинеколога и пр.</span></span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Заболевание может проявляться с первых месяцев жизни; как правило, хорошо видимая симптоматика формируется в возрасте до 3 лет. К основным проявлениям болезни можно отнести:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Неспособность к коммуникациям. Ребенок не идет на контакт даже с близкими людьми.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Ярко выраженные негативные реакции – испуг, плач при самых незначительных воздействиях.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Отсутствие демонстрации привязанности к родителям. Ребенок не встречает, не обнимает маму и папу, не тянется к ним при попытке взять его на руки.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Отсутствие зрительного контакта. Дети избегают возможности встретиться глазами с другими людьми, смотрят в сторону. Они охотнее фокусируют взгляд на неодушевленных предметах.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Отсутствие выражений позитивных реакций. Малыши чрезвычайно скупы на улыбки, не смеются, иногда не реагируют на собственное имя.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Замкнутость. Подрастая, дети избегают игр со сверстниками, не интересуются новыми людьми.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Проблемы с речью. Дети позднее сверстников начинают лепетать, говорить, строить фразы. Часто называют себя в третьем лице. Не используют обобщающих слов (пища, животные, птицы, люди, родители).</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Необычная жестикуляция. Дети затруднятся с использованием жестов при общении с окружающими; жесты никак не связаны с их речью.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Существуют не только поведенческие, но и физические и физиологические признаки аутизма у детей. Нельзя сказать, что все они встречаются у каждого больного аутизма, но есть некоторая тенденция к данным особенностям организма.</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Слишком острое или, наоборот, притупленное сенсорное восприятие.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Судороги.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Ослабленный иммунитет.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Синдром раздраженного кишечника.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Рост бактерий и дрожжей в ЖКТ.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Нарушение функций поджелудочной железы.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
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},
"code": "G62.1",
"name": "Алкогольная полиневропатия",
"icd_name": "Алкогольная полиневропатия",
"gender": 0,
"age_min": 40,
"age_max": 100,
"cause": [
"0"
],
"periodicity": 1,
"slug": "g62.1_alkogolnaya_polinevropatiya",
"lead": "множественное поражение периферических нервов при алкоголизме",
"description": "",
"etiology": "<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Постоянное отравление организма этиловым спиртом.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Несбалансированный рацион провоцирует нехватку витамина В1 (тиамина), фолиевой кислоты и других витаминов группы В. Но организму, чтобы переработать спирт и глюкозу без вреда для себя, требуется витамин В, что только усугубляет дефицитное состояние.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Нарушение микроциркуляции в нервах провоцирует возникновение оксидантного стресса - дисбаланс антиоксидантных и прооксидантных систем в пользу последних. Свободные радикалы подрывают работу клеток, в частности, эндотелия, вызывая нейропатию.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Передавливание нервов, поскольку в состоянии опьянения человек может длительное время лежать в одной позе без движения.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При постоянном употреблении спиртного в организме пациента накапливается токсичный промежуточный продукт распада этанола – ацетальдегид. Он оказывает разрушительное действие на все органы и ткани, в том числе – на аксоны нервных клеток. Скорость накопления ацетальдегида в значительной степени определяется наследственно обусловленными особенностями метаболизма – способностью организма продуцировать ацетальдегиддегидрогеназу и алкогольдегидрогеназу (ферменты, участвующие в переработке этанола).</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Ситуация усугубляется дефицитом витамина В1, который участвует в передаче нервных импульсов, выступает в качестве антиоксиданта, препятствует разрушению клеток (в том числе и клеток нервной ткани) и влияет на переработку алкоголя в печени. </span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При неврологическом обследовании на ранних стадиях выявляется повышение сухожильных рефлексов, на поздних – снижение. Кожная и болевая чувствительность снижена. Тонус мышц снижен, при наличии мышечных нарушений быстро развивается атрофия. Иногда в дистальных отделах конечностей формируются контрактуры. Часто наблюдается поражение икроножных мышц, сопровождающееся усилением боли при пальпации мышц и давлении на область прохождения нервов, иннервирующих эту анатомическую область. В качестве дополнительного метода, позволяющего подтвердить диагноз полиневропатии, используют электромиографию, количественное вегетативное и сенсорное тестирование.</span></p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лечение включает в себя полный отказ от приема спиртных напитков и полноценное питание. Пациентам назначают витамины группы В в таблетках и инъекциях, антиоксиданты, антигипоксанты, средства для улучшения микроциркуляции и нервной проводимости. При интенсивном болевом синдроме используют анальгетики, иногда – антиконвульсанты и антидепрессанты. Проводят массаж и ЛФК, направленные на профилактику контрактур и укрепление пораженных мышц.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Важной частью лечения является психотерапевтическая работа по разъяснению причин развития алкогольной полиневропатии и важности поддержания трезвого образа жизни. Кроме того, психотерапевт помогает пациенту справиться с психологическими трудностями, возникающими на фоне прекращения приема спиртного. При необходимости больного направляют к наркологу, который проводит медикаментозное лечение алкоголизма, вшивание импланта, кодирование по Довженко или гипносуггестивную терапию.</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Следует полностью исключить употребление спиртного. Ослабленный и истощенный организм нуждается в полноценном питании. Необходимо проводить оздоровительные процедуры – массаж, занятия спортом и гимнастику, обливание.</span></p>",
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},
"code": "J35.1",
"name": "Гипертрофия миндалин",
"icd_name": "Гипертрофия миндалин",
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"age_min": 1,
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"slug": "j35.1_gipertrofiya_mindalin",
"lead": "заболевание глотки, при котором наблюдается патологическое увеличение размеров небных миндалин при отсутствии признаков воспаления",
"description": "",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Гипертрофия небных миндалин обусловлена следующими этиологическими факторами:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">частые рецидивы аденоидита;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">инфекционные заболевания ротоглотки и верхних дыхательных путей, носовых пазух;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">длительное переохлаждение;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">авитаминоз;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">воздействие радиоактивного излучения;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">несбалансированный рацион;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">стрессовые ситуации, постоянное нервное напряжение;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">чрезмерные физические нагрузки;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">крайне нeблагоприятные условия.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Что касается непосредственно заболеваний, то гипертрофия миндалин может быть обусловлена следующими патологическими процессами:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">корь, скарлатина;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">патологические процессы лимфатической системы;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">туберкулез;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">аллергия;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">заболевания эндокринной системы;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">нарушения в работе гормонального фона.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В группе риска находятся люди, которые имеют ослабленную на фоне хронических заболеваний иммунную систему, системные патологии, хронические заболевания верхних дыхательных путей с частыми рецидивами.</span></p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для детей в возрасте до 3-4 лет свойственна недостаточность клеточного иммунитета в виде дефицита Т-хелперов. Это, в свою очередь, препятствует трансформации В-лимфоцитов в плазматические клетки и выработке антител. Постоянный контакт с бактериальными и вирусными антигенами приводит к чрезмерной продукции функционально незрелых Т-лимфоцитов лимфоидными фолликулами миндалин и их гиперплазии. Инфекционные и воспалительные заболевания носоглотки сопровождаются усиленной продукцией слизи. Она, стекая по задней стенке глотки, оказывает раздражающее действие на небные миндалины, вызывая их гипертрофию. При лимфатико-гипопластическом диатезе, помимо стойкой гиперплазии всей лимфоидной ткани организма, наблюдается ее функциональная недостаточность, что обуславливает повышенную склонность к аллергии и инфекционным заболеваниям. Важную роль в патогенезе заболевания играют аллергические реакции, которые вызывают дегрануляцию мастоцитов, скопление в паренхиме небных миндалин большого количества эозинофилов.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В первую очередь проводится физикальный осмотр, в ходе которого врач определяет клиническую картину, личный и семейный анамнез, изучает историю болезни пациента.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Диагностическая программа включает в себя следующие мероприятия:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">общий и биохимический анализ крови;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">общий анализ мочи;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">бактериологическое исследование мазка из миндалин;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">эндоскопия;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">фарингоскопия;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">УЗИ глотки.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Чаще всего устранить патологический процесс можно при помощи консервативных терапевтических мероприятий, которые основываются на приеме медикаментов и проведении физиотерапевтических процедур.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Медикаментозная терапия включает в себя:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">растворы для полоскания ротовой полости;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">кортикостероиды;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">иммуностимулирующие препараты;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">раствор азотнокислого серебра;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">антибиотики.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Физиотерапия основывается на проведении следующих процедур:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">УВЧ;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">озонотерапия;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">грязелечение;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ультразвуковой массаж.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
"prevention": "<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-5101d264-7fff-63d3-a00a-0d8ff82c4791\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Специфические превентивные меры отсутствуют. Неспецифическая профилактика основывается на своевременном лечении воспалительных и инфекционных заболеваний, коррекции эндокринных нарушений, минимизации контактов с аллергенами, санаторно-курортном оздоровлении и рациональной витаминотерапии.</span></span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Гипертрофия миндалин приводит к тому, что нарушается работа верхних дыхательных путей. На фоне этого у человека появляются приступы апноэ и храпа. По мере усугубления патологического процесса приступы будут учащаться и становиться более длительными по времени.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Клиническая картина такого заболевания характеризуется следующими симптомами:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">неприятное ощущение в горле при глотании, першение и боль;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ощущение, что в горле есть инородное тело;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">затрудненное носовое дыхание, особенно во время сна, что и приводит к храпу;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">одышка, поверхностное дыхание, особенно явными эти симптомы становятся после физической активности;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">непривычное положение во время сна;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">проблемы с речью;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">трудности при глотании;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">головные боли;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">нарушение концентрации внимания, снижение работоспособности.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При гипертрофии язычной миндалины симптоматический комплекс будет включать в себя следующие клинические признаки:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ларингоспазм;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">кашель без выделения мокроты;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">потеря аппетита;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ощущение кома в горле;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">при кашле может выделяться кровь.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При поражении глоточной миндалины симптоматика характеризуется следующим образом:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">храп;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">снижение слуха;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">головные боли, головокружение;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">изменение строения лица;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">частые риниты, трахеиты;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">гнусавость;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">бледность кожных покровов;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">снижение концентрации внимания, памяти, ухудшение когнитивных функций.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
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"code": "R43.0",
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"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Центральная аносмия проявляется при поражении участков головного мозга. Спровоцировать эту патологию могут новообразования мозга (опухоли), а также нарушение кровообращения в мозгу, которое сопровождается кровоизлияниями.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Центральная аносмия может быть симптомом рассеянного склероза, сирингобульбии (редкое заболевание, при котором в головном мозге образуются полости, заполненные жидкостью).</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Как правило, патология проявляется с той стороны, где располагается очаг поражения.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Эссенциальная аносмия возникает в результате атрофии слизистой оболочки носовой полости. Причиной потери нюха при этом типе заболевания может стать травма, химический ожог или проведённая операция.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Респираторная форма появляется в случае, если проход воздуха по носовым ходам затруднён. Связано это может быть с наличием таких патологий, как: искривлённая носовая перегородка, полипы, опухоли, аномальное увеличение носовых раковин. Если поражаются нервные окончания, респираторная форма может перерасти в эссенциальную.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Функциональная аносмия носит преходящий характер и связана с невротическими расстройствами.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Старческая аносмия развивается у лиц пожилого возраста и связана с атрофией слизистой оболочки носовой полости.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Также к факторам, вызывающим проблемы с обонянием, можно отнести следующие предпосылки:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">потеря обоняния при насморке (ринитах), потеря обоняния при гайморите и других синуситах, потеря обоняния после простуды — то есть все часто происходящие хронические или острые воспалительные процессы в полости носа приводят к периферической аносмии;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">травмы и переломы носа, черепа (особенно в области центрального анализатора);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">опухоли, развивающиеся в полости носа; часто человек не сразу замечает развитие аносмии, поскольку новообразования растут медленно;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">болезни головного мозга: болезнь Альцгеймера, болезнь Паркинсона, менингит и другие;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">употребление токсичных веществ, наркотических средств и запрещённых препаратов, которые постепенно убивают нейроны, приводя к нарушению обоняния;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">курение — дым пагубно влияет на состояние слизистой оболочки носа, что приводит курильщика к снижению обоняния;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">приём некоторых лекарственных препаратов;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">снижение функции щитовидной железы;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">болезни печени и почек.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
"pathogenesis": "",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Пациенты с жалобами на потерю обоняния чаще обращаются к врачу-отоларингологу. Поскольку аносмия может быть связана как с поражением верхних отделов дыхательных путей, так и с патологией головного мозга, проводится комплексная диагностика. План обследования включает функциональные пробы, инструментальные и лабораторные исследования, которые направлены на выяснение степени снижения обонятельной чувствительности и выявления первопричины симптома. В диагностическом плане наиболее информативны:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Ольфактометрия. Качественную оценку способности различать ароматы проводят при помощи специального прибора — ольфактометра. Использование пробирок с различными сильными ароматами в сочетании с выполнением проб поочередно для обоих носовых ходов позволяет обнаружить одно- или двухстороннее снижение восприятия запахов. Большое диагностическое значение имеет потеря обоняния с одной стороны.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ЛОР-осмотр. Обследование придаточных пазух и верхних дыхательных путей проводится для исключения риногенной природы расстройств обоняния. В ходе риноскопии детально изучается слизистая оболочка полости носа. При выявлении гнойного отделяемого, его собирают для дальнейшего исследования. «Адреналиновую пробу» делают для дифференцировки катарального и гипертрофического ринита.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Инструментальный осмотр. Стандартным методом является рентгенография костей черепа, которая назначается при подозрении на травматические повреждения нервных структур. Для исключения синуситов показаны рентгенологические снимки придаточных пазух. При неврологических болезнях более точным методом является компьютерная томография, в некоторых случаях назначают МРТ головного мозга.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лабораторное обследование. Неспецифические признаки воспалительных процессов обнаруживают при помощи общего и биохимических анализов крови. При наличии выделений из носа выполняют бактериологический посев. Специфические высокочувствительные анализы крови на токсины и наркотические вещества помогают исключить отравления как причину потери восприятия запахов.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">После исключения органических предпосылок аносмии и физиологических возрастных изменений рецепторного аппарата по показаниям назначают дополнительные методы обследования — аллергопробы, ангиографию мозговых сосудов. При возможных функциональных расстройствах обоняния, обусловленных нарушениями эмоциональной сферы, необходима консультация невропатолога или психиатра.</span></p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Симптоматическое лечение аносмии на сегодняшний день не проводится: лекарства для восстановления обоняния отсутствуют. Так что терапевтическому воздействию подлежат заболевания, в симптоматике которых отмечается потеря обоняния.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">То есть, если ощущение запаха утрачивается из-за насморка, то в его лечении применяются: различные по составу капли от насморка, удобные в применении спреи от заложенности носа. Практикуется назначение топических глюкокортикоидов (кортикостероидов) как средства против отечности слизистой, к примеру, Назонекс при потере обоняния применяют в случаях аллергического ринита или острого синусита – читайте Назонекс синус (инструкция по применению).</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Но использование интраназальных средств не гарантирует восстановления обоняния, более того, механизм их фармакологического действия и не учитывает повреждения обонятельного эпителия полости носа. Точно так же ингаляции при потере обоняния направлены на устранение заложенности носовых проходов, и они, безусловно, приносят облегчение при насморке. </span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Применяются витамины группы В, препараты цинка – витамины с цинком, а также липоевая кислота (Протоген, Тиоактацид), способствующая улучшению обоняния при риновирусных заболеваниях; рекомендуют принимать по 0,5-0,6 г в сутки (в течение одного-двух месяцев). Липоевую кстлоту противопоказано использовать при гастрите с повышенной кислотность и язве желудка и двенадцатиперстной кишки.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Антибактериальная терапия необходима при гайморите и синуситах бактериальной этиологии, при менингитах, а пациентам с полипами в носу и опухолями проводится хирургическое лечение.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При повреждении обонятельной периферии разрушается популяция обонятельных сенсорных нейронов, но обонятельные рецепторные клетки служат, в среднем, два месяца. Подобно вкусовым сосочкам языка, обонятельные нейрорецепторы периодически обновляются, и это происходит благодаря выработке базальными клетками первичного обонятельного эпителия основного фактора роста фибробластов (bFGF), что позволяем им дифференцироваться в сенсорные нейроны, восполняя утраты и регенерируя повреждения.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"prevention": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Предупредить аносмию, а главным образом – причинное заболевание, нередко можно с помощью следующих мероприятий:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Своевременное лечение вирусных и бактериальных инфекций.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Проведение оперативного корригирующего лечения врожденных дефектов.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Купирование аллергических реакций современными эффективными препаратами.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Нормализация питания и режима дня.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Отказ от вредных привычек.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Закаливание.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Нарушенное обоняние может сочетаться со следующими симптомами:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">проблемы с памятью</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">двоение в глазах</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">затруднения при глотании</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">проблемы с речью</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">насморк</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">кашель</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">общая слабость</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
"image": null,
"image_alt": null,
"standard_type": 0,
"danger": 10,
"published": 1,
"parent": 7207,
"block_rubric": 192,
"standards": []
},
{
"id": 14902,
"symptoms": [
{
"id": 85,
"synonyms": [
{
"name": "двоится в глазах"
}
],
"body_points": [
{
"x": 456,
"y": 1040,
"r": 300
}
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},
"code": "S06.0",
"name": "Сотрясение головного мозга",
"icd_name": "Сотрясение головного мозга",
"gender": 0,
"age_min": 0,
"age_max": 100,
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"slug": "s06.0_sotryasenie_golovnogo_mozga",
"lead": "легкая закрытая черепно-мозговая травма, обусловленная сотрясением мозга внутри черепной коробки и приводящая к краткосрочным функциональным отклонениям в работе ЦНС",
"description": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Сотрясение головного мозга – это функционально обратимая форма закрытой черепно-мозговой травмы без органических повреждений головного мозга, возникшая из-за ушиба, удара и в редких случаях в результате резкого движения головой.</span></p>",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Сотрясение головного мозга чаще возникает при прямом механическом воздействии на череп (удар головой или по голове). Сотрясение возможно при резком воздействии осевой нагрузки, передающейся посредством позвоночника, например, при падении на ноги или на ягодицы; при резком замедлении или ускорении, например, во время транспортной аварии.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Во всех этих случаях происходит резкое встряхивание головы. Головной мозг как бы «плавает» в цереброспинальной жидкости внутри черепной коробки. При сотрясении мозг испытывает гидродинамический удар вследствие перепада давления цереброспинальной жидкости, распространяющегося как ударная волна. Наряду с этим при большой силе травмирующего воздействия возможен механический удар мозга о кости черепа изнутри.</span></p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Патогенез происходящих вследствие сотрясения церебральных изменений до конца не исследован. Предполагается, что в основе клинических проявлений, характеризующих сотрясение головного мозга, лежит функциональное разобщение мозгового ствола и полушарий. Считается, что механическое сотрясение приводит к временному изменению коллоидного состояния и физико-химических характеристик церебральных тканей. Следствием этого является потеря связей между различными отделами мозга. Не исключено, что подобное функциональное разъединение обусловлено нарушением метаболизма нейронов.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для постановки диагноза проводится ряд обследований: </span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">сбор анамнеза, неврологический осмотр – получение начальной информации о состоянии пациента; </span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">МРТ - позволяет обнаружить отеки, кровоизлияния, травматические повреждения; </span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">рентген шейного отдела позвоночника – помогает обнаружить или исключить переломы; </span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">проверка работы импульсов головного мозга. </span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При подозрении на сотрясение мозга обязательно полное медицинское обследование, чтобы обнаружить и предупредить развитие осложнений, которые вызваны травмой. </span></p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Поскольку за сотрясением может скрываться гораздо более тяжелая травма, всем пациентам рекомендуется госпитализация. Основу терапии составляет здоровый сон и покой. В первые 1-2 дня пациентам следует соблюдать постельный режим, исключить просмотр телевизора, работу за компьютером, чтение и прослушивание аудиозаписей в наушниках. После исключения других церебральных повреждении пациенты с СГМ могут быть выписаны для амбулаторного лечения.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Фармакотерапия требуется не во всех случаях сотрясения мозга и носит преимущественно симптоматический характер. Купирование головной боли проводят при помощи обезболивающих. При головокружении назначают эрготоксин, экстракт белладонны, экстракт гинкго билоба, платифиллин. В качестве успокоительных средств используют пустырник, фенобарбитал, валериану; при инсомнии — зопиклон или доксиламин на ночь; по показаниям — медазепам, фенозепам, оксазепам.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Сотрясение головного мозга 3 степени является показанием для проведения курсовой сосудисто-нейрометаболической терапии, которая предусматривает комбинацию одного из сосудистых средств (ницерголина, циннаризина, винпоцетина) и ноотропа (ноопепта, глицина, пирацетама). Эффективно включение в схему лечения антиоксидантов (мельдония, мексидола, цитофлавина) и препаратов магния (магния лактата с пиридоксином, калия и магния аспарагината). При астении рекомендован прием поливитаминов, элеутерококка, лимонника.</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Профилактика сотрясения мозга заключается в следовании следующим правилам:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">надевайте шлем, катаясь на велосипеде, скейтборде, роликах, а также играя в хоккей, регби и другие травмоопасные спортивные игры;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">защищайте голову во время занятий боевыми искусствами;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">не забывайте про ремень безопасности в автомобиле;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">во время гололеда используйте специальные накладки на обувь, которые уменьшают скольжение;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">соблюдайте правила личной безопасности, избегайте травматических ситуаций.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Сотрясение легкой степени. У пострадавшего нарушения сознания нет, но могут наблюдаться дезориентация, головная боль, головокружение, тошнота на протяжении первых 20 минут после травмы. Затем общее самочувствие приходит в норму. Возможно кратковременное повышение температуры тела (37,1-38°С).</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Сотрясение средней степени тяжести. Хотя потери сознания у пострадавшего нет, могут наблюдаться такие патологические симптомы, как головная боль, тошнота, головокружение, дезориентация. Все они продолжаются более двадцати минут. Может отмечаться кратковременная потеря памяти (амнезия), чаще всего это ретроградная амнезия с потерей нескольких минут воспоминаний, предшествовавших травме.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Сотрясение тяжелой степени. Обязательно сопровождается потерей сознания на короткий промежуток времени, как правило, от нескольких минут и до нескольких часов. Пострадавший не помнит, что случилось — развивается ретроградная амнезия. Патологические симптомы беспокоят человека на протяжении 1-2 недель после травмы (головная боль, головокружение, тошнота, быстрая утомляемость, дезориентация, нарушение аппетита и сна).</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Симптомы сотрясения головного мозга</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Физические (соматические) симптомы:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">головокружение в состоянии покоя, которое при перемене положения тела, повороте или наклоне головы усиливается – это объясняется нарушением циркуляции крови в вестибулярном аппарате;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">пульсирующая головная боль;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">тошнота;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">однократная рвота;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">учащенное дыхание, тахикардия;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">нечеткость зрения или двоение в глазах;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">мелькание мушек или звездочек перед глазами;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">нарушение равновесия;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">повышенная чувствительность к свету или шуму;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">звон, шум в ушах.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Поведенческие, эмоциональные симптомы:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">сонливость;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">повышенная утомляемость или общая слабость;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">раздражительность;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">депрессия;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">тревожность;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">избыточное количество часов сна;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">трудности засыпания.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Когнитивные симптомы:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">заторможенность и нарушение координации движений;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">кратковременная спутанность сознания;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">замедленная бессвязная речь;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">трудности концентрации внимания;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">трудности запоминания.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"image": null,
"image_alt": null,
"standard_type": 0,
"danger": 50,
"published": 1,
"parent": 7265,
"block_rubric": 200,
"standards": []
},
{
"id": 10217,
"symptoms": [
{
"id": 2649,
"synonyms": [
{
"name": "судорога"
},
{
"name": "спазм"
},
{
"name": "конвульсия"
},
{
"name": "Корча"
},
{
"name": "напряжение мышц"
},
{
"name": "мышцу свело"
}
],
"body_points": [
{
"x": 369,
"y": 4058,
"r": 0
}
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"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Среди возможных стимулов для возникновения аутизма называют следующие:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">генные модификации;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">органические поражения ЦНС (энцефалит, аномальное развитие отделов мозга);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">гормональные сбои, нарушение обмена веществ;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">воздействие вирусных и бактериальных инфекций;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ртутное отравление (в том числе при вакцинации ребенка);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">чрезмерное употребление антибиотиков;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">химическое воздействие на организм матери в период беременности.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При эндогенном (вызванном внутренними факторами) детском аутизме развитие психики ребёнка на ранних этапах происходит асинхронно. Это проявляется в нарушении последовательности моторного, речевого, эмоционального созревания. При нормальном развитии ребёнка более сложные функции психической деятельности поочерёдно вытесняют более простые. В случае с аутизмом наблюдается «переслаивание» простых функций сложными — например, появление лепета после одного года наряду с наличием простых слов.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Патогенез аутистикоподобного синдрома при хромосомных аномалиях, обменных нарушениях, органическом поражении головного мозга может быть связан с повреждением определённых структур головного мозга.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В ряде случаев имеет место нарушение созревания и перестройки клеток в коре больших полушарий, гиппокампе и базальных ганглиях. На компьютерной томографии у детей с РАС выявляется изменения мозжечка, ствола мозга, лобной части коры мозга, расширение боковых желудочков.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Диагноз раннего детского аутизма устанавливается после периода наблюдения за ребенком коллегиальной комиссией в составе педиатра, детского психолога, детского психиатра, детского невролога, логопеда и других специалистов. Широко используются различные опросники, инструкции, тесты измерения уровня интеллекта и развития. Уточняющее обследование может включать ЭЭГ, МРТ и КТ головного мозга при судорожном синдроме; консультацию генетика и генотипирование при неврогенетических расстройствах; консультацию гастроэнтеролога при пищеварительных расстройствах и т. д.</span></p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лечение детского аутизма начинается с консультации психиатра. Терапия всегда длительная, комплексная и проводится с привлечением специалистов в области психиатрии, неврологии, дефектологии.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Терапия ориентирована на повышение степени независимости ребенка, формирование навыков самообслуживания, умения поддерживать контакты.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Важна семейная психотерапия, так как родителям детей с расстройствами аутического спектра часто требуется психотерапевтическая помощь, чтобы они смогли принять ребенка и научиться с ним жить.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лекарственная коррекция детского аутизма включает прием препаратов, улучшающих работу головного мозга, психотропных препаратов, нейролептиков для коррекции гиперактивного поведения, тимолептиков для нормализации эмоционального фона.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лечение аутизма у детей включает транскраниальную микрополяризацию головного мозга слабым электрическим током для повышения мозговой активности, улучшения нейронных связей, развития высших функций мозга – памяти, внимания, интеллекта.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">С ребенком работает логопед-дефектолог, который помогает развитию речевых навыков и мелкой моторики.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Терапия может включать применение инновационного лечения стволовыми клетками, которые обладают способностью трансформироваться в любые клетки, в том числе в клетки головного мозга, и, замещая поврежденные, значительно улучшают состояние ребенка.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Несмотря на то, что недуг относится к числу неизлечимых, примерно у четверти детей при грамотном подходе возможно добиться стойкой ремиссии и даже снятия диагноза.</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-c319f73c-7fff-d60a-661f-2442817793d0\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Учитывая неустановленность точных причин раннего детского аутизма, профилактика сводится к общепринятым правилом, которые должна соблюдать женщина, готовящаяся к материнству: тщательно планировать беременность, исключить влияние неблагоприятных экзогенных факторов, правильно питаться, избегать контактов с инфекционными больными, соблюдать рекомендации акушера-гинеколога и пр.</span></span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Заболевание может проявляться с первых месяцев жизни; как правило, хорошо видимая симптоматика формируется в возрасте до 3 лет. К основным проявлениям болезни можно отнести:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Неспособность к коммуникациям. Ребенок не идет на контакт даже с близкими людьми.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Ярко выраженные негативные реакции – испуг, плач при самых незначительных воздействиях.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Отсутствие демонстрации привязанности к родителям. Ребенок не встречает, не обнимает маму и папу, не тянется к ним при попытке взять его на руки.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Отсутствие зрительного контакта. Дети избегают возможности встретиться глазами с другими людьми, смотрят в сторону. Они охотнее фокусируют взгляд на неодушевленных предметах.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Отсутствие выражений позитивных реакций. Малыши чрезвычайно скупы на улыбки, не смеются, иногда не реагируют на собственное имя.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Замкнутость. Подрастая, дети избегают игр со сверстниками, не интересуются новыми людьми.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Проблемы с речью. Дети позднее сверстников начинают лепетать, говорить, строить фразы. Часто называют себя в третьем лице. Не используют обобщающих слов (пища, животные, птицы, люди, родители).</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Необычная жестикуляция. Дети затруднятся с использованием жестов при общении с окружающими; жесты никак не связаны с их речью.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Существуют не только поведенческие, но и физические и физиологические признаки аутизма у детей. Нельзя сказать, что все они встречаются у каждого больного аутизма, но есть некоторая тенденция к данным особенностям организма.</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Слишком острое или, наоборот, притупленное сенсорное восприятие.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Судороги.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Ослабленный иммунитет.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Синдром раздраженного кишечника.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Рост бактерий и дрожжей в ЖКТ.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Нарушение функций поджелудочной железы.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
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"code": "F98.5",
"name": "Заикание [запинание]",
"icd_name": "Заикание [запинание]",
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"slug": "f98.5_zaikanie_zapinanie",
"lead": "речевое нарушение, которое характеризуется множественными повторениями слов, слогов, их удлинением. Также происходят остановки во время речи, которые разрушают её ритмичное течение",
"description": "",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Заикание классифицируется на:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">тоническую форму – при этой форме происходят частые остановки во время речи и удлинение слов и слогов;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">клоническую форму – для неё характерно наличие повторений при произнесении звуков, слогов, слов;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">смешанную форму – присутствуют оба компонента.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Помимо этого различают:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">невротический тип – возникает при перенесенном сильном стрессе или эмоциональном потрясении;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">неврозоподобный тип – возникновение связано с наличием поражения неврологического характера.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Наиболее часто данной патологии подвержены дети, а именно мальчики. Частота случаев возникновения у них такого расстройства в несколько раз выше, чем у девочек.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">К предрасполагающим факторам развития относятся:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">наследственность;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">состояние центральной нервной системы;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">перенесенные психические травмы;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">перенесенные внутриутробные инфекции и травмы;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">особенности в общем процессе формирования речи.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При заикании нарушается последовательность смены сигналов начала и завершения элементов речи:</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Если сигнал завершения предыдущего элемента недостаточно сильный, то он повторяется снова. Так развивается типичное клоническое заикание — повторение звуков и слогов.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Если речевой аппарат получает команду озвучивать следующий звук, но при этом ещё не завершён предыдущий сигнал, то последовательность формирования речи приостанавливается и развивается тоническое заикание — паузы или растягивание звуков.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Вероятный патогенез заикания связан с перевозбуждением правого полушария головного мозга и межполушарными нарушениями ритмического компонента речи. При заикании возникает дезорганизация на уровне коры головного мозга. Из-за этого \"усиливается\" невербальный ритм речи, связанный с преобладанием работы правого полушария.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Но иногда, когда мысли \"обгоняют\" язык, возникает физиологическое заикание. В его основе лежит трудность в реализации речевого замысла в момент общения. Вероятный патогенез такого заикания — лингвистически слабая работа левого полушария мозга, которая проявляется в проблемах с реализацией запрограммированного смысла высказывания.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Диагностирование заболевание проводится на основании клинической картины. Если вышеперечисленные симптомы не исчезают на протяжении трех месяцев, то ставится диагноз «заикание».</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При этом больному требуется консультация логопеда и невролога. Для того, чтобы исключить сопутствующие заболевания центральной нервной системы проводят:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">МРТ-диагностику;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">реоэнцефалографию;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ЭЭГ-головного мозга.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Успешность лечения невротического заикания во многом зависит от своевременности диагностирования. В виду малоэффективности традиционных психотерапевтических методов лечения заикания (поведенческий, гипнотический и т. д.) в современной медицине отдается предпочтение специальным терапевтическим подходам, которые включают в себя элементы нескольких методов лечения. Такие комбинированные психотерапевтические методы лечения заикания применяют и в индивидуальной, и в групповой форме. Коррекция нарушений речи проводится путем логопедических занятий по коррекции заикания и ускоренной речи.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Невротическое заикание у детей младшего возраста хорошо поддается лечению в логопедических детских садах и группах. Здесь делают акцент на коллективную игровую психотерапию, логопедическую ритмику. Не малое значение придается и семейной психотерапии, где используется внушение, отвлечение внимания, релаксация. Детей учат разговаривать в такт с ритмичными движениями пальцев рук или монотонно и нараспев. В основе метода саморегуляции установка на то, что заикание — определенное поведение, подвластное изменению. В его составе — десенсибилизация, аутогенные тренировки. Целью вспомогательного медикаментозного лечения является снятие симптомов страха, тревоги, депрессий. Рекомендовано назначение седативных (в т.ч. фитотерапевтических) и общеукрепляющих средств.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В медикаментозном лечении неврозоподобного заикания, возникающего в связи с органическим поражением головного мозга, применяют спазмолитики (толперизон, бенактизин), с осторожностью транквилизаторы (в минимальных дозах). Доказана эффективность проведения курса дегидратации. В случае клонического заикания рекомендовано назначение нескольких курсов (от 1 до 3 месяцев) гопантеновой кислоты. Кроме того, в комплексное лечение заикания рекомендуется включать физиотерапию, а также массаж (как общий, так и логопедический).</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Хорошей профилактикой психогенного заикания станет дружелюбная семейная атмосфера, организация полезного досуга, регулярное прохождение диспансеризации и осмотра у невропатолога.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Судороги органов артикуляции приводят к возникновению заикания. Оно может проявляться по-разному. Однако всегда такая речь является непривычной для человеческого слуха. Основными симптомами заикания служат:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">неуместные паузы;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">повторы слогов, слов;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">растягивание звуков;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">нарушение темпа речи;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">неожиданный подъем громкости при разговоре.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Во взрослом возрасте дефекты речи могут также сопровождаться и другими проявлениями. Так, многие отмечают непроизвольные сокращения мышц лица, движения конечностей, нервные тики. Избавиться от симптомов заикания невозможно без устранения первопричины его появления. Самостоятельно можно только снизить частоту возникновения дефектов, наблюдающихся в речи.</span></p>",
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},
"code": "J04.2",
"name": "Острый ларинготрахеит",
"icd_name": "Острый ларинготрахеит",
"gender": 0,
"age_min": 15,
"age_max": 100,
"cause": [
"0"
],
"periodicity": 1,
"slug": "j04.2_ostryy_laringotraheit",
"lead": "воспаление слизистой оболочки гортани и трахеи",
"description": "<p>Ларинготрахеит — это воспалительное поражение слизистых оболочек гортани и трахеи, которое приводит к появлению отека, спазма верхних дыхательных путей, нарушений голоса и грубого «лающего» кашля. </p>\r\n<p> </p>",
"etiology": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При остром ларинготрахеите отмечается выраженная гиперемия слизистой ярко-красного оттенка, скопление в просвете гортани и трахеи большого количества гноевидного экссудата, утолщение слизистой за счет ее пропитывания экссудативной жидкостью. В начальном периоде ларинготрахеита экссудат имеет жидкую консистенцию, по мере развития заболевания он сгущается, на слизистой появляются фибринозные пленки. В случае стрепто- или стафилококковой этиологии ларинготрахеита наблюдается образование желто-зеленых корок, заполняющих просвет дыхательных путей.</span></p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Ларинготрахеит диагностируется на основании жалоб пациента и данных его анамнеза; результатов осмотра, перкуссии и аускультации легких; результатов ларинготрахеоскопии, бактериологических исследований, рентгена и КТ диагностики.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Диагностировать ларинготрахеит и определить его форму помогает микроларингоскопия, позволяющая при необходимости осуществить забор биопсийного материала. Выявление возбудителя ларинготрахеита проводится путем бактериологического посева мокроты и мазков из зева и носа, микроскопии мокроты и анализа мокроты на КУБ (кислородоустойчивые бактерии), ИФА, РИФ и ПЦР-исследований. При обнаружении туберкулезной этиологии ларинготрахеита необходима консультация фтизиатра. В случаях, когда ларинготрахеит является проявлением сифилиса, пациент обследуется отоларингологом совместно с венерологом.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В большинстве случаев терапия острого ларинготрахеита осуществляется в амбулаторных условиях. Случаи ложного крупа могут требовать госпитализации в стационар. Пациенту с острым ларинготрахеитом рекомендован прием большого количества теплой жидкости (чай, компот, кисель). В помещении, где находится больной должен быть достаточно увлажненный теплый воздух.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Этиотропная терапия вирусного ларинготрахеита заключается в назначении противовирусных препаратов (интерферон, ремантадин, умифеновир, протефлазид). При бактериальном и смешанном ларинготрахеите показана системная антибиотикотерапия препаратами широкого спектра действия (цефуроксим, цефтриоксон, амоксициллин, азитромицин). Симптоматическая терапия ларинготрахеита состоит в применении противокашлевых, антигистаминных, муколитических и жаропонижающих препаратов. Хороший эффект у пациентов с ларинготрахеитом оказывают масляные и щелочные ингаляции, электрофорез на область гортани и трахеи.</span></p>",
"treatment": "<p> </p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #333333; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Мероприятия, направленные на укрепление иммунитета.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #333333; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Отказ от курения (в том числе электронные сигареты и кальян).</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #333333; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Соблюдение голосового режима.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #333333; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лечение неинфекционной патологии ЛОР-органов (полипы, аденоиды, искривление носовой перегородки).</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #333333; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Использование средств индивидуальной защиты (медицинские маски) при сезонных вспышках заболеваний.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #333333; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Консультация врача-профпатолога (при наличии профессиональной вредности).</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>",
"prevention": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Обычно симптомы ларинготрахеита появляются на фоне уже протекающей вирусной инфекции дыхательных путей: лихорадки, заложенности носа и насморка, болей в горле, дискомфортных ощущений при глотании. Иногда они возникают уже после снижения температуры.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При остром воспалении у больного появляются следующие признаки ларинготрахеита:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">боль за грудиной во время кашля;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">сухой кашель (иногда «лающий») с более выраженными приступами утром и ночью, после глубокого вдоха;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">дискомфортные ощущения в области гортани (сухость, жжение, щекотание, присутствие инородного тела);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">охриплость и осиплость голоса (иногда до его полного пропадания);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">признаки интоксикации: повышение температуры до 38-39 °С, общая слабость, головная боль и пр.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Со временем кашель становится влажным и сопровождается отделением небольшого количества вязкой мокроты слизистого характера. По мере прогрессирования воспаления она становится более обильной и жидкой, может содержать примеси гноя. В тяжелых случаях развивается приступ ложного крупа.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">У больных появляются безболезненные и увеличенные лимфоузлы в области шейной группы. При прослушивании выявляется шумное дыхание. В зоне раздвоения трахеи иногда можно услышать сухие и влажные хрипы.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Острый ларинготрахеит длится несколько недель и заканчивается полным выздоровлением. При неблагоприятных сопутствующих факторах он может принять затяжное течение и перейти в хронический ларинготрахеит, который характеризуется длительным течением с периодами ремиссии и обострениями, чаще возникающими в осенне-зимний период.</span></p>",
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"description": "<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-9d447e01-7fff-5e57-e46d-344747f7660e\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Хронический тонзиллит – это воспаление миндалин, сопровождающееся болью в горле и увеличением шейных лимфоузлов. </span></span></p>",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Развитие хронического тонзиллита возможно по 2 сценариям:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">в результате ангины (острого тонзиллита), которая неправильно лечилась или лечение проведено не до конца;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">в результате снижения иммунной защиты и постоянного воздействия агрессивных факторов (это безангинный вариант).</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В качестве агрессивных раздражителей выступают:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">вдыхание табачного дыма;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">неправильное питание;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">злоупотребление спиртными напитками;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">кариозные зубы;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">воспалительные процессы в околоносовых пазухах (гайморит, фронтит и т.д.);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">нарушение носового дыхания, происходящее при искривлении перегородки носа, полипы или гипертрофия нижних раковин носа. В таких условиях слизистая ротовой полости пересыхает и нарушается образование иммуноглобулина А, что снижает иммунную защиту лор-органов.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Небные миндалины вместе с другими лимфоидными образованиями глоточного кольца защищают организм от болезнетворных микробов, проникающих вместе с воздухом, водой и пищей. При определенных условиях бактерии вызывают в миндалинах острое воспаление – ангину. В результате повторяющихся ангин может развиться хронический тонзиллит. В отдельных случаях (около 3% от всего количества больных) хронический тонзиллит является первично хроническим заболеванием, то есть возникает без предшествующих ангин.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Диагноз хронического тонзиллита выставляется на основании характерного анамнеза (повторяющиеся ангины), данных объективного осмотра отоларинголога и дополнительных исследований.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">На фарингоскопии выявляется гиперемия, утолщение краев и отечность небных дужек. Возможно сращение небных дужек с треугольной складкой и миндалинами. Нередко наблюдается разрыхление миндалин (особенно у детей). В лакунах миндалин содержится гной, иногда – с неприятным запахом. Часто выявляется увеличение регионарных лимфоузлов.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При токсико-аллергической форме хронического тонзиллита проводится всестороннее обследование больного, направленное на выявление сопряженных заболеваний и оценку выраженности патологии.</span></p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лечение хронического тонзиллита проводят и консервативными, и оперативными методами.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Консервативные методики – это:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">антибиотики, которые назначают и местно (полоскания горла), и системно (таблетированные или инъекционные формы);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">непосредственное промывание лакун и введение в них препаратов антибактериальной и противовоспалительной направленности;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">физиотерапевтические процедуры (галлотерапия, магнитно-лазерное воздействие на лимфоузлы, фонофорез и УФО небных миндалин).</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Оперативные методы лечения:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Тонзиллэктомия – удаление миндалин вместе с капсулой (инструментальная и бескровная методика).</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Разрушение лимфоидной ткани в миндалине (радиоволновая абляция, криодеструкция).</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Криптолизис («запаивание» небных лакун).</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"prevention": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Профилактика направлена на снижение частоты обострений и осложнений. Очень важно вести здоровый образ жизни, не употреблять спиртное, исключить курение. Употребление пищи должно быть сбалансированным и содержать достаточное количество витаминов. Допустимо применение БАДов, направленных на улучшение защитных качеств иммунитета.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В осенне-весенний период необходимо избегать переохлаждений, а жаркое летнее время - резких перепадов температур.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Симптомы хронического тонзиллита:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Регулярное или непроходящее першение в горле, боль или дискомфорт во время еды или утром после сна, ощущение инородного предмета в горле.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Воспаление, увеличение, болезненность лимфоузлов.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Белый налет или желтоватые комочки в горле, гнойники и др.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Частый кашель, частые (от трех раз в год) ангины.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Повышение температуры тела при отсутствии других заболеваний, особенно если она повышается только ближе к вечеру.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Раздражительность, утомляемость, сонливость, вялость и другие признаки снижения иммунитета.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Одышка, нарушение сердечного ритма.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Неприятный запах изо рта. Такое действие оказывают скапливающиеся бактерии.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Другие патологии. Паразитирующие микроорганизмы легко могут проникнуть в организм и вызвать поражение других тканей и органов, поэтому пациенты часто жалуются на боль и «ломоту» в суставах, боль в почках, непроходящую аллергию и кожные заболевания, покалывание и боли в сердце.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>",
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font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">длительное переохлаждение;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">авитаминоз;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">воздействие радиоактивного излучения;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">несбалансированный рацион;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">стрессовые ситуации, постоянное нервное напряжение;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">чрезмерные физические нагрузки;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">крайне нeблагоприятные условия.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Что касается непосредственно заболеваний, то гипертрофия миндалин может быть обусловлена следующими патологическими процессами:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">корь, скарлатина;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">патологические процессы лимфатической системы;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">туберкулез;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">аллергия;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">заболевания эндокринной системы;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">нарушения в работе гормонального фона.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В группе риска находятся люди, которые имеют ослабленную на фоне хронических заболеваний иммунную систему, системные патологии, хронические заболевания верхних дыхательных путей с частыми рецидивами.</span></p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для детей в возрасте до 3-4 лет свойственна недостаточность клеточного иммунитета в виде дефицита Т-хелперов. Это, в свою очередь, препятствует трансформации В-лимфоцитов в плазматические клетки и выработке антител. Постоянный контакт с бактериальными и вирусными антигенами приводит к чрезмерной продукции функционально незрелых Т-лимфоцитов лимфоидными фолликулами миндалин и их гиперплазии. Инфекционные и воспалительные заболевания носоглотки сопровождаются усиленной продукцией слизи. Она, стекая по задней стенке глотки, оказывает раздражающее действие на небные миндалины, вызывая их гипертрофию. При лимфатико-гипопластическом диатезе, помимо стойкой гиперплазии всей лимфоидной ткани организма, наблюдается ее функциональная недостаточность, что обуславливает повышенную склонность к аллергии и инфекционным заболеваниям. Важную роль в патогенезе заболевания играют аллергические реакции, которые вызывают дегрануляцию мастоцитов, скопление в паренхиме небных миндалин большого количества эозинофилов.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В первую очередь проводится физикальный осмотр, в ходе которого врач определяет клиническую картину, личный и семейный анамнез, изучает историю болезни пациента.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Диагностическая программа включает в себя следующие мероприятия:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">общий и биохимический анализ крови;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">общий анализ мочи;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">бактериологическое исследование мазка из миндалин;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">эндоскопия;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">фарингоскопия;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">УЗИ глотки.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Чаще всего устранить патологический процесс можно при помощи консервативных терапевтических мероприятий, которые основываются на приеме медикаментов и проведении физиотерапевтических процедур.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Медикаментозная терапия включает в себя:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">растворы для полоскания ротовой полости;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">кортикостероиды;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">иммуностимулирующие препараты;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">раствор азотнокислого серебра;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">антибиотики.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Физиотерапия основывается на проведении следующих процедур:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">УВЧ;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">озонотерапия;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">грязелечение;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ультразвуковой массаж.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
"prevention": "<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-5101d264-7fff-63d3-a00a-0d8ff82c4791\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Специфические превентивные меры отсутствуют. Неспецифическая профилактика основывается на своевременном лечении воспалительных и инфекционных заболеваний, коррекции эндокринных нарушений, минимизации контактов с аллергенами, санаторно-курортном оздоровлении и рациональной витаминотерапии.</span></span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Гипертрофия миндалин приводит к тому, что нарушается работа верхних дыхательных путей. На фоне этого у человека появляются приступы апноэ и храпа. По мере усугубления патологического процесса приступы будут учащаться и становиться более длительными по времени.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Клиническая картина такого заболевания характеризуется следующими симптомами:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">неприятное ощущение в горле при глотании, першение и боль;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ощущение, что в горле есть инородное тело;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">затрудненное носовое дыхание, особенно во время сна, что и приводит к храпу;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">одышка, поверхностное дыхание, особенно явными эти симптомы становятся после физической активности;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">непривычное положение во время сна;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">проблемы с речью;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">трудности при глотании;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">головные боли;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">нарушение концентрации внимания, снижение работоспособности.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При гипертрофии язычной миндалины симптоматический комплекс будет включать в себя следующие клинические признаки:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ларингоспазм;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">кашель без выделения мокроты;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">потеря аппетита;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ощущение кома в горле;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">при кашле может выделяться кровь.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При поражении глоточной миндалины симптоматика характеризуется следующим образом:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">храп;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">снижение слуха;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">головные боли, головокружение;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">изменение строения лица;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">частые риниты, трахеиты;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">гнусавость;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">бледность кожных покровов;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">снижение концентрации внимания, памяти, ухудшение когнитивных функций.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"image": null,
"image_alt": null,
"standard_type": 0,
"danger": 39,
"published": 1,
"parent": 6605,
"block_rubric": 103,
"standards": []
},
{
"id": 11427,
"symptoms": [
{
"id": 2944,
"synonyms": [
{
"name": "шумы"
},
{
"name": "шумное дыхание"
},
{
"name": "Стерторозное дыхание"
},
{
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"description": "<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-420ebdd9-7fff-7389-63a7-8b25a3d25c52\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Хронический ларингит - это длительный воспалительный процесс слизистой оболочки гортани, продолжительностью более трех недель. </span></span></p>",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Основные причины хронического ларингита:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Профессиональные факторы (работа в условиях загазованности и с химическими веществами)</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Вредные привычки (курение, употребление алкоголя)</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Аллергия</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Воспалительные процессы в верхних дыхательных путях</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Региональные особенности климата</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Нарушения носового дыхания</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Гормональные нарушения</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Гастро-эзофагальный рефлюкс</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Чрезмерные голосовые нагрузки</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Травмы (в том числе, интубация)</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Все это приводит к повреждению слизистой оболочки гортани, что способствует развитию хронического воспаления.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Характерной патогенетической особенностью хронического ларингита является нарушение местного кровообращения в сочетании с метаплазией и классическими воспалительными изменениями покровного эпителия. Типичный для этой анатомической области цилиндрический эпителий замещается разновидностью плоского, затем разрыхляется и постепенно отторгается. Параллельно в подэпителиальных тканях возникает круглоклеточная инфильтрация.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Сочетание отека и клеточной пролиферации приводит к нарушению подвижности ресничек эпителия задней стенки гортани. В результате страдает одна из основных функций органа – дренаж слизи бронхиального дерева, из-за чего происходит ее скопление на голосовых складках.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Постановка диагноза производится на основании комплексного анализа жалоб пациента, результатов физикальных и лабораторных тестов. При сборе анамнеза врач-отоларинголог выясняет потенциальные этиологические факторы, в том числе условия работы и профессию больного, сопутствующие заболевания, ранее перенесенные операции и травмы, употребление спиртных напитков, курение. Дальнейшая диагностическая программа включает в себя:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Физикальный осмотр области шеи. При пальпации выявляются умеренно увеличенные передние и задние шейные группы лимфатических узлов. Во время разговора и при кашле определяется повышенная нагрузка на мускулатуру передней и боковой поверхности шеи.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Непрямую ларингоскопию. При осмотре полости гортани визуализируется общее утолщение и закругленность свободного края голосовых складок, выраженная гиперемия и расширение сосудов на их поверхности и на задней стенке глотки. Слизистая оболочка последней может быть суховатой или излишне влажной, на некоторых участках определяется скопление слизи.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Общие лабораторные тесты. В клиническом анализе крови присутствуют неспецифические воспалительные изменения: лейкоцитоз, сдвиг лейкоцитарной формулы в сторону палочкоядерных и юных нейтрофильных лейкоцитов, увеличение СОЭ.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Микробиологическое исследование. Назначается для идентификации патогенной микрофлоры с дальнейшим определением ее чувствительности к основным группам антибактериальных препаратов. В качестве материала для исследования используется отхаркиваемая при кашле мокрота или мазок, взятый со слизистой гортани.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Компьютерную томографию. КТ шеи показана при невозможности полноценно дифференцировать ларингит с нагноившимся ларингоцеле, злокачественными новообразованиями регионарных анатомических структур. При хроническом воспалении гортани на томограмме отображается диффузное утолщение мягких тканей, при других патологиях процесс зачастую имеет односторонний, ограниченный характер.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Используется комплексный терапевтический подход, включающий в себя местные и системные фармакологические средства, физиотерапевтические процедуры. Лечение начинается с устранения этиологического фактора, назначения голосового покоя и диеты из нераздражающих продуктов. Далее в зависимости от клинической ситуации применяются:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Системная терапия. Ведущую роль играют антибактериальные препараты широкого спектра действия. Группы выбора – пенициллины и макролиды. В последующем проводится коррекция антибиотикотерапии в соответствии с результатами микробиологического исследования. При необходимости назначаются муколитические средства, антациды и/или ингибиторы протоновой помпы, НПВС, обволакивающие препараты.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Местное лечение. Заключается в использовании компрессионных ингаляторов с симпатомиметиками, топическими глюкокортикоидами. Это позволяет купировать кашель, местную отечность слизистых. Дополнительно применяются масляные растворы, также обладающие обволакивающим эффектом, местные антисептики и антибиотики.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Физиотерапия. Показана только в период ремиссии. В амбулаторных условиях проводится фоноэлектрофорез по Крюкову-Подмазову с аугументином и преднизолоном. Эффективным считается санаторно-курортное лечение в условиях сухого прибрежного климата.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>",
"prevention": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Профилактика хронического ларингита заключается в своевременном лечении острого ларингита, гастроэзофагальной рефлюксной болезни (ГЭРБ), воспалительной патологии верхних и нижних дыхательных путей, отказа от курения и соблюдении голосового режима.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Наиболее распространенными симптомами хронического ларингита являются ощущение инородного тела в горле, хрипота и осиплость голоса.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">К другим симптомам относятся:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ощущение чрезмерной сухости в горле;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">дискомфорт при глотании;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">потеря голоса;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">хронический кашель;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">избыток в горле слизи, которая плохо отходит;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">лихорадка.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>",
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"standard_type": 0,
"danger": 30,
"published": 1,
"parent": 6607,
"block_rubric": 103,
"standards": [
5367
]
},
{
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{
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{
"name": "Изменение голоса"
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{
"name": "Голос пропал"
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],
"body_points": [],
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"name": "Нарушение голоса",
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"age_min": 1,
"age_max": 100,
"slug": "narushenie_golosa",
"lead": "Если голос изменился или пропал следует обратиться к врачу",
"image": null,
"published": 1,
"danger": false
},
{
"id": 2733,
"synonyms": [
{
"name": "потеря звучности"
},
{
"name": "голос пропал"
},
{
"name": "тихий голос"
},
{
"name": "голос сел"
}
],
"body_points": [
{
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"r": 300
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},
"code": "R49.1",
"name": "Афония",
"icd_name": "Афония",
"gender": 0,
"age_min": 1,
"age_max": 100,
"cause": [
"0"
],
"periodicity": 1,
"slug": "r49.1_afoniya",
"lead": "патологическое состояние, характеризующееся потерей звучности голоса",
"description": "",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Причины появления афонии бывают разными, например:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Воспалительные процессы, затрагивающие гортань (острый или хронический ларингит, ларинготрахеит). Воспалительная реакция приводит к появлению отека, который подавляет функцию голосовых связок.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Интоксикации химическими веществами вызывают повреждения тканей и отек по типу поствоспалительной аллергической реакции.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Опухолевые процессы в области гортани по типу фиброза или папилломатоза, а также гортанного рака, а также окологортанная онкология – например, опухоли трахеи или пищевода.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Травматические повреждения гортанной области и голосовых складок – в частности, травмы от попадания инородных предметов, либо в результате хирургических или реанимационных манипуляций (пример: трахеотомия и интубация).</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Периферический паралич, поражение возвратного нерва во время операции по поводу опухолевых процессов или дисфункции щитовидной железы.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Центральный паралич, свойственный инсультам, черепно-мозговым травмам, онкологическим заболеваниям, микробным инфекциям, интоксикациям. </span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Миопатии и прочие мышечные нарушения, затрагивающие голосовые связки.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Истерически обусловленный гортанный паралич, вызванный состояниями гипо или гипертонуса при неврозах, психозах, истерии, неврастении.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Избыточное напряжение голосовых связок, отсутствие лечения дисфонии.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Профессиональные вредности: токсические дымовые, паровые и газовые воздействия.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Психогенные факторы: сильный испуг, нервный стресс, конфликтная ситуация в сопровождении сильного эмоционального потрясения, а также другие состояния, способствующие выходу в кровь большого объема адреналина с расширением зоны возбуждения в мозговой коре.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Непосредственной причиной афонии специалисты называют отсутствующее или недостаточное смыкание голосовых связок. Такое нарушение провоцируется функциональными или органическими факторами.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Факторы риска</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Провоцирующими факторами, способными привести к развитию афонии, могут стать:</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">слабость, лабильность нервной системы, склонность болезненно переживать стрессы, ссоры, обиды;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">вынужденные частые перепады голосовой активности (от громкой речи и крика до полного продолжительного молчания);</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">частые ларингиты, ангины;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">продолжительный прием анаболических стероидов;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">работа в условиях постоянного шума, либо пребывание в задымленных горячих цехах, запыленных помещениях с плохой вентиляцией;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">работа, связанная с регулярным пребыванием на улице (в том числе в холодное время года);</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">детский и пожилой возраст;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">вредные привычки (по большей части курение и употребление алкоголя);</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">заболевания пищеварительного тракта или щитовидки;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #454343; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">врожденные дефекты развития гортани.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>",
"pathogenesis": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Голос возникает в процессе смыкания и колебания голосовых складок под воздействием выдыхаемого воздушного потока. Для голосообразования необходима хорошая эластичность истинных связок, возможность их полного смыкания, нормальный тонус мышц гортани, достаточная по силе воздушная струя. Если во время фонации голосовые складки не соприкасаются друг с другом, струя воздуха, выходящая через голосовую щель, производит шум, который воспринимается человеческим ухом как шепот. Возникает дисфония или афония.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При функциональной афонии отмечается атония истинных голосовых связок, которой нередко сопутствует гипертонус ложных складок. При органических нарушениях в результате воспалительного отека, опухолевого поражения подвижность складок ограничивается, просвет между ними уменьшается. Параличи и парезы внутренних мышц гортани приводят к невозможности сужения и расширения голосовой щели при фонации, несмыканию связок и потере фонаторной способности.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Диагностикой афонии у пациентов занимаются отоларингологи, фониатры и логопеды. Если имеет место психогенная форма, то к работе подключается психотерапевт, ведь в данном случае основным является устранение психотравмирующего фактора.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Проводится общий осмотр и изучение анамнеза пациента. Для обнаружения инфекции берется мазок со слизистой ротоглотки. Для исключения опухоли назначается МРТ, КТ, рентген и другие инструментальные исследования.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">К другим методам диагностики относятся:</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #1e2022; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Ларингоскопия. Данная методика позволяет провести визуальный осмотр голосовых связок и слизистых оболочек. Позволяет определить отечность голосовых складок, наличие инородных тел, новообразований. </span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #1e2022; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Видеостробоскопия. Используется для отслеживания колебаний голосовых связок. В случае данного расстройства колыбельные движения отсутствуют.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #1e2022; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Логопедическое обследование. Проводится общий осмотр периферического отдела речевого аппарата и комплексное обследование речи. Специалист анализирует изменения голоса при шепоте, смехе, кашле. Изучаются особенности фонационного дыхания.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #1e2022; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Психологическое обследование. Оно проводится в случае подозрения на психогенную афонию. Проводится тестирование для определения психологического типа пациента, а также выявления возможных проблем и ситуаций, которые могли спровоцировать нарушение.</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Во многих случаях первым шагом на пути восстановления голоса является медицинский этап. При ларингитах, аллергическом отеке гортани проводится медикаментозное лечение: эндоларингеальные вливания, ингаляции, антибактериальная, антигистаминная, гомеопатическая терапия. Удаление инородных тел гортани осуществляется под эндоскопическим контролем.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лечение параличей гортани зависит от их этиологии. Может потребовать назначения ноотропных, нейропротекторных, витаминных и других препаратов. Эффективны методы физиотерапии: электростимуляция, лекарственный электрофорез, иглорефлексотерапия. При выраженных эксикозах показана инфузионная терапия.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Опухолевые процессы гортани требуют проведения эндохирургического вмешательства: удаления папилломатоза, коагуляции и деструкции новообразований, хордэктомии. При рубцовом стенозе осуществляется бужирование гортани с последующим эндопротезированием или ларингопластикой.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Фонопедическая коррекция</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Логопедическую работу при афонии начинают с назначения полного голосового покоя. На этом фоне проводится артикуляционная и дыхательная гимнастика, вибрационный массаж. Затем переходят к формированию мягкой голосоподачи с помощью фонационных упражнений. Силу звука повышают постепенно. Параллельно работают над развитием диапазона, высоты, тембра голоса. На фонопедических занятиях используют современные технические средства: усилители голоса, компьютерные тренажеры.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Психотерапевтическое лечение</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Пациентам с психогенной афонией показаны сеансы психоанализа, суггестотерапии. Большую роль играют аутогенные тренировки. В тяжелых случаях прибегают к гипнотерапии. Также требуется лечение других расстройств, способных спровоцировать афонию. Большое значение имеет вера в успешность восстановления голоса.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"prevention": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Профилактическая работа должна быть направлена на своевременную и адекватную терапию причинных заболеваний. Необходимо бережно относиться к своему голосу, минимизировать действие факторов, способных вызвать афонию (стрессогенных условий, перенапряжения голоса, курения и пр.).</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Пациенту с афонией органического происхождения доступна только шепотная речь. Голос беззвучный даже при кашлевом рефлексе, в состоянии эмоциональных реакций. В зависимости от основного заболевания может присутствовать боль в горле, затруднение дыхания, поперхивание, нарушение глотания.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Психогенная форма афонии развивается внезапно сразу после психотравмирующего события либо на следующий день после него. Голос отсутствует, при этом сохраняется способность звучно кашлять, смеяться, плакать, иногда – громко кричать. Больные дополнительно жалуются на ощущение «песка», «комка», «скопления слизи» в горле. Возможны общая слабость, кардиалгии, дрожь в теле. Пациенты не доверяют врачам, преувеличивают тяжесть своего заболевания. Голос может появиться столь же внезапно, как и исчез.</span></p>",
"image": null,
"image_alt": null,
"standard_type": 0,
"danger": 1,
"published": 1,
"parent": 7213,
"block_rubric": 193,
"standards": []
},
{
"id": 15540,
"symptoms": [
{
"id": 3010,
"synonyms": [
{
"name": "Слюни"
},
{
"name": "Слюноотделение"
}
],
"body_points": [
{
"x": 455,
"y": 1439,
"r": 233
}
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"etiology": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Причиной попадания инородных тел в глотку наиболее часто является невнимательность в процессе приема пищи, смех и разговор во время еды. Мелкие бытовые предметы могут попасть в глотку с пищей или случайно выскользнуть при удерживании их губами. У маленьких детей инородные тела глотки возникают по недосмотру взрослых. У пожилых людей, имеющих съемные зубные протезы, в период сна может произойти выпадание протеза в полость глотки. Ошибки медицинского персонала при выполнении манипуляций в полости рта или носа могут привести к попаданию в глотку частей медицинских инструментов, ватных тампонов и т. п. Живые организмы проникают в глотку с некипяченой питьевой водой, вдыхаемым воздухом или ретроградно из кишечника пациента.</span></p>",
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"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Инородные тела глотки, расположенные в средней ее части — ротоглотке, обычно диагностируются без затруднений, поскольку хорошо видны при осмотре и пальпируются при пальцевом исследовании глотки. Плохо визуализируются мелкие инородные тела глотки или предметы, глубоко внедрившиеся в складки слизистой оболочки. Также плохо видны чужеродные тела в области гортаноглотки, особенно когда они локализуются в районе черпаловидных складок, между надгортанником и корнем языка, в грушевидных синусах. Для лучшей визуализации инородных тел глотки применяют фарингоскопию. В некоторых случаях проводят рентгенологическое исследование. При подозрении на миграцию инородного тела в носовую полость, гортань или пищевод показана риноскопия, ларингоскопия, эзофагоскопия и рентгенография пищевода с контрастированием.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Примерно в половине случаев при обращении пациентов по поводу инородных тел глотки таковые не обнаруживаются. При этом обычно выявляются следы травмирования глотки, вызванного попытками удалить инородное тело, которое может быть проглочено или вовсе отсутствовать. Жалобы на несуществующие инородные тела глотки могут быть обусловлены воспалительными процессами (тонзиллит, фарингит), опухолями глотки, психоневрологическими нарушениями, чрезмерной мнительностью пациента. В отдельных случаях ощущения инородного тела глотки связаны с патологическими изменениями шейных позвонков (остеохондроз, спондилез), удлинением шиловидного отростка, дисфункцией нервно-мышечного аппарата.</span></p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Инородные тела глотки подлежат удалению. Если они хорошо визуализируются и легкодоступны, то их удаление осуществляется отоларингологом в условиях поликлинической манипуляционной. Изъятие таких инородных тел глотки производят с использованием пинцета, щипцов Брюнингса или носового корнцанга. После удаления инородного тела глотку обрабатывают раствором Люголя, пациенту рекомендуют питание мягкой пищей и полоскания растворами антисептиков.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Более трудно удаляются инородные тела глотки, расположенные в гортанной ее части. Их изъятие проводится под местной анестезией, для уменьшения слюноотделения перед удалением вводится атропин. Применяются гортанное зеркало и специальные гортанные щипцы. Труднодоступные инородные тела удаляются при помощи ларингоскопии. Инородные тела глотки, внедрившиеся в мягкие ткани, или плохо извлекающиеся из-за выраженного отека, зачастую невозможно извлечь естественным путем. В таких случаях производят хирургическое удаление посредством вскрытия глотки — фаринготомии.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Инородные тела глотки, приводящие к выраженным нарушениям дыхания и асфиксии, угрожающие жизни пациента требуют неотложного удаления. Оно производится пальцевым способом сразу же на месте происшествия.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>",
"prevention": "<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-67f4b6ee-7fff-506f-8521-419f4bc772e8\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Предупредить проникновение инородного предмета в глотку поможет соблюдение правил приема пищи и внимательное наблюдение за маленькими детьми.</span></span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Клиническая картина инородных тел глотки зависит от их размеров, вида, формы и расположения, а также от времени, которое прошло с момента их попадания в глотку. Общими симптомами являются: боль в горле, чувство инородного тела, першение, кашель, затруднение глотания, усиленное слюноотделение. Может наблюдаться иррадиация боли в ухо или гортань. При локализации инородного тела в ротоглотке отмечаются позыва к рвоте. В некоторых случаях попавший в глотку предмет проходит в пищевод или гортань, повреждая при этом слизистую глотки, что также проявляется болью и першением в горле.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Острые предметы обычно локализуются в ротоглотке, застревая в дужках и лакунах небных миндалин или миндалине корня языка. Острые инородные тела глотки вызывают резко выраженный болевой синдром. Характерна боль режущего или колющего типа, усиливающаяся при разговоре, глотании и даже дыхательных движениях. Острые инородные тела глотки могут стать причиной спазма мышц глотки, в связи с чем пациент не в состоянии совершать глотательные движения, а значит принимать пищу и пить воду. Нарушение глотания из-за сильной боли или спазма мускулатуры приводит к тому, что слюна не проглатывается, а вытекает из полости рта, приводя к мацерации и воспалению губ.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Тупые инородные тела глотки часто проходят в гортаноглотку и располагаются над входом в гортань или пищевод. Крупные инородные тела этой локализации могут частично перекрывать просвет гортани, приводя к нарушениям дыхания. Полная обтурация входа в гортань вызывает асфиксию — прекращение поступления воздуха в дыхательные пути. Причиной асфиксии чаще бывают эластичные инородные тела глотки (например, частицы мясной пищи), которые, в отличие от твердых предметов, при заполнении гортаноглотки не оставляют щелей, через которые мог бы проходить воздух.</span></p>",
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},
"code": "T17.3",
"name": "Инородное тело в гортани",
"icd_name": "Инородное тело в гортани",
"gender": 0,
"age_min": 1,
"age_max": 100,
"cause": [
"0"
],
"periodicity": 1,
"slug": "t17.3_inorodnoe_telo_v_gortani",
"lead": "чужеродные объекты различной природы, случайным образом оказавшиеся в гортани",
"description": "",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Попадание инородного тела связано с резким глубоким вдохом. Пища аспирируется при чихании, разговоре, смехе, торопливом приеме пищи. Кроме того, инородное тело вдыхается во время плача, падения, испуга. В этом случае, в гортань попадает то, что было зажато губами (зубами) в данный момент: пуговицы, булавки, иголки, игрушки, скорлупа от семечек, зубные протезы. Инородными телами могут быть насекомые.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Предметы могут попасть в гортань во время стоматологических манипуляций и оториноларингологических операций.</span></p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Обычно при попадании инородного тела на слизистую оболочку глотки происходит рефлекторный спазм мышц глотки и гортани, выполняющий роль барьера, препятствующего прохождению инородного тела в гортань. Возникновение инородных тел гортани может быть связано со слабостью этого рефлекса, что наблюдается у пожилых людей или при некоторых неврологических нарушениях (неврит гортанных нервов, бульбарный и псевдобульбарный синдромы при опухолях, геморрагическом и ишемическом инсульте, рассеянном склерозе, миастении, сирингомиелии, стволовом варианте полиомиелита, боковом амиотрофическом склерозе, церебральном атеросклерозе).</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Инородные тела гортани могут попадать в нее ретроградным путем из желудка и пищевода при рвоте, из бронхов и трахеи при кашле.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Диагностикой занимается оториноларинголог или врач любой другой специальности во время оказания неотложной помощи. Если предмет маленький и пациент не нуждается в экстренном лечении, то проводят прямую и непрямую ларингоскопию, во время которой можно извлечь инородное тело.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Если слизистая отечная, то для визуализации гортани используется эндоскопия, которая позволяет рассмотреть верхние дыхательные пути. Рентгенография выявляет контрастные инородные тела, например, металлические.</span></p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Инородные тела гортани необходимо удалять за максимально короткие сроки. Для восстановления дыхания при развитии асфиксии требуется трахеостомия. Пациент в дальнейшем транспортируется в стационар, где будет происходить непосредственный процесс удаления инородного тела. В ходе операции будет использоваться интубационный наркоз через трахеосистему.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Также максимально быстро нужно удалять инородные тали гортани необструктивного характера. Дело в том, со временем отек и воспаление гортани значительно увеличатся, что помешает при удалении из нее посторонних объектов. Инородные тела удаляются с помощью ларингоскопии, все происходит в стационарных условиях. В случае с взрослыми пациентами удаление проводится под местным обезболиванием. У детей данная процедура осуществляется после введения фенобарбитала. Местное введение анестетика очень опасно, поскольку оно рефлекторно может вызвать у детей остановку дыхания.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Наиболее сложными считаются случаи удаления инородных тел гортани, внедрившихся в грушевидные синусы, подкладочное пространство и желудочки. Если естественным путем их удалить не удастся, применяется хирургическое лечение. В большинстве случаев оперативное вмешательство проводят путем трахеостомии. В данной операции трахеостома используется для проталкивания инородного тела вверх или его выведения из гортани. Для увеличения доступа к структурам гортани, чтобы удалить инородное тело или ликвидировать осложнения, проводится ларинготомия. При хирургическом удалении может возникнуть рубцовый стеноз. Удаление инородных тел гортани проводится на фоне противовоспалительной, седативной и обезболивающей терапии. Кроме этого, назначается комплексная антибиотикотерапия для профилактики инфекционных осложнений.</span></p>",
"prevention": "",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Клинические симптомы инородных тел гортани могут быть различными, определяющее влияние имеет их консистенция, размер и форма. В момент попадания в гортань инородных тел небольших размеров появляется судорожный кашель, затрудненное дыхание и цианоз кожных покровов лица. Также в подобных ситуациях часто возникает рефлекторная рвота. Правда, очень редко встречаются случаи выхода инородного тела с кашлем или рвотными массами.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Боль в области гортани и охриплость голоса появятся, когда инородное тело осталось в гортани. Боль может иметь постоянный характер и усиливаться во время разговора. Также она может возникать только при кашле или разговоре и быть временной. Приступы кашля могут повторяться, ослабляться или усиливаться. Инородные тела гортани, которые расположены между голосовыми складками, препятствуют их смыканию и приводят к афонии.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Если говорить о мелких инородных телах гортани, то они изначально не вызывают особого дискомфорта, не сопровождается дыхательными нарушениями. Кроме этого, они периодически могут вызвать кашель, достаточно долго проявляться в виде охриплости. В области их залегания с течением времени начинает развиваться воспаление, в результате чего прогрессирует отек и уменьшается просвет гортани. Все это приводит к появлению затрудненного дыхания. Дополнительная вторичная инфекция сопровождается появлением слизисто-гнойной мокроты и подъемом температуры тела.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Инородные тела гортани эластичной консистенции и значительных размеров (плохо пережеванные куски мяса, ватные тампоны, удаленные аденоиды) сразу обтурируют просвет гортани, таким образом, не оставляя пространства для прохождения воздуха. Также за несколько секунд меняется выражение и цвет лица, оно приобретает цианотичный оттенок. Становится заметно, что человек испуган. Он начинает метаться, делает судорожные дыхательные движения, хрипит. Вследствие обтурации воздух не может попасть в дыхательный путь. Коматозное состояние наступает через 2-3 минуты. Нужно максимально быстро вынуть инородное тело и обеспечить восстановление дыхания путем трахеостомии, в противном случае уже через 7-9 минут может произойти остановка дыхания и сердечной деятельности, что приводит к летальному исходу. Даже если удастся восстановить через несколько минут сердечную и дыхательную деятельность, все равно остается риск отключения корковых центров головного мезга из-за кислородного голодания. Именно поэтому при первых ощущениях инородного тела в гортани следует обратиться к специалисту, чтобы не возникло осложнений различного характера.</span></p>",
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},
"code": "I84",
"name": "Геморрой",
"icd_name": "Геморрой",
"gender": 0,
"age_min": 0,
"age_max": 100,
"cause": [
"0"
],
"periodicity": 0,
"slug": "i84_gemorroy",
"lead": "варикозное расширение сосудов прямокишечного венозного сосудистого сплетения в дистальном отделе прямой кишки",
"description": "",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Причины развития геморроя</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Развитие варикозного расширения вен прямой кишки из-за сдавления их извне (опухоли органов малого таза или кишечника) с нарушением оттока по венам кишечника.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Нарушение оттока венозной крови от прямой кишки из-за патологий, не связанных с органами малого таза и кишечника (болезни печени).</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Дистрофия анатомических структур, отвечающих за эластичность венозной стенки.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">К провоцирующим факторам развития геморроя относятся:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Беременность и роды.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Дисплазия соединительной ткани.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Наследственная предрасположенность.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Гиподинамия, преимущественно сидячий образ жизни.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Нарушение моторики кишечника с преобладанием запоров.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Частый или постоянный прием слабительных препаратов, регулярное механическое раздражение слизистой прямой кишки.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Деятельность, связанная с избыточным мышечным напряжением (занятия тяжелой атлетикой, физически тяжелая работа).</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Преобладание в рационе пряной и острой пищи.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Частый анальный секс.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Заболевания органов малого таза, приводящие к сдавлению вен малого таза.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Патология клапанного аппарата вен кишечника (в частности, прямокишечного сплетения).</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Патология печени (например, цирроз) с развитием портальной гипертензии.</span></li>\r\n</ul>",
"pathogenesis": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В области прямой кишки располагаются кавернозные вены, соединенные анастомозами с артериями прямой кишки. Эти сплетения обеспечивают удержание кала прямой кишкой и саму дефекацию, участвуют в ректальном иммунном барьере. Нарушение венозного оттока и увеличение артериального притока приводят к застою крови в малом тазу, перерастяжению стенки вен с образованием узлов.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Снижается трофика продольной мышцы подслизистой прямой кишки и в итоге формируется фиброзно-мышечный каркас геморроидального узла, смещающий его из анального канала наружно или в просвет кишки. Поначалу они выпадают и самостоятельно вправляются при натуживании, потом требуют ручного вправления, а в тяжелых случаях – хирургического лечения.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Алый цвет артериальной крови при геморроидальных кровотечениях объясняется наличием анастомозов между варикозно расширенными кавернозными венами и артериями прямой кишки.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Диагностика начинается со сбора анамнеза, уточнения жалоб и осмотра врачом-проктологом. Пациент располагается в гинекологическом кресле с приведенными ногами, коленно-локтевом положении, реже – на боку.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Физикальное исследование проктолога включает:</span></p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #595959; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">пальцевое исследование прямой кишки;</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #595959; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">аноскопию (для осмотра стенок анального канала и дистального отдела прямой кишки);</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #595959; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">сфинктерометрию (при хроническом геморрое – слабость, а при остром – спазм сфинктера);</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #595959; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">колоноскопию (для дифференциальной диагностики);</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #595959; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ректороманоскопию (диагностика сопутствующих заболеваний толстой кишки);</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: disc; font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #595959; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;\" dir=\"ltr\">\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">рентген толстой кишки с барием (клизма).</span></p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Эндоскопические исследования выполняются с обезболиванием, в ряде случаев – под общим наркозом.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Если пациент своевременно обращается к врачу-проктологу, то на 1-й и 2-й стадиях заболевания используется консервативное лечение, позволяющее купировать боль, зуд и кровотечение, а затем и влиять на причины заболевания. Назначают препараты и диету для разжижения стула, при болях используется параректальная новокаиновая блокада.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Диета при геморрое включает потребление жидкости (от 2 литров в сутки), использование в рационе пищевых отрубей, морской капусты, льняного семени и семени подорожника. Диетотерапия применяется в сочетании с прочими методами лечения, самостоятельного клинического эффекта не дает.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для лечения геморроя используют различные лекарственные формы.</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для местного лечения назначают ректальные гели, мази и свечи (суппозитории) от геморроя: например, ультрапрокт, флуокортолон, Релиф.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Гемостатические губки и свечи: спонгостан, коллагеновые гемостатические губки на основе фибриногена и тромбина, свечи и мази с гепарином, фенилэфрин, экстракт красавки.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Таблетированные препараты направлены на профилактику запоров, повышение венозного тонуса и стимуляцию крово- и лимфотока, восстановление микроциркуляции, борьбу с воспалением.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При запорах назначают ферменты, слабительные смягчающего и осмотического действия: препараты псиллиума, лактулозы и макрогола.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Рекомендуются ангиопротекторы и флеботропные препараты для нормализации гемодинамики, восстановления микроциркуляции. Из противовоспалительных применяют препараты группы нестероидных противовоспалительных средств, хотя в тяжелых случаях применяют и гормональные препараты (флуокортолон).</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При тромбозе геморроидальных узлов рекомендованы биофлаваноиды; для снижения риска кровотечения – очищенная микрогенизированная флавоноидная фракция (диосмин + флавоноиды в пересчете на гесперидин) (МОФФ).</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Малоинвазивные вмешательства при геморрое</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Малоинвазивные методы хирургического лечения геморроя применяются амбулаторно, не требуют общего наркоза, длительного периода реабилитации и обезболивания в послеоперационном периоде. К ним относятся склерозирование или легирование латексными кольцами геморроидальных узлов, дезартеризация терминальных ветвей верхней геморроидальной артерии, инфракрасная лазерная фотокоагуляция.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При III стадии в запущенных случаях применяется хирургическое лечение геморроя под общим наркозом – удаление узла (геморроидэктомия).</span></p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"prevention": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Рекомендуется придерживаться сбалансированного питания, отказаться от вредных привычек, наладить регулярный стул без запоров и диареи, а также своевременно диагностировать заболевания, ведущие к ухудшению состояния сосудов, повышению внутрибрюшного давления или нарушению венозного оттока в малом тазу.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Клиническая картина геморроя зависит от стадии заболевания.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для первой стадии геморроя характерны минимальные проявления, возможен дискомфорт при дефекации и болезненность геморроидальных узлов. При осмотре специалистом регистрируется расширение капилляров слизистой прямой кишки, что указывает на венозный застой, появление узлов и местное воспаление слизистой оболочки. Иногда при дефекации выделяется кровь.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Вторая стадия характеризуется выпадением геморроидальных узлов во время и после дефекации с возможностью их самопроизвольного вправления. При этом чаще возникают кровотечения и выделения слизи из прямой кишки, беспокоят зуд и дискомфорт в анальной области.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">На третьей стадии геморроидальные узлы выпадают не только при дефекации, но и при натуживании, кашле и других действиях, ведущих к повышению внутрибрюшного давления (подъем тяжестей), и самопроизвольно не вправляются.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">На четвертой стадии вправление узлов невозможно ни самопроизвольно, ни вручную. Эта стадия является самой опасной в плане развития осложнений: возможны длительные обильные кровотечения, грозящие развитием анемии (уменьшением уровня гемоглобина и количества эритроцитов, которые переносят кислород ко всем тканям, что, соответственно, отразится на всех органах), и тромбоз геморроидальных узлов.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Внутренний геморрой на ранних стадиях протекает бессимптомно, возможно появление ощущения инородного тела в прямой кишке или чувства неопорожненного кишечника. Выделения крови и слизи на этой стадии настолько скудные, что остаются незамеченными. В просвет прямой кишки геморроидальные узлы не выступают.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">По мере увеличения геморроидальных узлов просвет кишки сужается, в связи с чем нарушается процесс выделения кала. Дефекация сопровождается болью и микротравмами слизистой оболочки, что ведет к воспалению и усугублению симптомов заболевания. На поздней стадии проявляется весь симптомокомплекс (кровотечения, боль, выделение из прямой кишки крови и слизи, выпадение узлов, дискомфорт в анальной области), повышается вероятность осложнений – анемии, тромбоза или присоединения вторичной инфекции с развитием парапроктита (воспалительного – часто гнойного – заболевания тканей, окружающих прямую кишку).</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Наружный геморрой характеризуется появлением боли в области ануса после воздействия провоцирующих факторов (кашель, долгое сидение, поднятие тяжестей, натуживание, дефекация). При данной форме заболевания кровотечения возникают значительно реже, чем при внутреннем геморрое. Кровь при этом видна не на фекалиях, а на белье, туалетной бумаге и средствах личной гигиены. При осмотре и пальпации пораженной области обнаруживаются болезненные узлы.</span></p>",
"image": "http://api.symptomd.ru/storage/084b878dff9c179a3a0200d32642cef0_hgP4pvh.png",
"image_alt": "Геморрой",
"standard_type": 0,
"danger": 21,
"published": 1,
"parent": null,
"block_rubric": 98,
"standards": []
},
{
"id": 11287,
"symptoms": [
{
"id": 3041,
"synonyms": [
{
"name": "Боль при испражнении"
},
{
"name": "Болезненная дефикация"
},
{
"name": "Боль после туалета"
}
],
"body_points": [
{
"x": 464,
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"name": "Боль при дефекации",
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"slug": "bol_pri_defekacii",
"lead": "Дискомфорт или боль при дефекации причина, не откладывая обратиться к специалисту",
"image": null,
"published": 1,
"danger": false
},
{
"id": 2832,
"synonyms": [
{
"name": "кровь при дефекации"
},
{
"name": "кровь в стуле"
},
{
"name": "стул с кровью"
},
{
"name": "кровь в анусе"
},
{
"name": "темный кал"
},
{
"name": "черный кал"
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"code": "I84.2",
"name": "Внутренний геморрой без осложнения",
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"lead": "заболевание вен прямой кишки, при котором варикозно измененные узлы располагаются под слизистой оболочкой внутри просвета кишечника",
"description": "<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-caf0348d-7fff-7fbe-2a6d-bceebf5de93c\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Геморрой внутренний — это заболевание, при котором наблюдается расширение и воспаление геморроидальных вен, расположенных выше зубчатой (гребешковой) линии прямой кишки, где однослойный эпителий кишечника сменяется многослойным.</span></span></p>",
"etiology": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Первопричина, вызывающая появление геморроидальных узлов, всегда одна и та же, - нарушения кровотока в сосудах прямой кишки. В результате отсутствия баланса между притоком и оттоком кровь скапливается в том или ином месте, растягивая стенки сосудов и формируя узлы. Куда больший интерес представляют причины, способствующие этому самому нарушению кровотока. Это может быть: Лишний вес. Проблемы со стулом (регулярные запоры или диарея). Повышенное давление в брюшной полости. Неправильное питание, основу которого составляют блюда и напитки, раздражающие слизистую прямой и толстой кишки. Закупорка вен малого таза, появление в этой области спаек, опухолей и т.п. Дистрофия мышц и связок, отвечающих за фиксацию сосудов геморроидального сплетения. Малоподвижный образ жизни. Различные патологии сосудов, в числе которых атеросклероз, варикоз и т.п. Продолжительный надсадный кашель, нередко провоцируемый курением. Сильное натуживание во время дефекации. Трудная физическая работа, например, связанная с регулярным поднятием тяжелых грузов.</span></p>",
"pathogenesis": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Для появления внутреннего геморроя необходимы два условия: повышение ректального (внутреннего) давления и слабость сосудистых стенок. По вышеуказанным причинам происходит расширение венозных сплетений внутри прямой кишки и их выпячивание. Патоморфологически определяется внутренний геморроидальный узел, покрытый слизистой оболочкой. Сосудистые образования в нем представлены в виде кавернозных тел, состоящих из множественных полостей, разделенных мышечными и соединительнотканными перегородками.</span></p>",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При подозрении на наличие заболевания показаны:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Проктологический осмотр. В стерильной перчатке указательным пальцем специалист нащупывает места варикозного расширения, определяет плотность узлов, их размеры и болезненность. Узлы в некоторых случаях не имеют четкой группировки, это говорит о рассыпном характере кавернозных тел прямой кишки. При пальпации определяется белая линия Хилтона, являющаяся границей внутренних и наружных узлов. На ощупь внутренние образования напоминают «тутовую ягоду», которая легко кровоточит. При длительно существующем геморрое пальпаторно определяется снижение тонуса замыкательного аппарата прямой кишки, что способствует выпадению внутренних узлов и слизистой оболочки.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Эндоскопическое обследование. При проведении аноскопии в прямую кишку на глубину 10 см вводится трубка, оснащенная системой подсветки. Если узлы располагаются выше, применяют ректороманоскопию. Эндоскопическое обследование позволяет собрать подробную информацию о состоянии прямой кишки, количестве и степени выпячивания геморроидальных узлов на глубине 25 см, а также исключить другие проктологические заболевания. В результате исследования есть возможность взятия материала для биопсии при подозрении на опухоль прямой кишки (проявляется схожими с внутренним геморроем симптомами).</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Ирригоскопия кишечника. Позволяет с помощью рентгеновского излучения и введения в кишечник контрастного вещества (сульфат бария) определить наличие выпуклостей (в том числе и геморроидальные узлы) и анальных свищей. Обычно ирригоскопия замещает другие проктологические исследования у детей. Всем инструментальным исследованиям предшествуют диета (исключение грубой пищи) и очистительная клизма. При остром геморрое такие методики не применяют, это связано с выраженной болезненностью и возможностью вызвать интенсивное кровотечение.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лабораторные исследования кала (анализ на скрытую кровь, копрограмма). Являются вспомогательными и позволяют уточнить функциональность кишечника и наличие кровотечения. К тому же, анализ кала на яйца глистов и цисты лямблий исключает паразитарную причину зуда перианальной области.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p><span id=\"docs-internal-guid-55e0d023-7fff-bb9f-b392-5c3a4157a403\"> </span></p>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Консервативное лечение</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Консервативная терапия эффективна лишь на ранних стадиях развития варикоза прямой кишки и назначается в острую фазу заболевания. Она включает в себя симптоматическую терапию (обезболивание, нормализация функции кишечника), профилактику тромбообразования (гепарин), пероральный прием венотоников (троксерутин, диосмин). Медикаментозное лечение прямокишечных геморроидальных узлов длительное. Пероральные препараты, влияющие на варикозную патологию во всем организме, принимаются 3-месячными повторными курсами.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Оперативное лечение</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Операции при геморрое выполняются на любой стадии заболевания, однако их эффективность существенно разнится в зависимости от выраженности патологического процесса. Все оперативные методы лечения делятся на малоинвазивные и хирургические:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">I-II стадия внутреннего геморроя. Используются малоинвазивные методики: инфракрасная фотокогуляция и электрокоагуляция, склеротерапия геморроидальных узлов, радиоволновое удаление. При геморрое 2-ой степени показано лигирование латексными кольцами.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">III стадия внутреннего геморроя. Требует более радикальных мер. Наряду с вышеперечисленными способами применяется криодеструкция (заморозка сосудов жидким азотом), дезартеризация внутренних геморроидальных узлов посредством лигирования концевых геморроидальных артерий под контролем УЗДГ. Перспективной методикой является использование ультразвукового гармонического скальпеля. На этой стадии также возможно применение лазерной геморроидэктомии, хирургических методик.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">IV стадия внутреннего геморроя. Наиболее часто в клинической практике прибегают к классическим методам: оперативной геморроидэктомии по Миллигану-Моргану или по методике Лонго. Также используются модифицированные методики: геморроидэктомия по Парксу, по Фергюсону</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"> </span></p>",
"prevention": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Профилактика внутреннего геморроя заключается в соблюдении правил здорового питания (фрукты/овощи, питьевой режим), двигательной активности (регулярные прогулки, гимнастика), исключении несоизмеримых физических нагрузок. Здоровый образ жизни снижает вероятность появления внутреннего геморроя.</span></p>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">На 1-2 стадии внутренний геморрой редко доставляет какие-либо беспокойства и в большинстве ситуаций протекает скрыто. В отдельных случаях пациентов тревожит ощущение дискомфорта в области заднего прохода, которое усиливается после долгого пребывания в сидячем положении, а также ощущение неполного опорожнения кишечника после дефекации при фактическом отсутствии запоров.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">По мере прогрессирования заболевания до 3-4-й стадии присоединяются более яркие симптомы:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">зуд, жжение или постоянный дискомфорт в заднем проходе; </span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">болезненность испражнений, с сохранением болевого синдрома в течение 10-30 минут после акта дефекации; </span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">кровотечение из анального отверстия (реже — слизистые выделения); </span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">выпадение геморроидальных узлов из заднего прохода наружу.</span></li>\r\n</ul>",
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{
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"name": "стул с кровью"
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"name": "кровь в анусе"
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"name": "темный кал"
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{
"name": "черный кал"
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"name": "черный стул"
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"code": "I84.5",
"name": "Наружный геморрой без осложнения",
"icd_name": "Наружный геморрой без осложнения",
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"lead": "патологическое проктологическое состояние, характеризующееся варикозом кровеносных вен наружного венозного геморроидального сплетения",
"description": "<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Геморрой наружный — это заболевание, при котором возникает воспаление и расширение геморроидальных вен, расположенных вокруг анального выхода (отверстия) ниже гребешковой (зубчатой) линии прямой кишки, где многослойный эпителий кишечника переходит в однослойный.</span></p>",
"etiology": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Непосредственной причиной появления наружного геморроидального узла является перенапряжение стенок геморроидальных вен, вызванное высокими физическими нагрузками (чаще всего поднятием тяжестей) и, соответственно, избыточным притоком крови. Иногда наружный геморрой провоцируется потугами при запоре или сильным поносом.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Как правило, выпячивание узла возникает при значительном истончении сосудов, что может быть вызвано следующими факторами:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">низкая физическая активность;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">венозно-сосудистые заболевания;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">онкологические образования;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">хронические запоры;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">беременность и роды;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">хронический алкоголизм и табакокурение;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">ожирение.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p> </p>",
"pathogenesis": "",
"diagnostics": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Диагностика геморроя, по сути, ничем не затруднена и может быть осуществлена во время наружного осмотра пациента. Врач выявляет специфические уплотнения, локализующиеся вокруг ануса. Они пальпируются только под кожей или выпирают наружу, формируя шишки. Их синюшный оттенок говорит о наличии тромбоза. Дальнейшие диагностические исследования направлены на уточнение первичного вывода и определение сопутствующих патологических состояний. Они предусматривают следующее:</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Общий анализ крови — для выявления воспалительных процессов геморроя;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Ректороманоскопия — для исключения внутреннего геморроя с их выпадением, полипов и новообразований злокачественной этиологии;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Колоноскопия — для получения большего количества точной информации, если ректоскопия её не обеспечила;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Ангиография — для выявления источника кровоизлияния, если таковое имеется;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Ультразвуковое сканирование прямой кишки — для наилучшей визуализации патологических изменений в кавернозных тельцах и венах.</span></li>\r\n</ul>",
"treatment": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Все методы лечения внешнего геморроя можно разделить на три группы: консервативные, малоинвазивные, хирургические. </span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Консервативная медицина</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При лечении наружного геморроя подразумевает терапию для улучшения состояния здоровья больного. Терапевтические методы могут включать медикаментозное лечение, диету и профилактические меры. Среди лекарств популярны мази, гели, крема, свечи – препараты в удобной форме выпуска с большим содержанием действующих веществ.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Особенность консервативных методик в том, что они показаны только на начальных стадиях. Пациентам с запущенным геморроем существенно не помогут мази, гели и свечи.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Примеры лечения: из медикаментов – ауробин, постеризан, релиф, гепатромбин Г, гепариновая мазь. Препараты разнятся в зависимости от действия и симптомов пациента: есть лекарства с антисептическим, обезболивающим, венотонизирующим и прочими видами действий.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Малоинвазивные методы</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Это процедуры, которые подразумевают минимальное вмешательство в организм человека, но достаточно эффективное действие, чтобы вылечить наружный геморрой. Чаще всего малоинвазивные методики применяют в том случае, если стадия болезни не сильно запущена, но медикаменты уже не помогают. Именно поэтому они считаются промежуточным вариантом между лекарствами и операциями.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Примеры лечения: при наружной форме геморроя используется 2 эффективные методики. Среди них:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Инфракрасная фотокоагуляция – воздействие на геморроидальные узлы при помощи инфракрасных лучей. Способ подходит для лечения первых двух стадий геморроя.</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лигирование внутренних геморроидальных узлов латексными кольцами – наложение кольца из латекса на сосудистую ножку геморроидального узла. Быстрый и простой метод, но его нельзя проводить при наличии некоторых других заболеваний (например, анальная трещина). При этом за одну процедуру можно обработать только одну геморроидальную шишку.</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"> </p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\"><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-size: 7pt;\">Хирургические операции</span></span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-family: Verdana; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Хирургическое лечение наружного геморроя – это самая радикальная форма лечения, которая показана в случае, если у больного последние стадии заболевания либо остальные формы терапии не принесли никакого результата. В основе операции – удаление геморроидальной шишки и сгустков крови в венах. Операцию делают в амбулаторных условиях под анестезией (зачастую местной, но может быть и общая). Сразу после хирургического вмешательства пациенту нужно ограничить свою физическую активность, придерживаться принципов лечебной диеты, принимать специальные препараты. Уже через несколько недель он полностью восстановится.</span></p>",
"prevention": "<p> </p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;\">\r\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 7pt; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Нормализация работы желудочно-кишечного тракта;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Устранение запоров;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Соблюдение режима труда и отдыха;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">При первых симптомах геморроя необходимо обратиться к врачу;</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Лечение заболевания на ранних стадиях проводится более щадящими методами, что позволяет не только улучшить результат лечения и уменьшить вероятность осложнений, но и сократить период реабилитации</span></li>\r\n</ul>",
"clinical_picture": "<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Геморроидальные шишки собираются извне анального отверстия – это самая характерная черта заболевания. Тем временем внутренний геморрой предполагает размещение узлов на внутренних стенках прямой кишки, которые можно выявить при пальпации или исследованиях с медицинскими инструментами.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Размеры геморроидальных узлов бывают разными, но обычно они возникают из-за растягивания и выпячивания стенок венозных сосудов. В итоге после лечения пациент не чувствует никаких симптомов, но в период обострения возможны рецидивы с возобновлением всех неприятных проявлений.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Другая важная особенность наружного геморроя – отсутствие выраженных кровотечений. Дело в том, что при такой форме заболевания геморроидальные узлы покрыты кожей и не так сильно кровоточат, а при внутреннем геморрое шишки выпадают и защищены только слизистой оболочкой.</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">В общем симптомы отличаются тем, что имеют не такую сильную интенсивность. Но общие признаки совпадают с внутренним геморроем:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">дискомфорт, жжение, зуд в анальной зоне (вероятно даже раздражение на коже вплоть до ярких проявлений);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">частицы крови после дефекации (однако обильных и даже средних кровотечений при наружной форме не бывает, только небольшие выделения крови);</span></li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">отёк и воспаление геморроидальных шишек (что часто сопровождается болями разной степени);</span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 6.999999999999999pt; font-family: Verdana; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Опциональный признак наружного геморроя – особенность расположения и характерный внешний вид геморроидальных шишек. Они могут быть разных размеров, но всегда эластичные и легко прощупываются пациентом самостоятельно.</span></p>\r\n<p> </p>",
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